NUMBER SYSTEM & HCF

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 Number System & HCF
1.1 DEFINITIONS & DIVISIBILITY RULES & INTEGERS

1.1.A Definitions:

1.1.A.(i) Natural Numbers

The numbers starting from 1, 2, 3, 4, ... and so on that comes naturally when we start counting
are known as Natural numbers. They do not contain any decimal or fraction. Natural numbers
are also called positive integers.

1.1.A.(ii) Predecessor and Successor

Adding 1 in any given natural number and getting the next number is known as its successor.
For example, the successor of 8 is 8 + 1 = 9, that of 15 is 15 + 1 = 16 and so on.
Similarly, subtracting 1 from any given natural number and getting the previous number is
known as its predecessor.
For example, the predecessor of 8 is 8 – 1 = 7, that of 15 is 15 – 1 = 14 and so on.
Except 1, every number has its predecessor and successor, when it comes to natural numbers.

1.1.A.(iii) Whole Numbers:

If we consider zero (0) as the predecessor of 1 and add it to the collection of natural numbers,
we call them whole numbers. Whole numbers are also called non-negative integers.

1.1.A.(iv) Prime and Composite Numbers

There are natural numbers, having exactly two distinct factors, 1 and the number itself. Such
numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 etc. These numbers are known as prime numbers. The numbers other
than 1, whose only factors are 1 and the number itself are called Prime numbers.

The numbers other than prime which have more than two factors like 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 etc are
known as composite numbers. The numbers having more than two factors are called Composite
numbers.

1 (one) is neither a prime nor a composite number.

2 (two) is the smallest prime number which is even. Every prime number except 2 is odd.

There are total of 15 prime numbers from 1 to 50 and 25 prime numbers from 1 to 100 which
are written below:

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97

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1.1.A.(v) Even and Odd Numbers
The numbers which are divisible by 2 are known as even numbers. For example, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, …
and so on. The rest of the numbers which are not divisible by 2 are known as odd numbers.
For Example, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, … and so on.

1.1.B Solved Examples:

Ex 1: Write the next three successors after 30099, when it comes to natural numbers.
Sol. 30100, 30101, 30102

Ex 2: Write the three predecessors occurring just before 2002, when it comes to whole
numbers.
Sol. 2001, 2000, 1999

Ex 3: Which is the smallest positive whole number?

Sol. 1

Ex 4: How many natural numbers are there from 7 and 36?

Sol. When you want to find the numbers from 7 & 36, it will be difference between them + 1
i.e., 36 – 7 + 1 = 29. It will always be one more than the difference between the numbers
(considering both inclusive)

Ex 5: Calculate the number of natural numbers between 10 and 50.

Sol. When you want to find the numbers between 10 & 50, it will be a difference between
them – 1 i.e., 50 – 10 – 1 = 39. It would always be one less than the difference between
the numbers (considering both exclusive)

Ex 6: What will be the difference between the successor and the predecessor of 1345677?
Sol. Successor of 1345677 = 134677 + 1 = 1345678
Predecessor of 1345677 = 1345677 – 1 = 1345676
Required difference = 1345678 – 1345676 = 2
Note – The difference between the successor and predecessor of any natural number =
2

Ex 7: Which of the following statements are true (T) and false (F)?
(a) Zero is the smallest whole number.

(b) 350 is the predecessor of 349.

(c) One is the smallest whole number.

(d) 700 is the successor of 699.

(e) All whole numbers are natural numbers

(f) All natural numbers are whole numbers

(g) The predecessor of a three-digit number is always a two-digit number.

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 (h) 0 is the smallest natural number

(i) The natural number 1 has no predecessor in natural numbers.

(j) The number 41 lies between 39 and 40.

(k) 899 is a predecessor of 900.

(l) The successor of a two-digit number is never a two-digit number.

Sol. (a) T (b) F (c) F (d) T (e) F (f) T

(g) F (h) F (i) T (j) F (k) T (l) F

1.1.C Properties of Whole/Natural Numbers:

1.1.C.(i) Closure Property:

Whole/Natural numbers are closed under addition and multiplication (closes means if one may
add or multiply two whole/natural numbers, the result will be a whole/natural number only)
but not under subtraction and division.

7 – 4 = 3, a whole/natural number
9 – 11 = - 2, not a whole/natural number
8 – 5 = 3, a whole/natural number
6 – 10 = - 4, not a whole/natural number

9 ÷ 3 = 3, a whole/natural number
15 ÷ 7 = 15/7, not a whole/natural number
16 ÷ 4 = 4, a whole/natural number
8 ÷ 5 = 8/5, not a whole/natural number

So whole/natural numbers are not closed in subtraction and division.

1.1.C.(ii) Commutativity of Addition and Multiplication

4 + 5 is same as 5 + 4. Similarly, 8 + 3 is same as 3 + 8. One may observe that any pair of
whole/natural numbers for which the order of addition is changed results in the same value,
which means you can add two whole/natural numbers in any order. Hence we can say that
addition is commutative for whole/natural numbers. This property is known as commutativity
for addition.

Multiply numbers 7 and 8 in different orders. One may observe that 7 × 8 = 8 × 7. It is true for
numbers 5 and 9; 6 and 4. One can multiply two whole/natural numbers in any order. We can
say that multiplication is also commutative for whole/natural numbers. Thus, both addition and
multiplication are commutative for whole/natural numbers.

Note – 0 + N = N and 0 × N = 0, where N is any natural number.

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1.1.C (iii) Associativity of Addition and Multiplication
Observe the following:
(a) (4 + 5) + 6 = 9 + 6 = 15
(b) 4 + (5 + 6) = 4 + 11 = 15
In (a) above, one may add 4 and 5 first and then add 6 to the sum.
In (b) above, one may add 4 and 5 first and then add 6 to the sum.
The results are the same in both cases.
Another example, (7 + 9) + 0 = 16 + 0 = 16 and 7 + (9 + 0) = 7 + 9 = 16.
So, (7 + 9) + 0 = 7 + (9 + 0). This is associativity of addition for whole/natural numbers.

1.1.C (iv) Distributive Law of Multiplication over Addition

Check, 6 × (5 + 3) can be solved as (6 × 5) + (6 × 3) = 30 + 18 = 48. Likewise, one may observe
that 24 × 13 = (24 × 10) + (24 × 3) = 240 + 72 = 312. This is known as distributive law of
multiplication over addition.

1.1.D Solved Examples:

Ex 1: Add the numbers 136, 318 and 264.
Sol. (136 + 264) + 318 = 400 + 318 = 718

Ex 2: Find the sum of 23, 13 and 7.

Sol. (23 + 7) + 13 = 30 + 13 = 43,
And 23 + (13 + 7) = 23 + 20 = 43.
Here, we have used a combination of associative and commutative properties for
addition.
Now observe (4 × 5) × 6 = 4 × (5 × 6). Similarly, you can see that (5 × 7) × 4 = 5 × (7 × 4)
and (8 × 6) × 9 and 8 × (6 × 9). This is the associative property for the multiplication of
whole/natural numbers.
This associative property of multiplication of whole/natural numbers is very useful in
the following types of sums.

Ex 3: Find 14 × 45
Sol. 14 × 45 = (7 × 2) × 45 = 7 × (2 × 45) = 7 × 90 = 630.
In the above example, one may use associativity to get the advantage of multiplying the
smallest even number with a multiple of 5 to get a multiple of 10.

Ex 4: Find 16 × 1348 × 625

Sol. 16 × 1348 × 625 = (16  625)  1348 = 10000 × 1348 = 13480000

Ex 5: The school canteen charges Rs 30 for lunch and Rs 6 for milk each day. How much
money do you spend for 3 days on these things?
Sol. Cost of lunch = 3 × 30 = Rs. 90 and Cost of milk = 3 × 6 = Rs.18.
Total cost = (90 + 18) = Rs 108
Alternatively,
Cost of (lunch + milk) for one day = (30 + 6)

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 Cost for 3 days = 3  (30 + 6) = 3  36 = Rs 108
The example shows that 3  (30 + 6) = (3  30) + (3  6)
This is the principle of distribution of multiplication over addition.

