CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE

FACULTY OF COMMERCE INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DEVELOPING AN INTERGRADTED DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

FOR MACHINERY HEALTH AND PATIENT RECORDS IN

HEALTHCARE FACILITIES

BY

MUNASHE MAVHEMWA

R211949H

SUPERVISOR: DR F MASIMBA

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
HONORS DEGREE

FEBRUARY 2025

FINAL DRAFT
 The Abstract
In order to enhance service delivery in public hospitals, this study looked into the use of
health information systems. The analyst thoroughly examined the manual system to
determine whether it was necessary to automate it in order to enhance service delivery in
public hospitals, as many authors have expressed dissatisfaction with the way patients wait
hours to receive medical care, with some patients ultimately receiving care as a result of
spillover. A web-based application was then created to improve patient care by utilizing
computer speed, storage, and retrieval capabilities. Payments, treatment, and patient
registration will all be handled by the software.
 Acknowledgements
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. F. Masimba, for his effort
and unwavering help in producing this documentation. This endeavour would never have
been successful without his knowledge and assistance. This endeavour was a success because
of his effort. Additional gratitude is extended to my close friends who helped me during the
process, as well as to everyone else who helped me out with their tremendous effort and
support. Last but not least, I want to express my appreciation to my family for their
unwavering presence and support and for making sure I persisted when all hope was lost.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1......................................................................................................................................

1.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................

1.1 Background to the study................................................................................................

1.2 Problem Statement.........................................................................................................

1.3 Objectives of the study...................................................................................................

1.4 Research Question..........................................................................................................

1.5 Significance of the study................................................................................................

1.6 Assumptions....................................................................................................................

1.7 Delimitations of the study..............................................................................................

1.8 Limitations......................................................................................................................

1.9 Definition of terms..........................................................................................................

1.12 Chapter Summary........................................................................................................

Chapter 2......................................................................................................................................

Literature Review....................................................................................................................

2.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................

2.1 Factors affecting adoption of HIS.................................................................................

2.2 Benefits of Health Information System........................................................................

2.3 Adoption of Health Information Systems to improve service delivery.....................

2.4 Appropriate HIS for public hospitals...............................................................................

2.5 Types of health information systems............................................................................

Chapter 3......................................................................................................................................

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................................

3.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................

3.1 Research design..............................................................................................................

 3.2 Population.......................................................................................................................

3.3 Sampling..........................................................................................................................

3.4 Data Collection Procedures...........................................................................................

3.5 Data Presentation and Analysis Procedures................................................................

3.7 Ethical Considerations...................................................................................................

3.8 Reliability........................................................................................................................

3.9 Validity............................................................................................................................

3.10 Chapter Summary........................................................................................................

CHAPTER 4.................................................................................................................................

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION..............................................

4.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................

4.2 Data presentation process..............................................................................................

4.3 Data collection.................................................................................................................

Chapter 5......................................................................................................................................

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.........................................

5.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................

5.1 Summary.........................................................................................................................

5.2 Recommendations..........................................................................................................

5.3 System Documentation and design...............................................................................

Process Design (Pseudo Code for Fingerprint/name search).................................................

Coding....................................................................................................................................

Testing...................................................................................................................................

5.5 Deployment and Maintenance.......................................................................................

5.6 Summary.........................................................................................................................
List of Tables

Table 4. 1 Gender..........................................................................................................................
Table 4. 2 Age................................................................................................................................
Table 4. 3 Occupation....................................................................................................................
Table 4. 4 Education......................................................................................................................
Table 4. 5 Computer anxiety and Self-efficacy.............................................................................
Table 4. 6 perceived ease of use and usefulness............................................................................
Table 4. 7 Personal traits...............................................................................................................
Table 4. 8 Aging workforce...........................................................................................................
Table 4. 9 patient safety.................................................................................................................
Table 4. 10 operational expenses...................................................................................................
Table 4. 11 Instant & Seamless accessibility.................................................................................
Table 4. 12 errors...........................................................................................................................
Table 4. 13 effectiveness...............................................................................................................
Table 4. 14 quick medical diagnoses.............................................................................................
Table 4. 15 quality health..............................................................................................................
Table 4. 16 record keeping............................................................................................................
Table 4. 17 Proposed System.........................................................................................................

