INDEX

1. Real Numbers 1-22 4. Quadratic Equations 87-124

Topic Notes 2 Topic Notes 88
(with Real-Life Applications) (with Real-Life Applications)

Objective Questions 7 Objective Questions 96

Case Based Questions 13 Case Based Questions 101
Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 15 Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 104
Topper’s Corner 20 Topper’s Corner 118

2. Polynomials 23-48 5. Arithmetic

Topic Notes 24
Progressions 125-164
(with Real-Life Applications) Topic Notes 126
(with Real-Life Applications)
Objective Questions 33
Case Based Questions 38 Objective Questions 133
Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 42 Case Based Questions 140
Topper’s Corner 48 Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 143
Topper’s Corner 158

3. Pair of Linear Equations 6. Triangles 165-196

in Two Variables 49-86 Topic Notes 166
Topic Notes 50 (with Real-Life Applications)
(with Real-Life Applications)
Objective Questions 175
Objective Questions 63 Case Based Questions 182
Case Based Questions 71 Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 186
Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 74 Topper’s Corner 196
Topper’s Corner 85

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 7. Coordinate 12. Surface Areas and
Geometry 197-238 Volumes 391-426
Topic Notes 198 Topic Notes 392
(with Real-Life Applications) (with Real-Life Applications)

Objective Questions 207 Objective Questions 398

Case Based Questions 217 Case Based Questions 403
Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 222 Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 407
Topper’s Corner 234 Topper’s Corner 421

8. Introduction to 13. Statistics 427-464

Trigonometry 239-270 Topic Notes 428
Topic Notes 240 (with Real-Life Applications)
(with Real-Life Applications) Objective Questions 437
Objective Questions 248 Case Based Questions 442
Case Based Questions 257 Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 448
Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 260 Topper’s Corner 463
Topper’s Corner 269

14. Probability 465-498

9. Some Applications of Topic Notes 466
Trigonometry 271-310 (with Real-Life Applications)

Topic Notes 272 Objective Questions 474

(with Real-Life Applications) Case Based Questions 480
Objective Questions 277 Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 483
Case Based Questions 285 Topper’s Corner 494
Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 289
Topper’s Corner 307

BOARD PAPERS (PDF )

10. Circles 311-352
Latest CBSE Sample Paper (Solved)
Topic Notes 312
(with Real-Life Applications)
CBSE Board Paper (Solved)
Objective Questions 317 (21st March 2023)
Case Based Questions 325
Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 328 Sample Paper 1 (Solved)
Topper’s Corner 343 Sample Paper 2 (Solved)

11. Area Related to

Circles 353-390
Topic Notes 354
(with Real-Life Applications)

Objective Questions 364

Case Based Questions 372
Subjective Questions (VSA/SA/LA) 374 Scan this QR Code
to download all papers pdf
Topper’s Corner 386

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 Real Numbers 1

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 TOPIC 1
PRIME FACTORISATION
Learning Objectives
 Students will be learning to classify positive integers as prime, composite and co-primes.
 Students will be learning to write a number as a product of prime factors.
Learning Outcomes
 Students will be able to generalise properties of numbers and relations among them using factorisation.

Real Life Application Factor of a Number

You must have WhatsApp installed on your phone If a number divides another number exactly, then
or on your parent’s phone to communicate with the number which divides, is called a factor of that
your friends or family. In that, you must have seen number.
terms like "end-to-end encryption," that means that Factor Tree
it’s a secure communication that will prevent third
It is a chain of factors of a number, which is
party app from accessing your data while it's being
represented in the form of a tree.
transferred from your phone to your friend’s phone.
Example 1. Draw a factor tree of 32.
(Understand)

Total Breakdown
Marks (As per CBSE Marking Scheme)
Represent 32 in the form of product of
its smallest prime factor and the other
1 number. (½ m)
Repeat this process till we get the other
number as a prime number. (½ m)

WhatsApp is based upon cryptography, or Ans. 32

cryptology, i.e., the study of techniques for secure
communication. It is a method of protecting 2 16
information and communicating through the use of 2 8
codes.
For programmers who construct unique code using 2 4
numbers that aren't too large for computers to 2 2
store or process rapidly, prime factorisation is a
key concept. Public-key encryption systems are
frequently secured using this technique. Prime Factors of a Number
Let us now understand prime factorisation in detail. The set of prime numbers which when multiplied
together, make the original number.
Prime Numbers
E.g. Prime factors of 15 are 3 and 5.
The numbers which have no factors other than 1 and
the number itself are called prime numbers. Example 2. Express the number 3825 as a
Composite Numbers product of its prime factors. (Understand)
[NCERT]
The numbers which have atleast one factor other
than 1 and the number itself are called composite Total Breakdown
numbers. Marks (As per CBSE Marking Scheme)

Co-Prime Numbers Find prime factors of the number 3825.