Ex 6: Find 16 × 25 using the distribution of multiplication over addition.

Sol. 16 × 25 = 16 × (20 + 5) = 16 × 20 + 16 × 5 = 320 + 80 = 400

Ex 7: Simplify: 141 × 46 + 141 × 54

Sol. 141 × 46 + 141 × 54 = 141 × (46 + 54) = 141 × 100 = 14100

1.1.E Identity (for addition and multiplication)

Zero is an identity for addition of whole/natural numbers or additive identity for whole/natural
numbers.

One is the identity for multiplication of whole/natural numbers or multiplicative identity for
whole/natural numbers.

Zero has a special property in multiplication as well. Any number, when multiplied with zero,
becomes zero.

1.1.F Factors and Multiples

Number 6 can be written as: 6 = 1 × 6 = 2 × 3 = 3 × 2 = 6 × 1 and the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 6 are
exact divisors of 6. These divisors are called factors of 6.

Any factor of a number is an exact divisor of that number and each factor of the number is less than
or equal to that number.
Again, we write a number 15 as 15 = 3 × 5, we say 3 and 5 are factors of 15. We also say that 15
is a multiple of 3 and 5.
The representation 33 = 3 × 11 shows that 3 and 11 are factors of 33, whereas 33 is a multiple
of 3 and 11.

A number is divisible by each of its factors.

1.1.F.(i) Properties of Factors and Multiples:

1. 1 (one) is a factor of every number. For example, 16 = 1 × 16, 3 = 1 × 3, etc.

2. Each number is a factor of itself. For example, one may write 7 as 7 × 1, 13 as 13 × 1, etc.

3. Each factor of a number is an exact divisor of that number. The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3,
4, 6, 12 only.

4. Each factor is less than or equal to the given number. The factors of 14 are 1, 2, 7 and
14.

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5. The number of factors of a given number are finite. For example, factors of 28 are 1, 2,
4, 7, 14 and 28 equals to 6 factors. One may find that the number of factors of any
number are countable i.e., they are finite, even if the number is very large, one can still
count the number of factors of such number.

6. Every multiple of a number is greater than or equal to that number. Multiples of 4 are 4,
8, 12, 16, … and so on. One may find that each of these multiples is greater than or
equal to 4.

7. The number of multiples of a given number is infinite. The multiples of 9 are 9, 18, 27,
36, … and so on. One may observe that this list is never-ending and uncountable.

8. Each number is a multiple of itself. For example, 8 = 8 × 1, 13 = 13 × 1 and so on.

1.1.F.(ii) Common Factors and Common Multiples

The numbers 15 and 20 have common factors as 1 and 5 and common multiples as 60, 120,
180 etc. If two numbers have only 1 as a common factor, then they are known as co-prime
numbers. Thus, 5 and 12 are co-prime numbers.

1.1.F.(iii) Solved Examples:

Ex 1: Write all the factors of 24
Sol. We note that 24 = 1 × 24, 24 = 2 × 12, 24 = 3 × 8, 24 = 4  6. Stop here, because 6, 8 and
12 have occurred earlier. Thus, all the factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24

Ex 2: Find the factors of 32

Sol. 32 = 1 × 32, 32 = 2 × 16, 32 = 4 × 8, stop here, because 8 have occurred earlier. Thus, the
factors are 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32.

Ex 3: Write the first five multiples of 5.

Sol. The required multiples are: 5 × 1 = 5, 5 × 2 = 10, 5 × 3 = 15, 5 × 4 = 20, 5 × 5 = 25 i.e., 5,
10, 15, 20, 25.

Ex 4: Find the common factors of 50, 70 and 160.

Sol. Factors of 50 are 1, 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50.
Factors of 70 are 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, 35 and 70.
Factors of 160 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 80 and 160
Thus, common factors of 50, 70 and 160 are 1, 2, 5, 10.

Ex 5: Find the common multiples of 3, 6 and 8

Sol. Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, …
Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, …
Multiples of 8 are 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, …
Common multiples of 3, 6 and 8 are 24, 48, 72, …

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1.1.G. Divisibility Rules:
Divisibility by 10: If a number has 0 in the units’ place, then it is divisible by 10. For example,
320 is divisible by 10.

Divisibility by 5: A number that has either 0 or 5 in its units’ place is divisible by 5. For
example, 125 and 270 both are divisible by 5.

Divisibility by 2: A number is divisible by 2 if it has its units’ place as 0, 2, 4, 6 or 8. For

example, 672, 44, 538, 30, 136 etc. are all divisible by 2.

Divisibility by 3: If the sum of the digits of the number is a multiple of 3, then the number is
divisible by 3. For example, sum of digits of 378 = 3 + 7 + 8 = 18 which is divisible by 3. Hence,
378 is divisible by 3.

Divisibility by 6: If a number is divisible by 2 and 3 both, then it is divisible by 6 as well. For

example, 72 is divisible by 2 and 3 both so it is divisible by 6 also.

Divisibility by 4: A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by its last two digits (i.e.,
units and tens) is divisible by 4. For example, last two digits of 1348 are 48 which is divisible by
4, so 1348 is divisible by 4.

Divisibility by 8: A number is divisible by 8, if the number formed by the last three digits is
divisible by 8. For example, last three digits of 42328 are 328 which is divisible by 8, so 42328 is
divisible by 8.

Divisibility by 9: If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 9, then the number itself is
divisible by 9. For example, sum of digits of 13068 = 1 + 3 + 0 + 6 + 8 = 18, which is divisible by
9, so 13068 is divisible by 9.

Divisibility by 11: If difference between the sum of the digits at odd places and the sum of the
digits at even places of a number is calculated, which is found to be either 0 or divisible by 11,
then the number is divisible by 11. For example, the sum of the digits at odd places and the
sum of the digits at even places of the number 26983 is 2 + 9 + 3 = 14 and 6 + 8 = 14
respectively. Now difference is 14 – 14 = 0, so 26983 is divisible by 11.

1.1.G.(i) Some More Important Divisibility Rules:

1. If a number is divisible by another number, then it is divisible by each of the
factors of that number.
For example, the number 36 is divisible by 6 and factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, 6 we can see 36
is divisible by each factor of 6.
2. If a number is divisible by two co-prime numbers, then it is divisible by their
product also.
For example, the number 90 is divisible by 3 and 2. It is also divisible by 3  2 = 6, and 3
and 2 are co-primes. Similarly, 120 is divisible by 8 and 5 which are co-primes. 120 is
also divisible by 8 × 5 = 40.

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3. If two given numbers are divisible by a number, then their sum is also divisible by
that number.
For example, the numbers 15 and 20 are both divisible by 5. The number 15 + 20 = 35 is
also divisible by 5.

4. If two given numbers are divisible by a number, then their difference is also
divisible by that number.
For example, the numbers 24 and 8 both are divisible by 4. So, their difference 24 – 8 =
16 also divisible by 4.

1.1.G.(ii) Prime Factorization:

When a number is expressed as a product of its factors, we say that the number has been
factorized. Thus, when we write 48 = 6 × 8, we say that 48 has been factorized. This is one of
the factorizations of 48. The others are: 48 = 2 × 24 = 3 × 16 = 4 × 12 = 6  8 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2  3
In all the above factorizations of 48, we ultimately arrive at only one factorization 2 × 2 × 2 × 3.
In this factorization the only factors 2 and 3 are prime numbers. Such a factorization of a
number is known as prime factorization.