List of Figures
Figure 2. 1 Architecture for Remote Patient Monitoring System..................................................
Figure 2. 2 Smart biometric fingerprint reader for Hospital..........................................................

Figure 4. 1 Gender.........................................................................................................................
Figure 4. 2 Age range....................................................................................................................
Figure 4. 3 Occupation..................................................................................................................
Figure 4. 4 Education level............................................................................................................
Figure 4. 5 illustrating results for Computer Anxiety & Self-efficiency.......................................
Figure 4. 6 perceived ease of use and usefulness..........................................................................
Figure 4. 7 Personal Traits.............................................................................................................
Figure 4. 8 Aging Workforce.........................................................................................................
Figure 4. 9 Patient Safety...............................................................................................................
Figure 4. 10 expenses....................................................................................................................
Figure 4. 11 instant and seamless accessibility.............................................................................
Figure 4. 12 medical errors............................................................................................................
Figure 4. 13 effective management...............................................................................................
Figure 4. 14 Quick diagnoses........................................................................................................
Figure 4. 15 Quality health............................................................................................................
Figure 4. 16 Record keeping..........................................................................................................
Figure 4. 17 Proposed system results............................................................................................

Figure 5. 1 Waterfall......................................................................................................................
Figure 5. 2 ESP32..........................................................................................................................
Figure 5. 3 Fingerprint Sensor.......................................................................................................
Figure 5. 4 printed circuit board....................................................................................................
Figure 5. 5 Architecture design.....................................................................................................
Figure 5. 6 Menu Design...............................................................................................................
Figure 5. 7 Input design.................................................................................................................
Figure 5. 8 Admin dashboard........................................................................................................
Figure 5. 9 patient details...............................................................................................................
Figure 5. 10 Reports Between Dates.............................................................................................
Figure 5. 11 Fingerprint search code.............................................................................................
Figure 5. 12 Flow Chart for smart biometric fingerprint database management system..............
Figure 5. 13 Arduino Code...........................................................................................................
Chapter 1

1.0 Introduction

A computer-based data collection system has not yet been fully implemented in Zimbabwe's
public hospitals. The primary method of data collection and storage in public hospitals is
manual. Due to human error, bias, and failure, traditional data management systems are
vulnerable. When manual procedures (paper work) are used, the majority of the data is lost,
corrupted, or destroyed. Thus, poor service delivery results from making it difficult to obtain
data that is manually kept. In an attempt to address the issues, the researcher chose to assess
hospitals' manual data collection processes and develop a computerized approach that would
assist lower errors. By recording medical archives and maintaining protected files, the system
will help manage patient-doctor-related actions.

1.1 Background to the study

The majority of wealthy nations have implemented HIS in their health sectors, according to
an initial study and survey of the literature. Many innovations have been implemented in
healthcare organizations over the years to improve technology utilization, lower medical
errors, lower costs, improve decision-making, and make it easier to find medical answers.
This facilitates the integration of medical specialists both within and outside the company
(Sepucha, 2016).

HIS has advantages including enhancing healthcare quality and reducing costs, claims
Nguyen (2015). In order to provide high-quality services in hospitals or other healthcare
institutions, HIS integration facilitates communication between practitioners and medical
specialists. This influences improved information flow and clinical data sharing. In other
words, HIS makes sure that patient data is mainstreamed so that it can be utilized by many
practitioners and specialists in various settings. Orang’i (2019).

In Zimbabwe, however, the Herald (2012) reports that Chitungwiza Central Hospital is
among the facilities that have been computerized. The hospital was selected to participate in a
2012 eGovernment initiative pilot project. They collaborated with 23rd Century Systems to
digitize the hospital, according to CEO Dr. Moyo. Additionally, the hospital in Parirenyatwa
has a computerized billing system that facilitates cost accounting. The patient is given a
hospital number that the system can use to access their information once this system logs
their age, address, and sex.