(½ m)
The set of numbers which don’t have any common 1
Write all the factors in product as well as
factor other than 1 are called co-prime numbers.
in exponential form. (½ m)

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 There are many such applications of these numbers. Find prime factors of p and q. (½ m)
Let's read more in-depth information on rational and p and q will have common prime factors
irrational numbers. which contradict our assumption that
p, q are co-prime and 5 is a rational
Real Numbers number. (1 m)
It is a value of a continuous quantity that can represent
Ans. Let us assume that 5 be a rational number.
a distance along a line. Real number include both
p
rational and irrational number. Then, it can be is written in the form of ,
q
Rational Numbers where, p and q are co-primes and q ¹ 0.
p p
A number which can be expressed in the form \ 5 =
q q
where q ≠ 0, is called a rational number.
⇒ 5q = p
Irrational Numbers On squaring both sides, we get
A number that cannot be expressed as a simple 5q2 = p2 ...(i)
2
Here, p is divisible by 5.
fraction for any integer, is called an irrational number.
So, p is divisible by 5.
Let p = 5c
Theorem
On squaring both sides, we get
Let p be a prime number and a be any positive p2 = 25c2 ...(ii)
integer. If p divides a2, then p divides a. Substituting the value of p2 in equation (i), we
get
Example 8. Prove that 5 is an irrational 5q2 = 25c2
number. (Apply)
⇒ q2 = 5c2
[CBSE 2020, 19, 15, NCERT]
Here, q2 is divisible by 5.
Total Breakdown So, q is divisible by 5.
Marks (As per CBSE Marking Scheme) Thus, p and q have a common factor of 5.
So, there is a contradiction as per our assumption.
Suppose 5 be a rational number and
We have assumed p and q are co-primes but
2
p
write it in fraction form i.e., , where p, here, they have a common factor of 5.
q
The above statement contradicts our assumption.
q are co-primes. (½ m)
Therefore, 5 is an irrational number.

OBJECTIVE Type Questions

[ 1 mark ]
Multiple Choice Questions Ans. (a) co-prime
Explanation: Co-prime numbers are the set of
1. The total number of factors of a prime numbers that don’t have any common factor
number is: other than 1. Here, a3 are b3 are co-prime.
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 2 (d) 3 3. The LCM of smallest two-digit composite
Ans. (c) 2 number and smallest composite number is:
Explanation: Factors of a prime number are 1 (a) 12 (b) 4
and the number itself. (c) 20 (d) 44 [CBSE SQP 2019]

2. If a and b are two co-prime numbers, then 4. If two positive integers a and b are written
3 3
a and b are: as a = x3y2 and b = xy3, where x and y are
(a) co-prime (b) not co-prime prime numbers, then the HCF (a, b) is:
(c) even (d) odd (a) xy (b) xy2
[CBSE Term-1 Std. 2021] (c) x3y3 (d) x2y2 [Diksha]

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 Ans. (b) xy2 7
is rational and 2 is an irrational number.
Explanation: 9
Given that, a = x3y2 = x × x × x × y × y Then,
and b = xy3 = x × y × y × y
We know that HCF of two or more numbers 7 7 2
× 2 = , which is an irrational number.
is the product of the smallest power of each 9 9
common prime factor involved in the numbers.
\ HCF of a and b = HCF (x3y2, xy3) 9. The greatest number which when divides
= x × y × y = xy2 1251, 9377 and 15628 leaves remainder 1, 2
and 3 respectively is:
5. (7 × 11 × 13 × 15) + 15 is a: (a) 575 (b) 450
(a) composite number (c) 750 (d) 625
(b) whole number [CBSE Term-1 Std. 2021]
(c) prime number Ans. (d) 625
(d) both (a) and (b) Explanation: Required greatest number
Ans. (d) both (a) and (b) HCF (1251 – 1, 9377 – 2, 15628 – 3)
Explanation: (7 × 11 × 13 × 15) + 15 = HCF (1250, 9375, 15625)
= 15 (7 × 11 × 13 + 1)  1250 = 2 × 54
9375 = 3 × 55
= 15 × 1002
15625 = 56
Clearly, 15 × 1002 is a whole number.
HCF (1250, 9375, 15625) = 54 = 625
Also, number is having more than two factors. Hence, the required greatest number is 625.
Therefore, it is a composite number as well as
a whole number. 10. If HCF of 144 and 180 is expressed in the
form 13m – 3, then m is:
6. The LCM of two numbers is 2400. Which (a) 1 (b) 2
of the following cannot be their HCF ? (c) 3 (d) 4 [Diksha]
(a) 300 (b) 400
11. Three alarm clocks ring their alarms at
(c) 500 (d) 600 regular intervals of 20 min, 25 min and
[CBSE Term-1 Std. 2021] 30 min respectively. If they first beep
together at 12 noon, at what time will they
7. If the LCM of a and 18 is 36 and the HCF of a beep again for the first time ?
and 18 is 2, then a equals to:
(a) 4 : 00 pm (b) 4 : 30 pm
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4 (c) 5 : 00 pm (d) 5 : 30 pm
Ans. (d) 4 [CBSE Term-1 Std. 2021]

