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Chapter 1

Chapter 1 introduces basic concepts in chemistry, focusing on the molecular perspective of matter, which consists of atoms and molecules. It classifies matter into pure substances and mixtures, detailing elements, compounds, and the states of matter. The chapter also discusses physical and chemical properties, changes, and provides an overview of the periodic table and the classification of elements.

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3 views22 pages

Chapter 1

Chapter 1 introduces basic concepts in chemistry, focusing on the molecular perspective of matter, which consists of atoms and molecules. It classifies matter into pure substances and mixtures, detailing elements, compounds, and the states of matter. The chapter also discusses physical and chemical properties, changes, and provides an overview of the periodic table and the classification of elements.

Uploaded by

inieong1201
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1

BASIC CONCEPTS
The Study of Chemistry

The Molecular Perspective of Chemistry


• Matter is the physical material of the universe.
• Matter is made up of relatively few elements.
• On the microscopic level, matter consists of atoms and
molecules.
• Atoms combine to form molecules.
• As we see, molecules may consist of the same type of
atoms or different types of atoms.
Matter and Energy
• Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
• including anything we can touch as well as the planets in the solar system and
all the stars in the sky.
atter is a form of energy

• Energy is the capacity to do work.


• Heat, Chemical, Nuclear, Mechanical, Kinetic (energy of motion), Potential
(energy of position), Electrical, Sound, Electromagnetic (light), Visible light,
Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma rays, Infrared, Radio waves, Microwaves, Solar*

• Mass is a measure of the quantity of matter in a sample


(but energy also has a mass equivalent).

=MC2
Classification of Matter
States of Matter
• Matter can be a gas, a liquid, or a solid.
• These are the three states of matter.
• Gases take the shape and volume of their container.
• Gases can be compressed to form liquids.
• Liquids take the shape of their container, but they do have their
own volume.
• Solids have a definite shape and volume.
Classification of Matter
Pure Substances and Mixtures
• If matter is not uniform throughout, then it is a
heterogeneous mixture.
• If matter is uniform throughout, it is homogeneous.
• If homogeneous matter can be separated by physical
means, then the matter is a mixture.
• If homogeneous matter cannot be separated by physical
means, then the matter is a pure substance.
• If a pure substance can be decomposed into something
else, then the substance is a compound.
Classification of Matter
Pure Substances and Mixtures
• Elements consist of a unique type of atom.
• Molecules can consist of more than one type of element.
– Molecules that have only one type of atom (an element).
– Molecules that have more than one type of atom (a compound).
• If more than one atom, element, or compound are found
together, then the substance is a mixture.
Classification of Matter
Elements
• If a pure substance cannot be decomposed into
something else, then the substance is an element.
• There are 114 atoms (elements) known.
• Each element is given a unique chemical symbol (one or
two letters).
• Elements are building blocks of matter.
• The earth’s crust consists of 5 main elements.
• The human body consists mostly of 3 main elements.
• Pure
Substances
and Mixtures
compound

molecules

an element

atoms
Classification of Matter
Elements
Classification of Matter

Elements
• Chemical symbols with one letter have that letter
capitalized (e.g., H, B, C, N, etc.)
• Chemical symbols with two letters have only the first
letter capitalized (e.g., He, Be).
Classification of Matter

Compounds
• Most elements interact to form compounds.
• Example, H2O
• The proportions of elements in compounds are the same
irrespective of how the compound was formed.
• Law of Constant Composition (or Law of Definite
Proportions):
– The composition of a pure compound is always the
same.
Classification of Matter

Compounds
• If water is decomposed, then there will always be twice
as much hydrogen gas formed as oxygen gas.
• Pure substances that cannot be decomposed are
elements.
Classification of Matter
Mixtures
• Heterogeneous mixtures are not uniform throughout.
• Homogeneous mixtures are uniform throughout.
• Homogeneous mixtures are called solutions.
Physical vs. Chemical Properties
• Physical properties can be measure without changing the
basic identity of the substance (e.g., color, density, odor,
melting point)
• Chemical properties describe how substances react or change
to form different substances (e.g., hydrogen burns in oxygen)
• Intensive physical properties do not depend on how much of
the substance is present.
– Examples: density, temperature, and melting point.
• Extensive physical properties depend on the amount of
substance present.
– Examples: mass, volume, pressure.
Physical and Chemical Changes
• When a substance undergoes a physical change, its physical
appearance changes.
– Ice melts: a solid is converted into a liquid.
• Physical changes do not result in a change of composition.
• When a substance changes its composition, it undergoes a chemical
change:
– When pure hydrogen and pure oxygen react completely, they
form pure water. In the flask containing water, there is no
oxygen or hydrogen left over.
Chemical Symbols

Elements Whose Names and Symbols Should Be remembered


❒ The first letter in a symbol for an element is always
capitalized; the second letter, if any, is small (lowercase).

❒ Memorize the names and symbols of the elements in


the first 4 rows in the Table above in the first week
Antimony Sb
Gold Au
Iron Fe
Lead Pb How many different elements are
Mercury Hg represented in the formula CoCO3?
Potassium K What are they?
Silver Ag
Sodium Na
Tin Sn
Tungsten W
The Periodic Table
• Period: all the elements in any horizontal
row of the periodic table are said to be in
the same period

• Group or Family: the elements in any


vertical column in the periodic table are in
the same group, or family.
• They have similar chemical properties, which change gradually from
each one to the one below it
2
8
8
18
18
32
?

2 Groups and Periods


Main Group Elements, Transition Elements,
and Inner Transition Elements
Metals: generally have a metallic luster, and are generally malleable and ductile, and
conduct electricity
Nonmetals: are generally brittle. Most nonmetals do not conduct electricity
Metalloids : several of the elements near the stepped line have some properties of
metals and some properties of nonmetals

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