1.2 Problem Statement

The management of patient and equipment health records frequently takes place in silos in
healthcare institutions, which results in inefficiencies, inconsistent data, and a lack of
thorough insights. Data fragmentation from existing systems, which usually concentrate on
either medical records or machinery maintenance, makes it difficult to make well-informed
decisions and improves operational efficiency. The difficulty lies in creating an integrated
data management system that seamlessly integrates patient information and machinery health
data. This system should allow medical personnel to access patient data while simultaneously
monitoring and maintaining vital medical equipment. The goal of combining these two vital
data sources is to increase patient safety, boost equipment dependability, and optimize
processes in medical institutions.

1.3 Objectives of the study

i. To investigate the variables influencing the equipment and patient records data
management system adoption in the healthcare industry
ii. To research how the healthcare sector can benefit from the use of equipment and
patient records data management systems
iii. To research the adoption of data management solutions to enhance service provision.
iv. To enhance healthcare facilities by creating a suitable integrated data management
system for patient records and machinery health
1.4 Research Question
i. What are the factors affecting developing of data management system for machinery
healthy and patient records in healthcare facilities.

i. How can data management system be adopted to improve service delivery?

ii. How can data management system be adopted to improve service delivery for
healthcare facilities?
iii. Which appropriate data management system can be developed for healthcare
facilities?
1.5 Significance of the study

Archangel (2017) states that the objective of the hospital management system is to enable
patients obtain the best care possible by offering clinical data sharing, fast and accurate
information, and high-quality services. The HIS enhances the quality of care, lowers costs,
and decreases prescription mistakes. With the automation of database systems in the current
digital era, physicians will be able to handle paperwork and patient care more quickly. The
author discovered the need to develop a project that will assist physicians in accomplishing
these objectives after observing the operation of public hospital systems.
Due to the inability to retrieve the original diagnosis and treatment notes, the majority of
patients spend a significant amount of time during the diagnosis process. This issue has been
resolved with the construction of the suggested system, which can handle the patient's
information. The project should be effective in order to automatically assign a bed and a
doctor to each new patient based on their condition the moment they are admitted.
Additionally, if a patient is being released from the hospital, the computer should
automatically release the bed that was allotted to them.

Another urgent problem is overprescription, in which patients are kept on ineffective

medications while doctors are denied access to their patient records. Therefore, when this
system is developed, the doctor will be able to use the patient's information to prescribe more
effective or better medications.

1.6 Assumptions
i. The system will be used to add, edit, and remove patient records from hospitals.

ii. The information will be accessible to administrators, nurses, and physicians, among
other users.
iii. For each system user, the administrator assigns a distinct username and password.

iv. It is important for the end user to have a basic understanding of medical terminology,
including names of treatments and diseases.
1.7 Delimitations of the study

Patient file management, user access security, information hierarchy, and user integration into
the health care delivery process are the foundations of this study. It is solely concerned with
managing patient records and ensuring their safety and security.

1.8 Limitations
During the project's duration, several obstacles were faced. Numerous limitations were
encountered by the researcher in areas like:
Finance: if an interview appointment is cancelled, the cost of transportation may be incurred.
Alternatively, the researcher can make use of programs like Microsoft Teams, Google Meet,
and others.
Data collection: Getting a doctor to interview is challenging because the hospital is a busy
site. The hospital's doctors may sign out late at night, which would be inconvenient for the
writer. Nonetheless, the researcher may utilize the internet to create online forms and survey
documents and collect participant replies.
Lack of material restricts certain study that may have made a significant contribution.
Nevertheless, the researcher used the resources at hand to continue the investigation.
Time: Gathering primary data is likewise limited by the time restriction. Since every study
has a deadline, there might not be enough time to complete an extensive investigation.
Nonetheless, the researcher reduced the time spent commuting to and from work by using
social media platforms to interact with the physicians and nurses.