1.1.H Integers:
Natural numbers are known as positive integers and whole numbers are known as non-
negative integers. If we take natural numbers and put negative sign ahead of them, they are
known as negative integers i.e., -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, … and so on. Integers are combination of whole
numbers as well as negative integers together as … -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... and so on

1.1.H.(i) Properties of Addition and Subtraction of Integers

1. Closure under Addition/Subtraction
Consider two integers 12 and 17. Addition of 12 and 17 = 12 + 17 = 29 is also an integer.
Subtraction of 12 and 17 = 12 – 17 = -5 is also an integer. Hence we can say that integers
are closed under addition as well as subtraction. In general, for any two integers m and n,
m + n and m – n is an integer.

2. Commutative Property
Consider two integers 12 and 17. 12 + 17 = 29 = 17 + 12. Addition is commutative for
integers. In general, for any two integers m and n, we can say m + n = n + m.
But for subtraction, 12 – 17 = -5 and 17 – 12 = 5, integers are not commutative.

3. Associative Property
Consider the integers –1, –4 and –5. Look at (–5) + [(–1) + (–4)] and [(–5) + (–1)] + (–4). In the
first sum (–1) and (–4) are grouped together and in the second (–5) and (–1) are grouped
together. In both the cases, we get –10. i.e., (–5) + [(–1) + (–4)] = [(–5) + (–1)] + (–4) = -10
Addition is associative for integers. In general, for any integers m, n and p, we can say m +
(n + p) = (m + n) + p.

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4. Additive Identity
Zero is an additive identity for integers. In general, for any integer m, m + 0 = m = 0 + m

1.1.H.(ii) Properties of Multiplication of Integers

1. Closure under Multiplication
Consider two integers -12 and 17. Multiplication of -12 and 17 = -12 × 17 = -204. Integers are
closed under multiplication. In general, m × n is an integer, for all integers m and n.

2. Commutativity of Multiplication
Consider two integers -12 and 17. -12 × 17 = -204 = 17 × -12. Integers are commutative
under multiplication. In general, for any two integers m and n, m × n = n × m.

3. Multiplication by Zero
Consider (–5) × 0 = 0 and 0 × 6 = 0. So, multiplication of an integer with zero results in zero.
In general, for any integer m, m × 0 = 0 × m = 0.

4. Multiplicative Identity
Consider (–3) × 1 = –3 and 1 × 5 = 5. So, multiplication of an integer with one is the integer
itself. In general, for any integer a we have, m × 1 = 1 × m = m

Note: 0 is the additive identity whereas 1 is the multiplicative identity for integers. We get
additive inverse of an integer m when we multiply (–1) to m, i.e., m × (–1) = (–1) × m = – m

5. Distributive Property
Consider (–4) × (2 + 6) = –4 × 8 = –32 and [(–4) × 2] + [(–4) × 6] = (– 8) + (–24) = –32. So, (–4) ×
(2 + 6) = [(–4) × 2] + [(–4) × 6]. Likewise, (– 3) × [(–1) + 6] = (– 3) × 5 = – 15 and [(– 3) × (–1)] + [(–
3) × 6] = 3 + (–18) = –15. So, (– 3) × [(–1) + 6] = [(– 3) × (–1)] + [(– 3) × 6]. Therefore,
distributivity of multiplication over addition is true for integers. In general, for any integers
m, n and p, m × (n + p) = m × n + m × p.

1.1.H.(iii) Some additional properties:

1. Multiplication of a Positive and a Negative Integer
Consider a positive integer 5 and a negative integer -13. We multiply 5 and -13, we get 5 × (-
13) = -65. In general, for any two positive integers m and n we can say that m × (– n) = (– m)
× n = – (m × n).
2. Multiplication of two Negative Integers
Consider a negative integer -7 and a negative integer -15. We multiply -7 and -15, we get (-7)
× (-15) = 105. In general, for any two positive integers m and n we can say that (-m) × (– n) =
m × n.
3. Product of three or more Negative Integers
Consider the following examples-
(a) (– 7) × (–2) = 14
(b) (– 7) × (–1) × (–5) = [(– 7) × (–1)] × (–5) = 7 × (–5) = – 35
(c) (– 5) × (–6) × (–1) × (–4) = [(– 5) × (–6) × (–1)] × (–4) = (–30) × (–4) = 120

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 From the above products we observe that
(a) The product of two negative integers is a positive integer.
(b) The product of three negative integers is a negative integer.
(c) The product of four negative integers is a positive integer.
To conclude, if the number of negative integers in a product is even, then the product is a
positive integer and if the number of negative integers in a product is odd, then the product
is a negative integer.

1.1.H.(iv) : Division of Integers

Consider 54 ÷ 6 = 9, 30 ÷ (-5) = (-6), (-42) ÷ 7 = (-6) and (-63) ÷ (-7) = 9
So, when we divide a positive integer by a positive integer or a negative integer by a negative
integer, it results in a positive integer and when we divide a positive integer by a negative
integer or negative integer by a positive integer, it results in a negative integer. In general, for
any two positive integers m and n, m ÷ n = (-m) ÷ (-n) and m ÷ (-n) = (-m) ÷ n where n ≠ 0.
Note – In all the above examples, one basic assumption is considered that n is a factor of m.

Properties of Division of Integers

1. (– 14) ÷ (– 7) = 2, result in an integer but (– 7) ÷ (– 14) = 1/2, is not an integer. So, integers are
not closed under division.
2. (– 8) ÷ 4 is not the same as 4 ÷ (– 8) and (– 25) ÷ (– 5) is not the same as (– 5) ÷ (– 25). Hence,
division is not commutative for integers.
3. Any integer divided by zero is not defined and zero divided by an integer (other than zero)
is equal to zero i.e., for any integer m, m ÷ 0 is not defined but 0 ÷ m = 0 for integer m, (m ≠
0).
4. Any integer divided by 1 gives the same integer. In general, for any integer m, m ÷ 1 = m.
5. If any integer is divided by (-1), it will change the negative integer into positive and positive
to negative. For example, (-4) ÷ (-1) = 4 and 4 ÷ (-1) = -4.
6. Consider, [(–64) ÷ 8] ÷ (–4) = (– 8) ÷ (–4) = 2 and (–64) ÷ [8 ÷ (–4)] = (–64) ÷ (–2) = 32. So [(–64) ÷
8] ÷ (–4) ≠ (–64) ÷ [8 ÷ (–4)]. So, division is not associative for integers.

1.1.I Rational Numbers:

A rational number, which is derived from the term ratio, is defined as the ratio of two integers
p 4
p and q and can be expressed in the form where q ≠ 0. Thus, is a rational number. Here,
q 5
3
p = 4 and q = 5. is also a rational number where p = – 3 and q = 4 are integers. Other
4
5 4 3
fractions like , ,2 etc. are all rational numbers. All fractions are rational numbers.
7 9 5

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1.1.I.(i): Numerator and Denominator
p 3
In , the integer p is the numerator, and the integer q (≠ 0) is the denominator. Thus, in ,
q 7
the numerator is -3 and the denominator is 7.

1.1.I.(ii) Solved Examples:

Ex 1: Mention five rational numbers each of whose

(a) Numerator is a negative integer and denominator is a positive integer.

(b) Numerator is a positive integer and denominator is a negative integer.
(c) Both numerator and denominator are negative integers.
(d) Both numerator and denominator are positive integers.

1  3  4  2  3
Sol. (a)
4 , 5 , 7 , 5 , 7
1 3 4 2 3
(b)
 4 ,  25 ,  17 ,  15 ,  7
2 3  2  13  3
(c)
5 , 5,  15 ,  17 ,  7
1 2 3 1 4
(d)
4, 5, 7, 5, 7

Any integer can be expressed as a rational number. For example, the integer –7 is a rational
7 0 0
number, because you can write it as . The integer 0 can also be written as or etc.
1 3 5
Hence, it is also a rational number. Thus, rational numbers contains both integers and
fractions.