Explanation: We know that, Ans. (c) 5:00 pm

LCM (a, b) × HCF (a, b) = a × b Explanation: Minutes after which they beep
Þ 36 × 2 = a × 18 together = LCM (20, 25, 30)
 20 = 22 × 5
36 × 2
Þ a= 25 = 52
18 30 = 2 × 3 × 5
Þ a =4 \ LCM (20, 25, 30) = 22 × 3 × 52
8. The product of a non–zero rational and an = 300 min
irrational number is: = 5 hours
(a) always irrational Now, three alarm clocks ring their alarms at 12
noon, so next they will beep together after 5
(b) always rational
hours i.e., at 5:00 pm.
(c) rational or irrational
(d) one [NCERT Exemplar] 12. If HCF (a, b) = 45 and a × b = 30375, then
Ans. (a) always irrational LCM (a, b) is:
Explanation: Product of a non–zero rational (a) 1875 (b) 1350
and an irrational number is always irrational. (c) 625 (d) 675
For example:

8 Mathematics Class X

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 CASE BASED Questions (CBQs)
[ 4 & 5 marks ]
Read the following passages and answer the together between 8 a.m. and 11 a.m, if
questions that follow: firstly, buses leave together at 8 a.m.?
39. The school principal wants to address the
students of classes eighth to tenth on the
importance of personal hygiene. He asks the
teacher in charge of the school to arrange all
the students of eighth, ninth and tenth classes
in a single hall. There are 84 students from
eighth class, 63 students from ninth and 42
students from tenth class.

(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6

(D) Three numbers are in the ratio of

3 : 4 : 5 and their LCM is 2400. The HCF
of the numbers is:
(a) 40 (b) 60
(c) 80 (d) 120

(E) The product of two numbers is 2028

(A) What is the minimum number of rows and their HCF is 13. The LCM of the
in which the students can be seated numbers is:
such that students belonging to the (a) 13 (b) 156
same class are seated in the same row? (c) 2028 (d) 26364
(a) 7 (b) 9 Ans. (A) (b) 9
(c) 21 (d) 42 Explanation: As we have to find the
minimum number of rows, we have to
(B) Realising that the hall can accommodate
more students, the school Principal now first take the HCF of 84, 63 and 42.
wants to include 98 students of class 84 = 22 × 3 × 7
seventh also. What will be the number 63 = 32 × 7
of students and minimum number of 42 = 2 × 3 × 7
rows such that students belonging to the \ HCF = 3 × 7 = 21
same class are seated in the same row?
So, 21 students of each class can be seated
Number of in one row. That means there will be 4 rows
Minimum
students of for class eighth, 3 rows for class ninth and 2
number of
same class in rows for class tenth.
rows
one row Total number of rows = 4 + 3 + 2 = 9
(a) 14 21 (B)
Number of students Minimum
(b) 21 14 of same class in one number of
row rows
(c) 41 7
(d) 7 41
(d) 7 41
Explanation: We will now calculate the
(C) Suppose the bus incharge of the HCF of 42, 63, 84 and 98.
school has to arrange buses in the 42 = 2 × 3 × 7
morning for a picnic. There are two 63 = 32 × 7
lines of buses, line A and line B. Buses
84 = 22 × 3 × 7
on line A leave after every 15 minutes
while buses on line B leave after every 98 = 2 × 72
20 minutes. In a day, how many times \ HCF = 7
do buses on both lines A and B leave