1.9 Definition of terms

A Data Management System (DMS) is a software solution that helps organizations collect,
store, manage, and retrieve data efficiently. It encompasses a variety of tools and processes to
ensure data is organized, secure, and accessible. Here are some key components and
functions of a DMS

Database management system (DBMS) - The software interface between databases and
users is called a database management system (DBMS). It is a software bundle that contains
computer tools that manage database construction, upkeep, and usage. It enables businesses
to easily have database administrators (DBAs) and other experts create databases for a range
of applications.
E-governance - The World Bank defines e-governance as "government owned or operated
systems of information and communication technologies that transform relations with
citizens, the private sector, and other government agencies so as to promote citizens
empowerment, improve service delivery, strengthen accountability, increase transparency, or
improve government efficiency," according to an article by Dube (2012) on the ZimEye
website.

Medical records - Medical records contain the patient's information on symptoms and
medical history, as well as the findings of tests, x-ray and lab test reports, diagnoses, and
treatment plans.

Hospital Information System - A collection of programs created to manage medical data is

referred to as a hospital information system.

Healthcare Facility - A healthcare facility is defined as a location that provides access to

healthcare services, including emergency and routine care, by identifying facilities,
enumerating services, and managing data to ensure appropriate and timely delivery of
healthcare.

Patient Records - A patient's medical condition, treatment, and care interventions are
documented in one or more papers that make up their patient record. Details like these are
included in the patient record including Individual data, Preferences and Allergies,
aspirations and objectives, options for treatment and treatment plan, treatment choices, care
and therapy, health status and also notes of the meeting.

1.12 Chapter Summary

Most countries in the world, especially emerging ones, face health risks due to the
development of new medical technologies and global warming. The old platform is no longer
able to store the vast amounts of medical data produced by the growing global population.
Medical records stored in files and cabinets are no longer relevant on a platform that heavily
relies on outmoded traditional systems. Thus, using an electronic platform, the researcher
suggested a method to replace the traditional manual procedure. Such a replacement can
typically be carried out in a hospital setting within the patient's database management system.
The management of patient information is a crucial part of the daily healthcare administration
system. According to specific characteristics, medical practitioners can compare and contrast
different illnesses if accurate data are maintained in a safe and secure location within the
hospital. By using a computerized system, the project aims to replace the current method of
managing patient databases.
Chapter 2

Literature Review

2.0 Introduction
The research, location, and analysis of the body of knowledge already available on the topic
of inquiry are examined and referenced in this chapter from a variety of sources, including
the internet, eBooks, online journals, newspapers, and magazines. In brief, it displays the
work of other researchers and the functionality of their system. This chapter outlines the
numerous methods that hospitals utilize to automate the patient record-keeping process.

2.1 Factors affecting adoption of HIS

According to Gartner (2018), the advent of health information technology (HIT) has
drastically changed the healthcare industry. The manner that healthcare is provided and the
daily routines of medical personnel have been profoundly altered by the advent of the
electronic health record (EHR) and various eHealth technologies. This shift will continue as
artificial intelligence and robots are more incorporated into healthcare. HIT is widely
accepted to improve health care quality and safety while lowering morbidity and death.
According to Health IT Safety (2017), this calls for widespread adoption, implementation,
and additional adjustments to health care procedures and frameworks at the individual,
governmental, and corporate levels.

In 2020, Leeuw There are a number of obstacles to HIT deployment and related changes that
affect many organizational levels. These include the organization's structure, the tasks carried
out, the incentives offered, and the development and organization of information processes.
The process of adopting digital technology is complicated and involves a number of
individual-level influencing elements, including computer phobia and self-efficacy, training,
helpful situations, personality attributes, and perceived usefulness and simplicity of use.
During training, it is important to recognize how both good and negative emotions affect
learning. The adoption of HIT by health professionals does not always align with
expectations because of this.
During training, it is important to recognize how both good and negative emotions affect
learning. The adoption of HIT by health professionals does not always align with
expectations because of this. Growing recognition and widespread acceptance of the
necessity of a sociotechnical approach to HIT implementation highlight how crucial it is to
concentrate on both the technical and social components of a system. Implementation is not a
linear or predictable process; rather, its effectiveness depends on how well work procedures
and tasks, information technology, and individual characteristics mesh.

