> # Basic inbuilt functions in R

> x <- c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

>
> mean(x) # Mean of x
[1] 3
> median(x) # Median of x
[1] 3
> sd(x) # Standard deviation of x
[1] 1.581139
> var(x) # Variance of x
[1] 2.5
> summary(x) # Summary statistics
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
1 2 3 3 4 5
> length(x) # Number of elements
[1] 5
>
> # Define the data
> marks <- c(25, 23, 21, 14, 18, 19, 15, 16, 12, 10)
>
> # Calculate required statistics
> max_value <- max(marks) # Maximum
> min_value <- min(marks) # Minimum
> length_value <- length(marks) # Length
> product_value <- prod(marks) # Product
> sum_value <- sum(marks) # Sum
> square_values <- marks^2 # Square of each value
> root_values <- sqrt(marks) # Square root of each value
> mean_value <- mean(marks) # Mean
> median_value <- median(marks) # Median
> sd_value <- sd(marks) # Standard Deviation
> variance_value <- var(marks) # Variance
> sorted_values <- sort(marks) # Sorted data
> summary_values <- summary(marks)# Summary statistics
>
> # Print results
> print(paste("Max:", max_value))
[1] "Max: 25"
> print(paste("Min:", min_value))
[1] "Min: 10"
> print(paste("Length:", length_value))
[1] "Length: 10"
> print(paste("Product:", product_value))
[1] "Product: 1665074880000"
> print(paste("Sum:", sum_value))
[1] "Sum: 173"
> print("Squares of values:")
[1] "Squares of values:"
> print(square_values)
[1] 625 529 441 196 324 361 225 256 144 100
> print("Square roots of values:")
[1] "Square roots of values:"
> print(root_values)
[1] 5.000000 4.795832 4.582576 3.741657 4.242641 4.358899 3.872983 4.000000
3.464102 3.162278
> print(paste("Mean:", mean_value))
[1] "Mean: 17.3"
> print(paste("Median:", median_value))
[1] "Median: 17"
> print(paste("Standard Deviation:", sd_value))
[1] "Standard Deviation: 4.80855718716355"
> print(paste("Variance:", variance_value))
[1] "Variance: 23.1222222222222"
> print("Sorted values:")
[1] "Sorted values:"
> print(sorted_values)
[1] 10 12 14 15 16 18 19 21 23 25
> print("Summary:")
[1] "Summary:"
> print(summary_values)
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
10.00 14.25 17.00 17.30 20.50 25.00
>
>
> # Define the data
> marks <- c(25, 23, 21, 14, 18, 19, 15, 16, 12, 10)
>
> # Calculate required statistics
> max_value <- max(marks) # Maximum
> min_value <- min(marks) # Minimum
> length_value <- length(marks) # Length
> product_value <- prod(marks) # Product
> sum_value <- sum(marks) # Sum
> square_values <- marks^2 # Square of each value
> root_values <- sqrt(marks) # Square root of each value
> mean_value <- mean(marks) # Mean
> median_value <- median(marks) # Median
> sd_value <- sd(marks) # Standard Deviation
> variance_value <- var(marks) # Variance
> sorted_values <- sort(marks) # Sorted data
> summary_values <- summary(marks)# Summary statistics
>
> # Print results
> print(paste("Max:", max_value))
[1] "Max: 25"
> print(paste("Min:", min_value))
[1] "Min: 10"
> print(paste("Length:", length_value))
[1] "Length: 10"
> print(paste("Product:", product_value))
[1] "Product: 1665074880000"
> print(paste("Sum:", sum_value))
[1] "Sum: 173"
> print("Squares of values:")
[1] "Squares of values:"
> print(square_values)
[1] 625 529 441 196 324 361 225 256 144 100
> print("Square roots of values:")
[1] "Square roots of values:"
> print(root_values)
[1] 5.000000 4.795832 4.582576 3.741657 4.242641 4.358899 3.872983 4.000000
3.464102 3.162278
> print(paste("Mean:", mean_value))
[1] "Mean: 17.3"
> print(paste("Median:", median_value))
[1] "Median: 17"
> print(paste("Standard Deviation:", sd_value))
[1] "Standard Deviation: 4.80855718716355"
> print(paste("Variance:", variance_value))
[1] "Variance: 23.1222222222222"
> print("Sorted values:")
[1] "Sorted values:"
> print(sorted_values)
[1] 10 12 14 15 16 18 19 21 23 25
> print("Summary:")
[1] "Summary:"
> print(summary_values)
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
10.00 14.25 17.00 17.30 20.50 25.00
> # 4704 Kedar Bhoir
>
> # Binomial distribution example
> n <- 10 # Number of trials
> p <- 0.5 # Probability of success
> x <- 0:10 # Possible outcomes
>
> # Probability Mass Function (PMF)
> dbinom(x, size = n, prob = p)
[1] 0.0009765625 0.0097656250 0.0439453125 0.1171875000 0.2050781250 0.2460937500
0.2050781250 0.1171875000 0.0439453125 0.0097656250 0.0009765625
>
> # Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)
> pbinom(x, size = n, prob = p)
[1] 0.0009765625 0.0107421875 0.0546875000 0.1718750000 0.3769531250 0.6230468750
0.8281250000 0.9453125000 0.9892578125 0.9990234375 1.0000000000
>
> # Random sample from binomial distribution
> rbinom(5, size = n, prob = p)
[1] 9 8 5 3 4
>
> # 4704 Kedar Bhoir
>
> # Parameters for normal distribution
> mean_value <- 50
> sd_value <- 10
>
> # Probability Density Function (PDF)
> dnorm(50, mean = mean_value, sd = sd_value)
[1] 0.03989423
>
> # Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF)
> pnorm(50, mean = mean_value, sd = sd_value)
[1] 0.5
>
> # Generate random samples
> rnorm(10, mean = mean_value, sd = sd_value)
[1] 55.71194 40.43658 46.84347 42.85710 45.67247 57.95089 49.92067 44.53402
51.80006 63.57791
>
> # 4704 Kedar Bhoir
>
> # One Sample T-Test
> data <- c(15.7, 15.9, 16.3, 16.2, 15.7, 15.9)
> t.test(data, mu = 16)