1.1.I.(iii) Equivalent Rational Numbers:

A rational number can be written with different numerators and denominators. When we
multiply the numerator and denominator of a rational number by the same non zero integer,
we obtain another rational number equivalent to the given rational number. This is exactly like
obtaining equivalent fractions.

1.1.I.(iv) Positive and Negative Rational Numbers

5
Consider the rational number . Both the numerator and denominator of this number are
7
2 5 4
positive integers. Such a rational number is called a positive rational number. So, , , etc.
9 8 9
are positive rational numbers.

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 3
The numerator of is a negative integer, whereas the denominator is a positive integer. Such
5
4 3 5
a rational number is called a negative rational number. So, , , etc. are negative
7 8 9
rational numbers.

1.1.I.(v) Rational Numbers in Standard Form

3 5 4
Observe the rational numbers , ,
7 9 11
The denominators of these rational numbers are positive integers and 1 is the only common
factor between the numerators and denominators. Further, the negative sign occurs only in
the numerator. Such rational numbers are said to be in standard form.
A rational number is said to be in the standard form if its denominator is a positive integer and
the numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1.
If a rational number is not in the standard form, then it can be reduced to the standard form.
To reduce the rational number to its standard form, we divide its numerator and denominator
by their common factor, ignoring the negative sign, if any.

 15
Ex 2: Reduce the rational number in standard form.
27
 15  5
Sol. 
27 9
As the common of 15 and 27 is 3, so on dividing numerator and denominator by 3, we get the
result.

1.1.I.(vi) Comparison of Rational Numbers

The rational numbers can be compared simply by cross multiplying the denominators with the
numerators. Bigger is the value, bigger is the rational number.
7 5
For example, to compare and , we cross multiply, -7 × 3 = -21 and -5 × 5 = -25, since -21
5 3
7 5 7 2
> -25, we can conclude that  . Similarly, < as -21 < 10
5 3 5 3

1.1.I.(vii) Operation on Rational Numbers

Addition
In case with same denominators, we add the numerators keeping the denominators same.

3 1
Ex 3: Add and
7 7
3 1 4
Sol.  
7 7 7
In case with different denominators, cross multiply the denominators to make the
denominator same and then add the numerators.

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 5 1
Ex 4: Add and
7 5
5 1 25 7 32
Sol.    
7 5 35 35 35

Subtraction
For subtraction, similar process is applied as that of addition, taking care of the negative sign.

2 1
Ex 5: Subtract from
5 2
1 2 5 4 1
Sol.    
2 5 10 10 10

1.1.I.(viii) Multiplication
In case of multiplication, multiply the numerators of the two rational numbers as well as the
denominators of the two rational numbers and then divide the common factor, if any.

3 3
Ex 6: Multiply and
4 5
3 3 9
Sol.  
4 5 20

1.1.I.(ix) Division
In case of dividing one rational number by the other non-zero rational number, we multiply the
first rational number with the reciprocal of the other and then follow the same process as that
of multiplication.

2 4
Ex 7: Divide by
3 7
2 4 2 7 7
Sol.    
3 7 3 4 6

13
 1.2 INDICES & EXPONENTS

1.2.A Exponents and Powers

The distance between the earth and sun is approximately 150,000,000 km, which can be more
conveniently written as 1.5 × 108 km using exponents. We read 108 as 10 raised to the power 8,
where 10 is the base and 8 is the exponent.

Likewise, 35 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 and 3m = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × ... (m times)

1.2.A.(i) Powers with Negative Exponents

We know that, 102 = 10 × 10 = 100,
100
101 = 10 i.e., ,
10
100
100 = 1 i.e.,
10  10
10-1 = ?
1
Continuing the above pattern we get, 10-1 = as the exponent decreases by 1, the value
10
becomes one-tenth of the previous value.

1 1 1 1 1
Similarly, 10-2 = ÷ 10 = × =  2
10 10 10 100 10
1 1
We have, 10-2 = 2 or 102 =  2
10 10
1 1
10-3 = or 103 =
10 3
10 3
1 1
5-2 = 2 or 52 = 2
5 5
1
In general, we can say that for any non-zero integer a, a-m = , where m is a positive integer. a-
am
m
is the multiplicative inverse of am.

1.2.A.(ii) Laws of Exponents

For non-zero integers a and b and m and n are integers.

1. am × an= am+n,

am
2. n
 a mn
a
3. (am)n = amn

4. am × bm =(ab)m

14
 m
am  a 
5.  
bm  b 

6. a0 = 1

1.2.B Solved Examples

Ex 1: Find the value of:
1
(i) 3-3 (ii)
4 2
1 1 1
Sol: (i) 3-3 = 3
= (ii)  2 = 42 = 4 × 4 = 16
3 27 4

Ex 2: Simplify: (i) (– 2)4 × (– 2)-11 (ii) 33 ÷ 3-4

1 1
Sol: (i) (– 2)4 × (– 2)-11= (– 2)(4 – 11) = (– 2)-7 = (using am× an= am+n, a-m = ,)
( 2 ) 7 am
am
(ii) 33 ÷ 3-4 = 33 – (-4) = 37 (using  a mn )
an

Ex 3: Express 8-4 as a power with the base 2.

Sol: We have, 8 = 2  2 × 2 = 23. Therefore, 8-4 = (2  2 × 2)-4 = (23)-4 = 23 × (– 4) = 2– 12 [(am)n = amn]

Ex 4: Find m so that (–5)2m – 1 × (–5)5 = (–5)6

Sol: (–5)2m – 1 × (–5)5 = (–5)6  (–5)2m - 1+ 5 = (–5)6(–5)2m + 4 = (–5)6

On both sides, powers have the same base, so their exponents must be equal.
Therefore, 2m + 4 = 6 or 2m = 6 – 4 = 2. So, m = 1

3
3
Ex 5: Find the value of  
5
3
3 33 53 125
Sol:     
5 5 3 33 27

Ex 6: Find the value of (2-1 × 5-1) ÷ 4-1

1 1 2
Sol:   4 
2 5 5

Ex 7: Find k, if (3)4k +4 × (3)3k ÷ (3)-3 = (3)14

Sol: (3)4k +4 × (3)3k ÷ (3)-3 = (3)14  (3)4k + 4 + 3k +3 = (3)14

Comparing powers 7k + 7 = 14 ⇒ k = 1

15
 1.3 SQUARE ROOT & CUBE ROOT

1.3.A Squares and Square Roots

Consider 25, which can be expressed as 5 × 5 = 5 2. Likewise, 81 can be expressed as 9 × 9 = 92
etc. All such numbers that can be expressed as the product of the number with itself are
known as square numbers. In general, if a natural number n can be expressed as x 2, where x is
also a natural number, then n is a square number.

The following table shows the squares of numbers from 1 to 20.

Number Square Number Square

1 1 11 121
2 4 12 144
3 9 13 169
4 16 14 196
5 25 15 225
6 36 16 256
7 49 17 289
8 64 18 324
9 81 19 361
10 100 20 400

1.3.A.(i) Properties of Square Numbers

1. A square number always ends with either 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9 at unit’s place. And never ends
with 2, 3, 7 or 8 at unit’s place.

2. If a number has 1 or 9 in the unit’s place, then it’s square ends in 1. If unit’s place is 2 or
8, square ends with 4. If unit’s place ends with 3 or 7, square ends with 9. If unit’s place
ends with 4 or 6, square ends with 6. In case of unit’s place is 0 or 5, it ends with 0 or 5
respectively.