Real Numbers 13

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 VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions (VSA)
[ 1 mark ]

42. State the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. 47. Given that HCF (135, 225) = 45, find the LCM
(135, 225). [CBSE 2020]
[CBSE SQP 2020] Ans. We know that
LCM × HCF = Product of two numbers
Product of 135 and 225
Ans. Every composite number can be expressed \ LCM (135, 225) =
HCF (135, 225)
(factorised) as a product of primes, and this
factorisation is unique, apart from the order 135 × 225 = 675
=
in which the factors occur. 45
[CBSE Marking Scheme SQP 2020]
48. Are the smallest prime and the smallest
43. Express 156 as the product of primes. composite numbers co-prime? Justify.

[CBSE SQP 2020] [Diksha]

Ans. No, we know that, smallest prime number is 2
Ans. 156 = 22 × 3 × 13
and smallest composite number is 4.
[CBSE Marking Scheme SQP 2020] And, HCF of (2, 4) = 2
Explanation: Since, there is a common factor 2 between
Given, number is 156. them. So, they are not co-primes.

2 156 49. The HCF of two numbers a and b is 5 and

2 78 their LCM is 200. Find the product ab.

3 39 [CBSE 2019]

13 13 50. Can two numbers have 18 as their HCF

1 and 380 as their LCM? Give reasons.
[NCERT Exemplar]
Then, 156 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13
= 22 × 3 × 13 51. Find a rational number between 2 and
2
Hence, prime factors of 156 are 2 × 3 × 13. 7. [CBSE 2019]
Ans. 2 = 1.414 and 7 = 2.645
44. Given that HCF (96, 404) is 4, find the LCM
Let the required rational number be x.
(96, 404). [CBSE SQP 2020]
∴ 2 < x< 7
45. If xy = 180 and HCF(x, y) = 3, then find the or 1.414 < x < 2.645
LCM(x, y). [Delhi Gov. SQP 2022] Hence, any rational number like 1.5, 2.0, 2.5,
can be the answer.
46. The LCM of two numbers is 182 and their
52. Write the number of zeroes in the end of
HCF is 13. If one of the numbers is 26, find
a number whose prime factorisation is
the other number. [CBSE 2020]
22 × 53 × 32 × 17. [CBSE 2019]
Ans. We know that Ans. Given, 22 × 53 × 32 × 17
HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) = a × b = (2 × 5)2 × 5 × 32 × 17
So, 13 × 182 = 26 × b = (10)2 × 5 × 32 × 17
[ on multiplying 2 × 5, we get 10]
13 × 182
Þ b= = 91 The power of 10 in the given expression is 2.
26
Hence, the number of zeroes in the end will
Thus, the other number is 91. be 2.

Real Numbers 15

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 SHORT ANSWER Type-II Questions (SA-II)
[ 3 marks ]

69. Given that 3 is irrational, prove that Þ b2 is divisible by 5 [5c2 is divisible by 5]

Þ b is divisible by 5
5  2 3 is irrational. [CBSE SQP Std. 2022]
Since, a and b are both divisible by 5, 5 is
common factor of a and b.
Ans. Let us assume 52 3 is rational, then it must But this contradicts the fact that a and b have
p no common factor other than 1.
be in the form of where p and q are co- This contradiction has arisen because of our
q
prime integers and q ¹ 0 incorrect assumption that 5 is a rational number.
p Hence, 5 is an irrational number.
i.e. 52 3 =
q

p5q 72. Prove that 2 – 3 is irrational, given that

So 3 = ...(i)
2q 3 is irrational. [CBSE SQP 2020]

Since p, q, 5 and 2 are integers and q ¹ 0R, 73.The LCM of 64, 82 and k is 124 where k is a
HS of equation (i) is rational. But LHS of (i) is positive integer. Find the smallest value of k.
Show your steps.
3 which is irrational.
[CBSE Question Bank 2023]
This is not possible. This contradiction has Ans. Prime factors of 64 = (2 × 3)4 = 24 × 34
arisen due to our wrong assumption that 5 +
Prime factors of 82 = (23)2 = 26
2 3 is rational. So, 52 3 is irrational.
Now, prime factores of 124 = (2 × 2 × 3)4
[CBSE Marking Scheme SQP Std. 2022]
= (22 × 3)4
70. Rakesh is preparing dinner plates. He has = 28 × 34
12 pieces of chicken and 16 rotis. If he wants
to make all the plates identical without any So, on comparing the prime factors of 64, 82
food left over, what is the greatest number and 124, we can see that the smallest values
of plates Rakesh can prepare? [Diksha] of k is 28 or 256.

