[Document title]

Unit 4 WMN
Summer 2024
1. List any two WLL application. (2m)
The WLL (Wireless Local Loop) applications
1. Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS)
2. Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS)

These services are used for providing video, telephony, and

broadband access over wireless communication systems.

2. Compare DSSS and FHSS (any four points). (4m)

Category FHSS DSSS

DSSS is Direct-
FHSS is Frequency-Hopping
Sequence Spread
Spread Spectrum
Abbreviation Spectrum

DSSS is a type of
FHSS is a type of spread
spread spectrum
spectrum technology in which the
technology in which the
frequency of the transmitted
transmitted signal is
signal changes according to a
spread across multiple
specific pattern.
Definition frequency bands.

In DSSS, the data

In FHSS, the data transmission is transmission is encoded
encoded and decoded using a and decoded using a
specific pattern called hopset. pseudo-random binary
Pattern sequence or chip code.

FHSS transmits data using a

DSSS transmits data
narrowband carrier that hops
Frequency using a wider frequency
among different frequency
band.
band channels.
[Document title]

Category FHSS DSSS

FHSS is more resistant to DSSS is more vulnerable

interference because it uses to interference because
Interference frequency hopping, which makes it uses a wider frequency
resistant it difficult to intercept the signal. band.

FHSS is less susceptible to

multipath fading, it is a
DSSS is more
phenomenon in which the
susceptible to multipath
transmitted signal arrives at the
fading because it uses a
receiver via multiple paths,
wider frequency band.
resulting in a loss of signal
Susceptibility quality.

DSSS has high

Transmission FHSS has low transmission rates
transmission rates (up to
(up to 3 Mbps).
speed 11 Mbps).

Modulation
Multilevel Frequency Shift Keying BPSK (Binary Phase-
techniques (FSK) was used. Shift Keying) was used.
used

FHSS is generally more efficient DSSS is less efficient

than DSSS in terms of bandwidth because it uses a wider
Efficiency utilization. frequency band.

It is well-suited for
It is widely used in a variety of
particular applications
applications, including wireless
where the signal must
networking like Bluetooth, mobile
travel over long
Application communications, and military
distances like GPS, and
communications.
areas WIFI.

3. Draw the waveform for data stream 10110010 for

following digital modulation techniques. (4m)
I. ASK: Amplitude shift keying
II. BPSK: bipolar phase shift keying.
[Document title]

4. Draw the block schematic of WLL architecture and

explain. (4m)

WLL- In fixed telephone network wireform subsctiber

telecommunication equipment to local exchange is connected is
called as local loop. When network operator use wireless… to
connect light telephone….then it is called as WLL.
WLL can also be used to delivery broadband internet.
WLL is widely used in local area where it is difficult to serve
with…wireless technology.
Nowadays , ….such as satellite cellular technology and micro
cell.
WLL is specifically consisting of 2 unit WANU and WASU.
WANU( Wireless Network Unit):-
[Document title]

WANU is consisting of serval BTS which are widely connected to

remote access manager in this case it is BSC. So apart from
networking and switching WANU also provide authentication and
air interface.
It also provide operation and maintain routing bleeding and
switching BSC is interface to local exchange which is part of core
network. Core network can be PSTN, …
WASU (Wireless access Subscriber unit):-
WASU consisting of two things FWT and WT-
FWT- Fixed wireless terminal
WT- Wireless terminal
Wireless access subscriber unit are … which are communicating
to BTS or WANU wirelessly.
It provided new interface..
It is communicating ….
This can be… or broadband data user such as PCS or laptops.
This are fixed wireless terminals as this subscribers don’t change
the liocation WASU is also …they are communicating wirelessly
WT are also moving..WT is also communicating....when WT
change ..

5. Draw the waveform for 10110111 in following formats:

(6m)
i. Unipolar NRZ
ii. Polar RZ
iii. AMI
iv. Manchester
v. Unipolar RZ
vi. Polar NRZ
[Document title]

Winter 2023
1. Define- i) Quantization noise ii) Companding with
reference to PCM. (2m)

Quantization is a process to convert the continuous

analog signal to the series of discrete values. A quantizer
is a device known to perform the quantization process.
The function of quantizer is to represent each level to the
fixed discrete finite set of values.
Or
Quantization Noise:
 It is the error introduced when an analog signal is
converted into a digital signal in PCM.
 This occurs because the continuous range of amplitude
values in the analog signal is rounded to discrete levels,
leading to small differences between the actual and
quantized values.
 Quantization noise can be reduced by increasing the
number of quantization levels (higher bit depth).

Companding:
 It is a technique used to improve the dynamic range of PCM
by compressing the signal before quantization and
expanding it after decoding.
 The process helps reduce the effects of quantization noise,
especially for low-amplitude signals.

2. Define Bitrate and baud rate.(2m)

Bitrate:
[Document title]

 Bitrate refers to the number of bits transmitted per second

(bps) in a communication system.
 It represents the data transmission speed and is given by:
Bitrate=Baud rate × Number of bits per symbol
 Example: If 1 symbol carries 2 bits and the baud rate is
1000 baud, then the bitrate is 2000 bps.