1.3.A.(ii) Some More Interesting Patterns

1. Numbers between square numbers

Consider,
1 4 9 16 25
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
2, 3 5, 6, 7, 8
15 23, 24
2 4
6 numbers 8 numbers
numbers numbers
By observation, we can say that there are 2n non-perfect square numbers between any two
consecutive square numbers, n and n + 1. So, we can say that between 25 (= 52) and 36 (= 62),
there will be 2 × 5 = 10 non-perfect square number.

16
2. Adding odd numbers
Consider the following
1 = 1 = 12
1 + 3 = 4 = 22
1 + 3 + 5 = 9 = 32
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 16 = 42
And so on. By observation, we can say that the sum of first n odd natural numbers is n2.

3. A sum of consecutive natural numbers

Consider the following
32 = 9 = 4 + 5
52 = 25 = 12 + 13
72 = 49 = 24 + 25
92 = 81 = 40 + 41
112 = 121 = 60 + 61
152 = 225 = 112 + 113

We can express the square of any odd number (except 1) as the sum of two consecutive
positive integers.

4. Product of two consecutive even or odd natural numbers

Consider, 11 × 13 = 143 = 122 – 1 = (12 – 1) × (12 + 1).
Similarly, 18 × 20 = (19 – 1) × (19 + 1) = 192 – 1

So, in general we can say that (a + 1) × (a – 1) = a2 – 1.

5. Some additional patterns in square numbers

Observe the squares of numbers; 1, 11, 111 ... etc.
12 = 1
112 = 1 2 1
1112 = 1 2 3 2 1
11112 = 1 2 3 4 3 2 1

This gives a unique pattern.

1.3.B Square Roots

Consider a number 225 is given and we have to find that this number is square of which
number.
Now, 225 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 = 15 × 15 = 15 2. So, we can say that 15 is the square root of number
225.

17
Finding square root through prime factorization
Prime factorization of a Number Prime factorization of its Square
10 = 2 × 5 100 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5
18 = 2 × 3 × 3 324 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3
21 = 3 × 7 441 = 3 × 3 × 7 × 7

We can observe that for each prime factor in the given number, we have twice the number of
times the same factor occurs in the prime factorization of the square of that number.
Let’s try finding the square root of a given number, say 1764.
The prime factorization of 1764 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 = 2 2 × 32 × 72 = (2 × 3 × 7)2 = 422
So, 1764 = 2 × 3 × 7 = 42.

1.3.C Solved Examples

Ex 1: Find the square root of 8100.
Sol: Write 8100 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5. Therefore √8100 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 90

Ex 2: Is 180 a perfect square?

Sol: We have 180 = 2  2 × 3 × 3 × 5. The prime factor 5 does not occur in pairs. Therefore,
180 is not a perfect square. That 180 is not a perfect square can also be seen from the
fact that it has only one zero.

Ex 3: Is 3920 a perfect square? If not, find the smallest multiple of 3920 which is a perfect
square. Find the square root of the new number.
Sol: We have 3920 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 × 7. As the prime factor 5 has no pair, 3920 is not a
perfect square. If 5 gets a pair, then the number will become perfect square. So, we
multiply 3920 by 5 to get, 3920 × 5 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7
Now each prime factor has its pair. Therefore, 3920  5 = 19600 is a perfect square.
Thus, the required smallest multiple of 3920 is 19600 which is a perfect square.
And, √19600 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 = 140

Ex 4: Find the smallest number by which 4032 must be divided so that the quotient is a
perfect square. Find the square root of the quotient.
Sol: We have, 4032 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7. If we divide 4032 by 7, then we get 4032
÷ 7 = 576 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 which is a perfect square.
Therefore, the required smallest number is 7. And, √576= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24.

Ex 5: Find the smallest square number which is divisible by each of the numbers 3, 12 and 21.
Sol: Firstly, we will find the smallest common multiple of 3, 12 and 21.
Multiples of 3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, …
Multiples of 12 = 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, …
Multiples of 21 = 21, 42, 63, 84, …
The smallest common multiple of 3, 12 and 21 is 84.
Prime factorization of 84 is 84 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 7.
So, we require one 3 and one 7 more to make them in pairs. Therefore, 84 should be
multiplied by 3 × 7, i.e., 21. Hence, the required square number is 84  21= 1764.

18
1.3.D Cubes
Consider the numbers 1, 8, 27, 64 and so on. These numbers are known as perfect cubes or
cube numbers as each of them is obtained when a number is multiplied by itself three times.
By observation, 1 = 1 × 1 × 1 = 13, 8 = 2 × 2 × 2 = 23, 27 = 3 × 3 × 3 = 33 etc.
Consider, 128 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 27 is not a perfect cube number.

Following table shows the cubes of numbers from 1 to 20.

Number Cube Number Cube

1 1 11 1331
2 8 12 1728
3 27 13 2197
4 64 14 2744
5 125 15 3375
6 216 16 4096
7 343 17 4913
8 512 18 5832
9 729 19 6859
10 1000 20 8000

1.3.D.(i) Some interesting patterns

1. Adding consecutive odd numbers
Consider the following pattern of sums of odd numbers.
1 = 1 = 13
3 + 5 = 8 = 23
7 + 9 + 11 = 27 = 33
13 + 15 + 17 + 19 = 64 = 43
21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29 = 125 = 53

2. Perfect Cubes and their prime factors

Consider the prime factorization of the numbers and their cubes.
Prime factorization of the number Prime factorization of its cube

8=2×2×2 83= 512 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 2 9

14 = 2 × 7 143= 2744 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7 × 7 × 7 = 23× 73
21 = 3 × 7 213= 9261 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 × 7 = 33× 73
25 = 5 × 5 253= 15625 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 56

We can observe that each prime factor of a number appears three times or multiple of three
times in the prime factorization of its cube.

19
1.3.D.(ii) Smallest multiple that is a perfect cube
Ex 1: Is 1080 a perfect cube? If not, then find the smallest natural number, by which should
1080 be divided so that the quotient is a perfect cube?
Sol: 1080 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5. The prime factor 5 does not appear in a group of three.
So, 1080 is not a perfect cube.
In the factorization of 1080, 5 appears only one time. If we divide the number by 5, then
the prime factorization of the quotient will not contain 5. So, 1080 ÷ 5 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
× 3. Hence the smallest number by which 1080 should be divided to make it a perfect
cube is 5. The perfect cube in that case is 216.

Ex 2: Is 6534 a perfect cube? If not, by which smallest natural number should 6534 be divided
so that the quotient is a perfect cube?
Sol: 6534 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 11 × 11. The prime factors 2 and 11 do not appear in groups of
three. So, 6534 is not a perfect cube. In the factorization of 6534 the prime number 2
appears only once and the prime 11 appears two times. So, if we divide 6534 by 2 × 11 ×
11 = 242, then the prime factorization of the quotient will not contain 2 and 11.
Hence the smallest natural number by which 6534 should be divided to make it a
perfect cube is 242. And the resulting perfect cube is 6534 ÷ 242 = 27

Ex 3: Is 1800 a perfect cube? If not, find the smallest number by which 1800 must be
multiplied to get a perfect cube.
Sol: We have, 1800 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5. In this factorization, we find that there is no
triplet of 3 and 5. So, 1800 is not a perfect cube. To make it a perfect cube we multiply it
by 3 × 5.
Thus, 1800 × 3 × 5 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 27000, which is a perfect cube.

1.3.D.(iii) Cube Roots

Consider a number 3375 is given and we have to find that this number is cube of which
number.
Now, 3375 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 15 × 15 × 15 = 15 3. So, we can say that 15 is the cube root of
number 3375.
1.3.D.(iv) Cube root through prime factorization method
Consider 9261. We find its cube root by prime factorization:
9261 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7 × 7 = 33 × 73 = (3 × 7)3
Therefore, cube root of 9261 = 3 × 7 = 21

1.3.E Solved Examples

Ex 1: Find the cube root of 27000.
Sol: Prime factorization of 27000 is 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 5.
So, cube root of 27000 = 2 × 3 × 5 = 30

Ex 2: Find the cube root of 42875 by prime factorization method.