The government is actively promoting HIT in all healthcare settings, and nurses make up the
largest group of certified health professionals in the Netherlands, according to Health IT
Safety (2017). Therefore, it stands to reason that nurses will encounter and participate in HIT
advancements more and more. A lack of digital training and organizational support, as well
as the fact that little attention has been paid to the impact of HIT on nurses' workflow in the
early phases of HIT adoption, are among the factors that have been shown to have an impact
on the general population of nurses (Medline, 2019). Despite claims that HIT can save health
care expenditures and enhance care quality, there is currently little research on how it affects
nurses' day-to-day tasks. The target group of nurses who are falling behind the bulk of
practicing nurses in the field in terms of digital proficiency has not yet been the subject of
any studies.

A review of the literature on the problems and worries surrounding the adoption and usage of
electronic medical records shows how crucial it is to take into account and investigate nurses'
attitudes and their individual IT device use in relation to EHR implementation. Furthermore,
this study demonstrates that nurses' self-confidence in adopting IT is not enhanced by
unfavourable views toward computer use, low skill levels, or a lack of readiness for change.
Compared to nurses who are more at ease using computers, older nurses are more likely to
exhibit this combination of variables, which suggests that they may require more training.
Therefore, the widely used one-size-fits-all training strategy may not work in this case.
According to a different study that used self-assessment questionnaires to gauge registered
nurses' computer literacy and attitudes toward computer use, 1-3% of participant scores
(N=688) fell into categories that indicated either cyberphobia or a lack of digital abilities.
There was no description of the participants' ages in these categories. An intention-to-use
survey of 113 registered nurses revealed some age-correlated results, showing that older
nurses (whose ages were not specified) had statistically significantly lower perceived
computer self-efficacy than their younger counterparts.

Considering the findings of Int J Nur's Stud (2017) Given the growing nursing shortage, the
aging nursing workforce will have a big impact on nursing care and health care in general in
the near future. The physical constraints of nursing job are not the only challenges faced by
elderly nurses; cognitive losses are also becoming more apparent, as evidenced by difficulties
keeping up with digital and paper work and memory loss. The dynamic nature of the job, the
rapid advancement of technology, and the requirement to constantly acquire new skills may
all make these factors worse. It is harder to handle a lot of changes and responsibilities in the
workplace as you get older. Age is therefore thought to be a risk factor. According to JMIR
Nursing (2019), health care organizations face the issue of developing change-ready, healthy
work cultures that inspire nurses of all ages to stay in their careers and develop into
competent, digitally-savvy health professionals. Individual interviews, focus groups, surveys,
and observations in day-to-day operations were among the many research methodologies
used. The focus of the one-on-one interviews was EHR uptake and usability. Health care
workers' use of EHRs was investigated in one study by Leeuw (2020), which looked at how
they interpret HIT. One overall conclusion from all of these research was that the adoption
and application of HIT requires in-depth understanding of how various health care
professional groups respond to significant changes in their work routines.

Organizations and their leadership should be aware of managing the balance between
technology and work processes to enhance the fit between healthcare workers and the HIT
they use, according to a systematic review on the adoption of EHR in hospitals.

Deloitte (2017) states that, with a market size of $7.6 trillion USD, the healthcare sector is
perhaps one of the biggest and fastest-growing sectors globally (EIU, 2016). Global
healthcare spending is predicted to reach $8.7 trillion USD by 2020, presumably as a result of
better integrated healthcare services that have raised costs and lengthened life expectancy.
Health information systems must guarantee the safe and efficient use of medications, better
health outcomes, and affordable, high-quality services. Clinical decision support systems,
managerial, administrative, and financial functions within the healthcare system can all be
managed with the help of modern health information systems, which offer a thorough,
specialized, integrated framework. All of the healthcare system's decision-making processes
rely on accurate and trustworthy information. Medical errors can be reduced in hospitals by
implementing these health information systems.