Baud Rate:
 Baud rate is the number of signal changes (symbols) per
second in a communication channel.
 It determines how many times the signal changes its state
per second.
 If each symbol represents multiple bits, the baud rate is
lower than the bitrate.

3. State the characteristics of Wireless markup

language. (4m)

Characteristics of Wireless Markup Language (WML):

Wireless Markup Language (WML) is a lightweight markup language used

for designing web pages for mobile devices. It was specifically developed for
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and has the following characteristics:

1. Text-Based Language:
o Similar to HTML but optimized for mobile devices with limited
bandwidth and small screens.
2. Card and Deck Structure:
o Uses a card-based navigation system where each screen or page
is called a "card," and multiple cards form a "deck."
3. Limited Processing Needs:
o Designed for devices with low computational power and memory
constraints.
4. Supports Scripting:
o Includes WML Script, which enables client-side scripting similar
to JavaScript.
5. Efficient Data Transfer:
[Document title]

o Uses binary encoding to reduce data transmission size and

improve loading times.
6. Event Handling:
o Supports user interactions such as button clicks and form
submissions.
7. Device Independence:
o Works across different mobile devices using WAP technology.

4. Differentiate between DSSS and FHSS.

Summer 2024 (Q.2)

5. Draw the block schematic of WLL architecture and

explain following components of it. i) WANU ii)
WASU (4m)
Summer 2024 (Q.4)

6. Draw the encoded waveforms for the bit sequence

11001001 by using the following Line Coding
mechanisms. (6m)
i. Unipolar RZ
ii. Polar RZ
iv. Manchester (biphase)
v. Alternate mark inversion.
[Document title]

Summer 2023
1. State any two limitations of Data modulation. (2m)

Two Limitations of Data Modulation

1. Noise Sensitivity: Modulated signals are highly susceptible to noise

and interference, which can degrade signal quality and lead to data
loss.
2. Bandwidth Requirement: Higher-order modulation schemes require
more bandwidth, which can be a limiting factor in crowded frequency
spectrums.

2. Draw the label wireless local loop architecture and

explain following components of it. i) WANU ii) WASU
(4m)
[Document title]

WLL- In fixed telephone network wireform subscriber

telecommunication equipment to local exchange is connected is
called as local loop. When network operator use wireless… to
connect light telephone….then it is called as WLL.
WLL can also be used to delivery broadband internet.
WLL is widely used in local area where it is difficult to serve
with…wireless technology.
Nowadays , ….such as satellite cellular technology and micro
cell.
WLL is specifically consisting of 2 unit WANU and WASU.
WANU( Wireless access Network Unit):-
WANU is consisting of serval BTS which are widely connected to
remote access manager in this case it is BSC. So apart from
networking and switching WANU also provide authentication and
air interface.
[Document title]

It also provide operation and maintain routing bleeding and

switching BSC is interface to local exchange which is part of core
network. Core network can be PSTN, …
WASU (Wireless access Subscriber unit):-
WASU consisting of two things FWT and WT-
FWT- Fixed wireless terminal
WT- Wireless terminal
Wireless access subscriber unit are … which are communicating
to BTS or WANU wirelessly.
It provided new interface..
It is communicating ….
This can be… or broadband data user such as PCS or laptops.
This are fixed wireless terminals as this subscribers don’t change
the location WASU is also …they are communicating wirelessly
WT are also moving..WT is also communicating....when WT
change ..

3. Encode the data stream 01001110 using the following

techniques. (4m)
i) Unipolar NRZ
ii) Polar RZ

4. Explain the working principal of ASK and FSK with

suitable waveforms using the given bit sequence
10110. (4m)
ASK
[Document title]

PSK
[Document title]

Summer 2022
[Document title]

1. Define the term LEC (local exchange carrier) (2m)

Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) is a local telecom Exchange
that
provides telecommunication services within the area and
operates
within a local area.

2. Draw the block schematic of WLL architecture and

explain. (4m)
Summer 2024(Q.4)

3. Encode the datastream 1011000101 using the

following techniques. (4m)
i) RZ-Bipolar
ii) AMI
iii) Manchester
iv) NR unipolar

4. Explain the principle of working of ASK and BPSK

with suitable waveforms for the bit sequence
110101100.
Summer 2023 (Q.4)
[Document title]

Winter 2024
1. Define the term LEC (Local Exchange Carrier) (2m)
Local Exchange Carrier (LEC) is a local telecom
Exchange that
provides telecommunication services within the area and
operates
within a local area.

2. Draw ASK and BPSK waveform for the bit sequence

101101011 (4m)

3. Compare DSSS with FHSS (any four points) (4m)

Summer 2023 (Q.2)
4. Draw the given waveform for 101001110 (6m)
i) Unipolar RZ
ii) Unipolar NRZ
iii) Bipolar RZ
iv) Bipolar NRZ
v) Manchester
vi) Alternate mark inversion.