Sol: 42875 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7. Therefore, cube root of 42875 = 5 × 7 = 35

20
 1.4 DECIMAL & FRACTIONS

1.4.A Fractions
A fraction means a part of a total or of a sum.
For example, 7/8 is a fraction. We read it as “seven-eighths”. Here “8” stands for the number of
equal parts into which the whole has been divided. And here “7” stands for the number of
equal parts which have been taken out. So, 7 things have been divided into 8 equal parts such
that each part is 7/8.
Here 7 is called the numerator and 8 is called the denominator.

1.4.A.(i) Proper Fractions

All those fractions which lies between 0 and 1 are known as proper fractions. In a proper
fraction, the numerator is always less than the denominator.

1.4.A.(ii) Improper and Mixed Fractions

The fraction in which the numerator is greater than the denominator is called as improper
5 9 13
fraction. Thus, fractions like , , …, are all improper fractions.
3 5 7

3 1
Fractions such as 2 and 3 are known as mixed fractions. A mixed fraction is a combination
4 3
of a whole number and a proper fraction.

1.4.B Solved Examples:

Ex 1: Express the following as mixed fractions:

15 13 18 21
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 7 5 8

15 3 3
Sol: (a)  3 whole and more or 3
4 4 4
13 6 6
(b)  1 whole and more or 1
7 7 7
18 3 3
(c)  3 whole and more or 3
5 5 5
21 5 5
(d)  2 whole and more or 2
8 8 8

Thus, we may express an improper fraction as a mixed fraction by dividing the numerator by
denominator to obtain the quotient and the remainder. Then the mixed fraction will be written
Re mainder
as Quotient
Divisor

21
Ex 2: Express the following mixed fractions as improper fractions:
4 2 5
(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 7
5 7 6
4 4 5  5 4 29
Sol: (a) 5 = 5 + =  =
5 5 5 5 5
2 2 8  7 2 58
(b) 8 = 8 + =  =
7 7 7 7 7
5 5 7  6 5 47
(c) 7 = 7 + =  =
6 6 6 6 6

Thus, we can express a mixed fraction as an improper fraction as

(Whole  Deno min ator )  Numerator
Deno min ator

1.4.C Equivalent Fractions

1 2 3 36
Fractions like , , , ……………. are all equivalent fractions. They represent the same part of a
2 4 6 72
whole.

To find an equivalent fraction of a given fraction, you can multiply or divide both the numerator
and the denominator of the given fraction by the same number.

Ex 3: Find five equivalent fractions of each of the following:

4 7 3 2
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
5 8 7 9

8 12 16 20 24 14 21 28 35 42
Sol: (i) , , , , (ii) , , , ,
10 15 20 25 30 16 24 32 40 48
6 9 12 15 18 4 6 8 10 12
(iii) , , , , (iv) , , , ,
14 21 28 35 42 18 27 36 45 54

A fraction is said to be in the simplest (or lowest) form if its numerator and denominator have
no common factor except 1.

1.4.D Like & Unlike Fractions

1 2 3 8
Fractions with same denominators are known as like fractions. Thus, , , , ....... are all
15 15 15 15
like fractions. Fractions having different denominators are known as unlike fractions. For
7 7
example, and .
27 28

22
1.4.D.(i) Comparing like fractions
The two like fractions can be simply compared by checking the numerators.
3 5 5 3
Let us compare two like fractions: and . Since, 5 > 3, hence  .
8 8 8 8

So, we may deuce that for two fractions with the same denominator, the fraction with the
4 3 4 11 13 13
greater numerator is greater. Between and , is greater. Between and , is greater
5 5 5 20 20 20
and so on.

1.4.D.(ii) Comparing unlike fractions

The unlike fractions can be compared simply by cross multiplying the denominators with the
numerators. Bigger is the value, bigger is the fraction.

Consider two unlike fractions 3/5 and 5/6. Cross multiply the denominators with the
numerators.
3 × 5 = 15 and 5 × 5 = 25, Since, 15 < 25, therefore 3/5 < 5/6

1.4.D.(iii) Adding or subtracting like fractions

Consider two like fractions 3/5 and 1/5, to add/subtract these, simply add/subtract the
numerator keeping the denominator same. For example, 3/5 + 1/5 = 4/5 and 3/5 – 1/5 = 2/5.

1.4.D.(iv) Adding or subtracting unlike fractions

To add/subtract fractions that do not have the same denominator, we cross multiply the
denominators with the numerators such that denominators get multiplied with each other and
then add/subtract them. For example, 1/4 + 3/5 = (5 + 12)/20 = 17/20 and 1/4 – 3/5 = (5 – 12)/20
= -7/20

1 5
Ex 4: Find 
5 7
1 5 7 25  7  25  32
Sol:     
5 7 35 35  35  35

1 2
Ex 5: Find 
2 5
1 2 5 4 1
Sol:    
2 5 10 10 10

23
1.4.E Addition or Subtraction of mixed fractions
To add/subtract mixed fractions, add/subtract the whole part of the fractions separately and
the fraction part separately and then combine them as mixed fraction again.

1 1
Ex 6: 2 1
5 4
1 1 1 1 4 5 9 9
Sol: We can write it as 2   1   (2  1)    3    3 3
5 4 5 4 20 20 20 20

2 1
Ex 7: 3 2
3 5
Sol: We can write it as
2 1 2 1 10 3 13 13
3   2   (3  2)    5    5 5
3 5 3 5 15 15 15 15

1.4.F Fractions as decimals:

11 1
Let us try to find decimal representation of (a)
(b)
5 2
11 22 20  2 20 2 2 22
(a) We know that      2   2.2. Therefore,  2.2
5 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 5
(b) Likewise,   0.5.
2 10

1.4.F.(i) Decimals as fractions

To write decimal value into fraction, divide the number with as many multiples of 10 as there
2 10 2 12
are after decimal value. For example, 1.2 = 1    
10 10 10 10

1.4.F.(ii) Comparing Decimals

To compare decimal values, we simply observe the place value of that decimal, higher is the
place value, higher is number. Let’s say we have to compare 32.55 and 32.5. In this we may
observe that 32.5 is common in both the decimal numbers, but in 1 st number 32.55, we have
extra place value of 0.05
Hence, 32.55 > 32.5

Ex 8: Which is greater?

(a) 1.099 or 1.99 (b) 2.889 or 2.89

Sol: (a) By observation, 1 is common among the place value, but .9 > .0. Hence, 1.99 > 1.099

(b) Likewise, 2.8 is common among given values, but 0.09 > 0.08. Hence, 2.89 > 2.889

24
1.4.G Fundamental Operations on Fractions and Decimals

1.4.G.(i) Addition of Numbers with Decimals

Ex 9: Aisha spent Rs. 14.50 for buying a notebook and Rs. 3.50 for one pencil. How much
money did she spend?
Sol: Money spent for notebook = Rs. 14.50. Money spent for pencil = Rs. 3.50
Total money spent = Rs. 14.50 + Rs. 3.50, Total money spent = Rs. 18.00

Ex 10: Smriti travelled 6 km 25 m by bus, 3 km 275 m by car and the rest 2 km 40 m she
walked. How much distance did she travel in all?
Sol: Distance travelled by bus = 6 km 25 m = 6.025 km
Distance travelled by car = 3 km 275 m = 3.275 km
Distance travelled on foot = 2 km 40 m = 2.040 km
So total distance travelled = 6.025 + 3.275 + 2.040 = 11.340 km

