Chapter 2 Integration

Activity 1: Let f and F be two functions defined on ℝ by :

𝑥4 2 𝑥2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 5 and 𝐹(𝑥) = + 3 𝑥3 + − 5𝑥 + 1
4 2

1) Calculate the derivative function 𝐹′ of F.

2) Compare 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹′(𝑥).
𝑥4 2 𝑥2
3) Let 𝐺(𝑥) = + 3 𝑥3 + − 5𝑥 + 789. Compare 𝐺 ′ (𝑥), 𝐹′(𝑥) and 𝑓(𝑥).
4 2

Definition: Let f be a function defined on an interval I of ℝ. We call antiderivative of f over I, any

function F differentiable over I and such that for any x of I, F′(x) = f(x)
1 1
Exercise 1: Consider the functions: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ(𝑥) = 2
√𝑥
1
Other functions: 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1 define on ℝ, 𝐺(𝑥) = − 𝑥 and 𝐻(𝑥) = √𝑥 define on ]0,+∞[

Show that F, G and H are antiderivative of the functions f, g and h respectively.

Property 1: any continuous function on an interval I admits an antiderivative on I

Property 2: if G and F are two antiderivative of function f then G(x)=F(x)+C where C is a real constant

Notion: ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 will be used to denote an antiderivative (integral) defined to the nearest constant, of the
function f. so ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝒄 where F is an antiderivative of f and C is an arbitrary constant

Exercise 2: 1. calculate the derivative of the following functions:

𝑥−5
a) 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 b) 𝐺(𝑥) = 𝑥−2 c)𝐾(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 1
3 𝑥
2. Deduce the following antiderivative: a)∫(2𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑥 b)∫ (𝑥−2)2 𝑑𝑥 c)∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 +1

Property 2: rules of antiderivatives: a is real number and c is real constant

𝒂𝒙𝒏+𝟏
a) ∫ 𝟎𝒅𝒙 = 𝒄 b)∫ 𝒂𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒄 c)∫ 𝒂𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒄 (n is rational number)
𝒏+𝟏
𝟐𝒙√𝒙
d)∫ √𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝟑

Exercise 3: calculate the antiderivatives of the function f in the following cases:

a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 c)𝑓(𝑥) = −5𝑥 2 d)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 e)𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥 8
5 5 2 7 𝑥
f) 𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥 4 g) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 h) 𝑓(𝑥) = − 𝑥 2 i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 j)∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 k)𝑓(𝑥) =
√𝑥

Exercise 4: calculate the following antiderivatives:

7𝑥 2 +5 (𝑥+𝑥 2 ) 1
a) ∫(𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 7)𝑑𝑥 b)∫(√𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 5)𝑑𝑥 c)∫ 𝑑𝑥 d)∫ 𝑑𝑥 e)∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥5 √𝑥

𝒖𝒏+𝟏 𝒖′
Property 3:1) ∫(𝒖′ 𝒖𝒏 )𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄 2)∫ 𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒙 = √𝒖 + 𝒄
𝒏+𝟏 √

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Exercise 5: Calculate the following integrals:
1) ∫(3𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 3 + 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 2)∫ 2𝑥(𝑥 2 + 7)5 𝑑𝑥 3) ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 5)4 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 4 +2𝑥+7 3𝑥 2
4)∫(3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥)(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 5)7 𝑑𝑥 5)∫ (𝑥 5 +𝑥 2 +7𝑥+3)2 𝑑𝑥 6)∫ 2𝑥 4 (𝑥 5 + 5)10 𝑑𝑥 7) ∫ (2𝑥 3 +5)4 𝑑𝑥

1 4 3𝑥 2 +5 1 𝑥+1
8) ∫ (𝑥 2 − (𝑥+2)2 ) 𝑑𝑥 9) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 10) ∫ (𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 11)∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥 3 +5𝑥 +2𝑥

3𝑥 2 +4𝑥+2
Exercise 6:consider a function f such that 𝑏𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) = with 𝑥 ∈]0, +∞[
𝑥 2 (𝑥+1)2

𝑎 𝑏
1) Calculate 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + (𝑥+1)2.
2) Deduce the anti-derivative 𝐹(𝑥) of 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝐹(1) = −2.

Given a function f(x) and its one the integration F(x). We call integral of the function f over the interval
[a,b](or between a and b) the real number 𝑭(𝒃) − 𝑭(𝒂) practically we write
𝒃

∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = [𝑭(𝒙)]𝒃𝒂 = 𝑭(𝒃) − 𝑭(𝒂)

𝒂

Exercise 7: calculate the following integrations:

3 2 3 3 7𝑥 2 𝑑𝑡
a) ∫−1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 b)∫1 (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 c)∫−3(𝑥 2 + 5)𝑑𝑥 c)∫−1 (𝑥 2 +1)2 𝑑𝑥 d)∫1 2√𝑡+1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
Exercise 8: Show that: a) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 b)∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
c)∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Activity 2: Let F be the antiderivative of f over interval [a,b].