One Sample t-test

data: data
t = -0.48795, df = 5, p-value = 0.6462
alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to 16
95 percent confidence interval:
15.68659 16.21341
sample estimates:
mean of x
15.95

>
> # Two Sample T-Test
> group1 <- c(12, 15, 11, 16, 14, 14, 16)
> group2 <- c(8, 10, 14, 10, 13)
> t.test(group1, group2)

Welch Two Sample t-test

data: group1 and group2

t = 2.2849, df = 7.3239, p-value = 0.05461
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-0.07699065 6.07699065
sample estimates:
mean of x mean of y
14 11

>
> # Paired T-Test
> before <- c(110, 120, 123, 132, 125)
> after <- c(120, 118, 125, 136, 121)
> t.test(before, after, paired = TRUE)

Paired t-test

data: before and after

t = -0.8165, df = 4, p-value = 0.4601
alternative hypothesis: true mean difference is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval:
-8.800874 4.800874
sample estimates:
mean difference
-2

>
> # 4704 Kedar Bhoir
>
> # Z-Test
> library(BSDA)
Error in library(BSDA) : there is no package called ‘BSDA’
> z.test(x = 10.2, sigma.x = 2.25, n = 400, mu = 10)
Error in z.test(x = 10.2, sigma.x = 2.25, n = 400, mu = 10) :
could not find function "z.test"
>
> # Two Sample Z-Test
> z.test(x = 67.5, y = 68, sigma.x = 2.5, sigma.y = 2.5, n.x = 1000, n.y = 2000)
Error in z.test(x = 67.5, y = 68, sigma.x = 2.5, sigma.y = 2.5, n.x = 1000, :
could not find function "z.test"
>
> # 4704 Kedar Bhoir
>
> # Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test
> observed <- c(16, 20, 25, 14, 29, 28)
> expected <- rep(132/6, 6)
> chisq.test(observed, p = expected/sum(expected))

Chi-squared test for given probabilities

data: observed
X-squared = 9, df = 5, p-value = 0.1091

>
> # Chi-Square Test for Independence
> data_matrix <- matrix(c(70, 50, 80, 20, 35, 45), nrow = 3, byrow = TRUE)
> chisq.test(data_matrix)

Pearson's Chi-squared test

data: data_matrix
X-squared = 25.646, df = 2, p-value = 2.698e-06

>
> # 4704 Kedar Bhoir
>
> # Mann-Whitney U Test
> x <- c(5.6, 4.6, 6.8, 4.9, 6.1, 5.3, 4.5, 5.8, 5.4)
> y <- c(7.2, 8.1, 5.1, 7.3, 6.9, 7.8, 5.9, 6.7, 6.5, 7.1)
> wilcox.test(x, y)

Wilcoxon rank sum exact test

data: x and y
W = 10, p-value = 0.002988
alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

>
> # Sign Test
> library(BSDA)
Error in library(BSDA) : there is no package called ‘BSDA’
> sign_test_data <- c(46, 49, 47, 55, 59, 63, 53, 56, 67, 54, 48, 69)
> SIGN.test(sign_test_data, md = 50)
Error in SIGN.test(sign_test_data, md = 50) :
could not find function "SIGN.test"
>
> # 4704 Kedar Bhoir
>
> # Kruskal-Wallis Test
> group_A <- c(1, 5, 8, 17, 16)
> group_B <- c(2, 1, 6, 5, 7, 4)
> group_C <- c(1, 1, 3, 7, 9)
> group_D <- c(2, 1, 5, 2, 9, 7)
>
> data_list <- list(A = group_A, B = group_B, C = group_C, D = group_D)
> kruskal.test(data_list)

Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test

data: data_list
Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 2.1699, df = 3, p-value = 0.5379
>
> # 4704 Kedar Bhoir
>
> # One-Way ANOVA
> drug_A <- c(4, 5, 4, 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 4)
> drug_B <- c(6, 8, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 8, 6)
> drug_C <- c(6, 7, 6, 6, 7, 5, 6, 5, 5)
>
> data <- data.frame(
+ Response = c(drug_A, drug_B, drug_C),
+ Group = rep(c("A", "B", "C"), each = 9)
+ )
>
> anova_result <- aov(Response ~ Group, data = data)
> summary(anova_result)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
Group 2 28.22 14.111 11.91 0.000256 ***
Residuals 24 28.44 1.185
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
>
> # 4704 Kedar Bhoir
>
> # Two-Way ANOVA
> sales_data <- data.frame(
+ Salesman = rep(c("A", "B", "C", "D"), times = 3),
+ Season = rep(c("Summer", "Winter", "Monsoon"), each = 4),
+ Sales = c(36, 32, 21, 30, 24, 25, 20, 22, 20, 18, 19, 15)
+ )
>
> two_way_anova <- aov(Sales ~ Salesman + Season, data = sales_data)
> summary(two_way_anova)
Df Sum Sq Mean Sq F value Pr(>F)
Salesman 3 77.67 25.89 2.162 0.19358
Season 2 279.50 139.75 11.673 0.00855 **
Residuals 6 71.83 11.97
---
Signif. codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘ ’ 1
>
>