Ex 11: Ramesh bought 5 kg 600 g of plums, 4 kg 100 g of pears and 6 kg 500 g of oranges.
What is the total weight of all the fruits he bought?
Sol: Weight of plums = 5 kg 600 g = 5.6 kg.
Weight of pears = 4 kg 100 g = 4.1 kg
Weight of oranges = 6 kg 500 g = 6.5 kg.
So the total weight of the fruits he bought = 5.6 kg + 4.1 kg + 6.5 kg = 16.2 kg

1.4.G.(ii) Subtraction of Decimals

Ex 12: Avinash had Rs. 6.35. He bought candies for Rs. 4.30. Find the balance amount left with
Avinash.
Sol: Total amount with Avinash = Rs. 6.35.
Amount spent on candies = Rs. 4.30.
Balance amount of money = Rs. 6.35 – Rs. 4.30 = Rs. 2.05

Ex 13: Radha’s school is at a distance of 4 km 650 m from her house. She travels 2 km 170 m
on foot and the remaining distance by bus. How much distance does she travel by bus?
Sol: Total distance of school from the house = 4.650 km.
Distance travelled on foot = 2.170 km.
Therefore, distance travelled by bus = 4.650 km – 2.170 km = 2.480 km.
Thus, distance travelled by bus = 2.480 km or 2 km 480 m

Ex 14: Mohan bought a watermelon weighing 6 kg 100 g. Out of this, he gave 3 kg 630 g to his
friend. Find the weight of the watermelon left with Mohan.
Sol: Total weight of the watermelon = 6.100 kg.
Watermelon given to the friend= 3.630 kg.
Therefore, weight of the remaining watermelon = 6.100 kg – 3.630 kg = 2.470 kg.

25
1.4.G.(iii) Multiplication of Fractions
We know, to find the area of a rectangle, one has to multiply length with breadth. If the length
and breadth of a rectangle are 8 cm and 5 cm respectively, then the area would be 8 × 5 = 40
cm2.
1 2
But what will be the area of the rectangle if its length and breadth are 4 cm and 3 cm
6 3
respectively?
We convert the mixed fraction into improper fraction and then multiply the values.
1 2 25 11 2 25 11
4 ×3 =  cm . The numbers and are improper fractions.
6 3 6 3 6 3

Multiplication of a Fraction by a Whole Number

For multiplication of a whole number with a proper or an improper fraction, we multiply the
whole number with the numerator of the fraction, keeping the denominator same.

3
Ex 15: Multiply 5 and
7
3 15
Sol: We have 5  
7 7

3
Ex 16: Multiply 4 and 2
5
3 13 52
Sol: We have 4  2  4 
5 5 5

1.4.G.(iv) Multiplication of a Fraction by a Fraction

1
Ex 17: Sushmita reads part of a novel in 1 hour. How much part of the novel will she read in
4
1
2 hours?
4
1
Sol: The part of the novel read by Sushmita in 1 hour = .
4
1 1 1 9 1 9
So, the part of the novel read by her in 2 hours = 2 × =  
4 4 4 4 4 16
Pr oduct of Numerators
Hence we find that we multiply two fractions as
Pr oduct of Deno min ators

1 3
Ex 18: Multiply and
4 5
1 3 3
Sol: As  
4 5 20
Hence, we can say, the product of two proper fractions is less than each of the fractions.

26
 5 6
Ex 19: Multiply and
4 5

5 6 3
Sol: As  
4 5 2
Hence, we can say, product of two improper fractions is more than each of the two
fractions.

1.4.G.(v) Division of Fractions

John has a paper strip of length 12 cm. He cuts this strip in smaller strips of length 3 cm each.
The number of strips he would get 12 ÷ 3 = 4 strips.
1
John cuts another strip of length 12 cm into smaller strips of length cm each. How many
2
1
strips will he get now? He will get 12 ÷ = 24 strips.
2

Let’s understand how to divide a whole number by a fraction or a fraction by another fraction.

1.4.G.(vi) Division of Whole Number by a Fraction

To divide a whole number by any fraction, multiply that whole number by the reciprocal of that
fraction.

4
Ex 20: Divide 4 by
7
7
Sol: 4 7
4
While dividing a whole number by a mixed fraction, first convert the mixed fraction into
improper fraction and then solve it.

3
Ex 21: Divide 11 by 2
4
4
Sol: 11  4
11
While dividing mixed fractions by whole numbers, convert the mixed fractions into
improper fractions.

3
Ex 22: Divide 3by 9
8
27 1 3
Sol:  
8 9 8

Whenever we multiply two decimals, we count the number of digits starting from the
rightmost digit and move towards left. We then put the decimal point there. The

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 number of digits to be counted is obtained by adding the number of digits to the right
of the decimal point in the decimal numbers that are being multiplied.

Ex 23: The side of an equilateral triangle is 2.3 cm. Find its perimeter.

Sol: All the sides of an equilateral triangle are equal. So, length of each side = 2.3 cm
Thus, perimeter = 3 × 2.3 cm = 6.9 cm

Ex 24: The length of a rectangle is 6.2 cm and its breadth is 3.5 cm. What is the area of the
rectangle?

Sol: Length of the rectangle = 6.2 cm. Breadth of the rectangle = 3.5 cm. Therefore, area of
the rectangle = 6.2 × 3.5 cm2 = 21.70 cm2

1.4.G.(vii) Multiplication of Decimal Numbers by 10, 100 and 1000

While multiplying a decimal number with 10, 100 or 1000, the digit value in the product is same
for each digit but the decimal point in the product is shifted to the right by as many places as
there are zeros over one.
For example, 0.05 × 10 = 0.5, 0.05 × 100 = 5 and 0.05 × 1000 = 50.

Let’s say, Apoorva has to bottles of cold drink of 1.5 litres that she has to divide among few
guests. She started pouring 0.3 litres in each of the glass. The total number of glasses she can
pour = 1.5/0.3 = 5 glasses. So, like fractions, we can also divide decimal numbers.

1.4.G.(viii) Division by 10, 100 and 1000

While dividing a decimal number with 10, 100 or 1000, the digit value in the product is same for
each digit but the decimal point in the product is shifted to the left by as many places as there
are zeros over one. For example, 2.38 ÷ 10 = 0.238, 2.38 ÷ 100 = 0.0238, 2.38 ÷ 1000 = 0.00238

Ex 25: Find the average of 3.2, 2.8, 1.6 and 0.9.

3.2  2.8  1.6  0.9
Sol: The average of 3.2, 2.8, 1.6 and 0.9 is = 2.125.
4

Ex26: Each side of a regular polygon is 2.3 cm in length. The perimeter of the polygon is 13.8
cm. How many sides does the polygon have?
Sol: The perimeter of a regular polygon is the sum of the lengths of all its equal sides = 13.8
cm. Length of each side = 2.3 cm. Thus, the number of sides = 13.8/2.3 = 6. The polygon
has 6 sides.

Ex 27: A car covers a distance of 91.8 km in 2.4 hours. What is the average distance covered by
the car in 1 hour?

Sol: Distance covered by the car = 91.8 km.

Time required to cover this distance = 2.4 hours.
So, distance covered by the car in 1 hour = 91.8/2.4 = 38.25 km

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 1.5 HCF & LCM

1.5.A HCF & LCM

Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)/Highest Common Factor (HCF):

Highest Common Factor of two or more numbers is that greatest number, which divides
each of those numbers an exact number of times. e.g. HCF of 24 and 36 is 12.

How to find the HCF of two or more numbers?

a) Express the two numbers as the product of prime numbers separately.

b) Take the product of prime numbers common to both numbers.

Ex 1: What is the HCF of 12, 54 and 36?