𝑏
1) Show that if f is positive then 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎) ≥ 0 deduce the sign of ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑏
2) Show that if f is negative then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≤ 0

𝒃
Property 4: if f is continuous and positive over interval [a,b] then ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ≥ 𝟎 and if f
𝒃
is continuous and negative over interval [a,b] then ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ≤ 𝟎 .

Exercise 9: consider a curve of function f define on [1,4] study the sign of the following
integrals:
2 3
1) ∫1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 2)∫2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝒂 𝒂
Property 6: if a function f even over interval [-a,a] then ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐 ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕
𝒂
If a function f is odd over interval [-a,a] then ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕=0

𝑥3 𝑥 2 +1
Exercise 10: consider a function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 2

1) Show that f is odd function and g is even function.

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 20 2
2) Deduce ∫−20 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 and ∫−2 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .

Fundamental theorem of integration: Let f be a continuous function over interval I and a is element of I. then
𝒙
𝑭(𝒙) = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 is the unique integral (antiderivative) of 𝒇 over I that become zero at a.

Exercise 11: consider a function f define over interval I=[-3,4] and let 𝑎 ∈ 𝐼 and F be an antiderivative of f over I. and g is
𝑥
a function such that 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫3 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

1) Show that 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑥) − 𝐹(3).

2) Show that 𝑔 is antiderivative of f.
𝒙 ′
Property 5: Let f be a continuous function over interval I and a is element of I. then (∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕) = 𝒇(𝒙)

Exercise 12: calculate the following derivatives:

𝑥 ′ 𝑥 𝑧+5 ′
1) (∫2 (√𝑡 2 + 5𝑡 − 1)𝑑𝑡) 2) (∫1 𝑑𝑧)
𝑧−3

𝑥2
Exercise 13: consider a function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1 define on ℝ.

1) Show that f is even function.

𝑥 2𝑥 2
2) Let 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫−𝑥 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 show that 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1.

Activity 3: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 1 (𝐷) represent its curve on orthonormal system (𝑂, 𝑖⃗, 𝑗⃗)

1) Construct (D)
2) Calculate the area of the trapezoid which is formed by the region bounded by:
(D) ; x-axis ; lines of equations 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2.
2
3) Calculate ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥. What can you deduce?

Property 8: let f and g be two continuous functions over

interval [a,b]. (Cf) and (Cg) the curves of f and g on
orthonormal system (𝑶, 𝒊⃗, 𝒋⃗). D is the region limited by (Cf),
(Cg) and the two lines of equations x=a and x=b. then the area
of D is
𝒃
𝑨 = |∫ (𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙))𝒅𝒙| 𝒖𝟐
𝒂

For 𝒖𝟐 is a unit of area

Exercise 14: consider a function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2.

(Cf) and (D) represent the curves of functions f and g respectively.

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in the figure 1 the shaded region is a region between (Cf), (D) and straight
lines of equation x=-1 and x=2.Calculate the area of the shaded region. See
Figure 1
figure 1.

Exercise 15: calculate the area A of the plane limited by: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1,
the x-axis and the two straight lines of equations x=0 and x=1. See figure 2

Exercise 16: calculate the area A of the plane limited by: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥,
the x-axis and the two straight lines of equations x=0 and x=3. See the
figure 3 Figure 2

Exercise 17: In the adjacent figure, (H) is the representative curve of a function
h defined by: hx   x 2  2 x  2 and (d) is a straight line. See figure 4

1) Find the equation of the straight line (d)

2) Calculate the area of the shaded part.

Figure 4

Figure 3

Exercise 18: the plane is that of an orthonormal system (𝑂, 𝑖⃗, 𝑗⃗) of unit 2 cm consider the curve (C) of the
1
function 𝑓defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥 2 .

1) Show that the line (D): y=x+1 is an oblique asymptote to (C).

2) Study the relative position between (C) and (D).
3) Calculate the area limited by (C), (D) and the two lines x=1 and x=2. Give answer in 𝑐𝑚2 .
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+2
Exercise 19: Consider the function f defined over interval I=]1;+∞[ by :𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥−1)2
. (C) is its
representative curve in an orthonormal system.
1
1. Show that 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + (𝑥−1)2 .
2. Calculate lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑓(𝑥) . interpret the result graphically.
𝑥→1 𝑥→+∞
3. Calculate f′(x) and set up the table of variation of f.
4. Determine f(I).
5. Show that (C) passing through point A(2,2).
6. Write the equation of the tangent (T) to (C) at the point A.
7. Trace in the same system (C) and its asymptote to (C) in an orthonormal system.
8. Study the relative position (C) and line (d) of equation y=1.
9. Let 𝛼 ∈]2, +∞[.A(α) is the area bounded on region between (C), (d) and lines of equations x= 2 and x=α
𝛼−2
. Show that A(α)= 2𝛼 unit of area.
10. Deduce lim 𝐴(𝛼).
𝛼→+∞

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