74. Show that 5 + 2 7 is an irrational number,

71. Prove that 5 is an irrational number.
[CBSE 2014] where 7 is given to be an irrational number.
[CBSE 2020]
Ans. Let, 5 be a rational number and its simplest
a 75. Three bells toll at intervals of 12 minutes,
form is , where a and b are integers having 15 minutes and 18 minutes respectively. If
b
they start tolling together, after what time
no common factor other than 1 and b ¹ 0. will they next toll together? [Diksha]
a
Now, 5 = Ans. The required time is the LCM of 12, 15 and 18.
b
 12 = 2 × 2 × 3
Squaring both sides, we get
15 = 3 × 5
a2
5= 18 = 2 × 3 × 3
b2 \ LCM = 22 × 32 × 5 = 180
Þ 5b2 = a2 ...(i) So, next time the bells will ring together after
Þ a is divisible by 5 [ 5b2 is divisible by 5]
2
180 minutes or 3 hours.
Þ a is divisible by 5 [ 5 is a prime number
and divides a2 Þ 5 divides a] 76. On a morning walk, three people step
off together and their steps measure
\ Let a = 5c, for some integer ‘c’.
40 cm, 42 cm and 45 cm respectively. What
On substituting a = 5c in equation (i), we get is the minimum distance each should walk,
5b2 = (5c)2 so that each can cover the same distance in
Þ 5b2 = 25c2 complete steps?
Þ b2 = 5c2 [Delhi Gov. QB 2022, CBSE 2015]

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 77. A merchant has 120 litres and 180 litres of Ans. Prime factorisations are:
two kinds of oil. He wants to sell oil by filling 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
the two kinds of oil in tins of equal volumes. 32 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
What is the greatest volume of such a tin?
LCM (24, 32) = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
Ans. In order to find volume of such a tin, we need
= 96
to find the largest number which exactly
divides 120 and 180, which is nothing but the According to the question, full packs and same
HCF (120, 180). number of pencils and crayons are bought. i.e.,
120 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 96.
180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 96
Thus, 96 crayons or = 3 packs of crayons
HCF (120, 180) = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 60 32
Hence, the greatest volume of each tin is 60 litres. 96
96 pencils of = 4 packs of pencils.
78. During a sale, colour pencils were being 24
sold in the pack of 24 each and crayons in
the pack of 32 each. If you want full packs
79. Prove that p + q is irrational, where p
of both and the same number of pencils
and crayons, how many packets of each and q are primes. [NCERT]
would you need to buy?
[Delhi Gov. QB 2022]

LONG ANSWER Type Questions (LA)

[ 4 & 5 marks ]
Let p = nm, where m is any integer.
80. Prove that n is not a rational number, if n
Þ p2 = n2 m2
is not perfect square. Þ nq2 = n2 m2 [Using (i)]
2 2
Ans. Let n be a rational number. Þ q = nm
Þ n divides q2
p
\ n= , where p and q are co-prime integers, Þ n divides q ...(iii)
q q ≠ 0. 2
[Let p be a prime number. If p divides q , then p
On squaring both sides, we get divides q, where q is a positive integer]
p2 From (ii) and (iii), n is a common factor of both
n= p and q which contradicts the assumption that
q2
p and q are co-prime integers.
Þ p2 = nq2 ...(i) So, our supposition is wrong.
Þ n divides p2
Þ n divides p ...(ii) Hence, n is an irrational number.
2
[Let p be a prime number. If p divides a , then p
divides a, where a is a positive integer] 5
81. Prove that is an irrational number.
7

Detailed solutions for

Self-Practice questions
accessible here

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 TOPPER’S CORNER

SHORT ANSWER Type-I Questions (SA-I)

[2 marks ]

1. Show that 5 + 2 7 is an irrational number, where 7 is given to be an irrational number.

Ans.

[CBSE Topper 2020]

2. If HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in the form 65n – 117, then find the value of n.
Ans.

[CBSE Topper 2019]

3. On a morning walk, three persons step out together and their steps measure 30 cm,
36 cm and 40 cm respectively. What is the minimum distance each should walk so that each can
cover the same distance in complete steps?

Ans.

[CBSE Topper 2019]

20 Mathematics Class X

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