Sol: 12 = 2 × 2 × 3, 54 = 2  3  3  3, 36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3. The greatest common factor of 12, 54
and 36 is 2  3. Thus, HCF of 12, 54, 36 is 6

Least Common Multiple - LCM

The least common multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the smallest of the
numbers, which is exactly divisible by each one of them.

e.g. Consider two numbers 18 and 15

Multiples of 18 are: 18, 36, 54, 72, 90, 108, 126, 144, 162, 180....
Multiples of 15 are: 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, ......
The common multiples of both 18 and 15 are 90, 180, ....
The least common multiple is 90.
Approach of finding the LCM of two or more numbers:
LCM of two or more numbers can be calculated by the product of the factors of the two
numbers after eliminating repetition of the common factors.

In the above Ex., the common factor for 9 and 15 is 3. Therefore, the LCM will be 3  3  5
= 45.

Alternatively, LCM is the product of all prime factors of the given numbers, the common factors
among them being in their highest degree. e.g., The LCM of 5x 2y3z5 and 3xy2z7 will be 5  3 
x2y3z7 = 15x2y3z7, where x, y and z are the prime factors.

Ex 2: Find the LCM of 16 and 24

Sol: We know that common multiples of 16 and 24 are 48, 96, 144 etc. The lowest of these is
48. Now we go through another method for finding the LCM of two numbers.
We can do prime factorization of 16 and 24 which is: 16 = 2 × 2 × 2  2; 24 = 2  2  2  3
In these prime factorizations, we can observe that in the number 16, prime factor 2
occurs maximum four times. Similarly, in 24, the factor 3 occurs maximum one time.
The LCM of the two numbers is calculated as the product of the prime factors which are

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 counted the most number of times they occur in any of the numbers. So, in this case
LCM = 2 × 2 × 2  2 × 3 = 48.

Ex 3: Find the LCM of 48 and 180.

Sol: The prime factorizations of 48 and 180 are: 48 = 2 × 2 × 2  2 × 3; 180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5.
In these prime factorizations, we can observe that in the number 48, prime factor 2
occurs maximum four times. Similarly, in the number 180, the prime factor 3 occurs two
times and prime factor 5 occurs only once. Thus, LCM = (2 × 2  2 × 2) × (3 × 3) × 5 = 720

Ex 4: Find the LCM of 20, 24 and 15.

Sol: The prime factorizations of 20, 24 and 15 are;
20 = 2 × 2 × 5
24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
15 = 3 × 5
The prime factor 2 appears maximum three times in the prime factorization of 24, the
prime factor 3 occurs only one time in the prime factorization of 24 and 15, the prime
factor 5 appears exactly once in the prime factorizations of 20 and 15, so we take it only
once. Therefore, required LCM = (2 × 2 × 2) × 3 × 5 = 120.

1.5.B LCM and HCF of Fractions

LCM of numerators
LCM of fractions = ;
HCF of denominators
3 1 3 (LCM of numerators)
e.g. LCM of and =
4 2 2 (HCF of denominators)
HCF of numerators
HCF of fractions =
LCM of denominators
3 1 1(HCF of numerators)
e.g. HCF of and =
4 2 4(LCM of denominators)

Note that the product of the two fractions is always equal to the product of LCM and HCF of
the two fractions.
3 1 3
The product of the two fractions =  = .
4 2 8
3 1 3
The product of the LCM and HCF =  = .
2 4 8

2.5.C Important Points in LCM and HCF

 In case of HCF, if some remainders are given, then we need to subtract those
remainders from the numbers given and then calculate their HCF.
 In case of LCM, if a single remainder is given, then we need to calculate the LCM first
and then that the single reminder is added in that.
 In case of LCM, if for different numbers, different remainders are given, then the
difference between the number and its respective remainder will be equal. In that case,

30
 we need to calculate the LCM first, then that common difference between the number
and its respective remainder is subtracted from that.
 Sometimes in case of HCF questions, the same remainder is required and the
remainder is not given.

2.5.D Solved Examples

Ex 1: Find the greatest number which when divides 323 and 590 leaves remainders 5 and 7
respectively.
Sol: Here the numbers 323 and 590 leave the remainders 5 and 7 respectively. So the
required number will be obtained by finding the H.C.F. of 323 – 5 = 318 and 590 – 7 =
583. The HCF of 318 and 583 is 53 which is the number.

Ex 2: What is the least number which when divided by 8, 12, 16, 18 and 20 leaves remainder 5
in each case?
Sol: The LCM of 8, 12, 16, 18 and 20 is 720. In order to get remainder 5 in each case, we will
add 5 to the LCM. So the number is 720 + 5 = 725.

Ex 3: Find the least number which when divided by 12, 15, 20 and 25 leaves remainders 5, 8,
13 and 18 respectively.
Sol: Here the numbers are 12, 15, 20 and 25 and the respective remainders are 5, 8, 13 and
18. The difference between numbers and respective remainders is equal to 7. So, we
find the LCM of 12, 15, 20 and 25 which is 300 and subtract the common difference 7
from that. Hence the required number is 300 – 7 = 293.

Ex 4: Find the greatest number, which when divides 93, 123 and 228 leaves the same
remainder in each case.
Sol: For such questions, we need to find the difference between the all three pairs of the
given numbers and their HCF will be the answer i.e. 123 – 93 = 30, 228 – 123 = 105, 228 –
93 = 135. Now the HCF of 30, 105 and 135 is 15.
In such questions, sometimes, the common remainder can also be asked.
So you can divide any of the numbers given by HCF (93  15) and find the remainder to
be 3.

5 4 2
Ex 5: Find the L.C.M of, and .
6 9 15
5 4 2 L.C.M . of 5, 4 and 2
Sol: L.C.M. of , and 
6 9 15 H .C.F . of 6, 9 and 15
L.C.M. of 5, 4 and 2 = 20; H.C.F. of 6, 9 and 15 = 3. Thus the LCM of these three fractions
will be 20/3.

Ex 6: What is the greatest number that will divide 2400 and 1810 and leaves remainders 6
and 4 respectively?
Sol. Since on dividing 2400, remainder 6 is left, the required number must divide (2400 – 6)
or 2394 exactly. Similarly, it must divide must divide (1810 – 4) or 1806 exactly. Hence,
the greatest number required should be the HCF of 2394 and 1806, i.e. 42.

31
Ex 7: Find the greatest number which will divide 410, 751 and 1030 so as to leave remainder 7
in each case.
Sol. The required greatest number can be obtained by subtracting the remainder 7 from
each of the given numbers and then finding the HCF. So answer will be HCF of {(410 – 7),
(751 – 7) and (1030 – 7)} i.e. 403, 744 and 1023. So answer is 31.

Ex 8: The HCF of two numbers is 19 and their LCM is 4845. If one of the numbers is 285, find
the other.
LCM  HCF 4845  19
Sol. The required number =   323 .
First Number 285

Ex 9: Three friends started running at speeds of 4, 6 and 8 km per hour around a circular
track which is 25 km long. After how much time will they meet at the starting point?
25 25 25
Sol. Time taken by them to complete one revolution = , , respectively
4 6 8
25 25 25 LCM of 25,25,25 25 1
LCM of , and    12 hrs
4 6 8 HCF of 4,6,8 2 2
1
∴They will meet after 12 hrs.
2
2 1 3 3 5
Ex 10: The least number which is exactly divisible by 2 ,1 ,3 ,3 and 1 is
3 5 2 7 7
Sol. The required smallest number = LCM of the given numbers. The given numbers
8 6 9 24 12
are , , , , . Using the formula for LCM of fractions, we get the answer as
3 5 2 7 7
72
 72
1

 If the question asks about the maximum or greatest, then most likely, its a question of
HCF. Also if the question is related to distribution or classification into groups, then in all
likelihood, it’s a question of HCF only.

 If the question asks about the smallest or minimum, then most likely, its a question of
LCM. Also, if the word ‘together’ or ‘simultaneous’ is used in the question, then in all
likelihood, it is a question of LCM only.

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