Madeeha Malik, Ahmad Furqan Kazi, and Azhar Hussain (2021) assert that health
information technology systems can enhance patient health outcomes by enabling the
delivery of effective and high-quality healthcare services. Stakeholders view health
information technologies as vital instruments that can help them make decisions about patient
safety and improved results. The organizational and financial obstacles to their adoption,
however, are thought to be substantial for execution. The advantages of successfully
implementing health information systems have been emphasized in a number of previous
studies. These advantages include reduced time required for data retrieval, readability and
accuracy of data, decreased medication errors, and accessibility of patient data from health
information management systems.

However, a lot of evidence also points to a number of problems associated with the
management of health information technologies, such as high initial capital costs, technical
and downtime problems, a lack of skilled and trained staff, and security and confidentiality
issues with health information management systems (Hussain et al., 2021). Over the past 20
years, the healthcare system—even in rich nations—has experienced a paradigm shift and a
steady improvement. In 1999, a report released by the Institute of Medicine (USA) shocked
the country and contributed to a greater awareness of the deaths linked to medical errors.
Medical errors that can be prevented cause between 44,000 and 98,000 deaths annually in US
hospitals. It wasn't until the twentieth century that the majority of countries allocated a
significant portion of their GDP to health care. Healthcare spending by the US government
did not surpass 1% of GDP until the 1960s, and then 3% until 1980.

HITECH, or the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, was
introduced later in 2009. The main goal was to accelerate the use of medical records and
electronic health in the US, along with related health information technology. Lack of funds,
maintenance-related expenses, patient attitudes, staffing shortages, and incalculable return on
investment are some of the key obstacles to successful adoption. Human, organizational,
environmental, and technological variables were also shown to be the main obstacles to
successful adoption. According to a Malaysian study, there are three main obstacles to
successful adoption: institutional, social and human influence, and technological. In addition,
behaviour and attitude characteristics regarding the adoption and usage of technology have
also been documented. Major obstacles to successful adoption in Indonesia were identified as
attitude, a lack of training and skills, policies, and a lack of administrative assistance. The
main factor influencing Saudi Arabia's lower adoption rates of health information
technologies was found to be a lack of technology.

Furthermore, e-health technologies have a significant impact on people's access to high-

quality care in Zimbabwe, according to Cambridge University Press (2018). As a result, they
may contribute to improving population health outcomes in regions with inadequate
healthcare infrastructure. However, there are still certain obstacles to the adoption of e-health
in particular healthcare settings. This paper will discuss a study that looked at the variables
affecting the adoption of e-health in Zimbabwe's public hospitals. According to Furusa and
Coleman's (2018) findings and those of other academics who have examined the subject, a
number of actions are necessary to boost the adoption of e-health in developing nations.
Updating ICT infrastructure to the necessary standard is crucial, to start. According to
Coleman et al. (2018), promoting adoption also requires educating medical personnel to
enhance their ICT proficiency.

Thirdly, it is necessary to set up proper technical assistance and communication on e-health

technology. This will promote good experiences and increase the knowledge of e-health
features among patients and healthcare professionals. Finally, it is important to promote
privacy and security issues in legislation and to address them in software design. These
actions will enable the adoption of e-health technology by patients and healthcare
practitioners and promote care delivery and access in different regions.

2.2 Benefits of Health Information System

Health care providers collect, store, handle, and evaluate health data in each particular
healthcare setting. Using this data, they create all-encompassing care plans that enhance
patient outcomes and wisely distribute the organization's resources, including personnel.
According to Sinhasane (2019), health information systems offer a number of advantages,
which are detailed below.
Methodical & Coordinated Therapy Procedure: A technology-powered system called a health
information system facilitates the exchange of protected health information (PHI) across
institutions. and suppliers are quite easy. Additionally, this approach enables patients to
receive coordinated and seamless care from medical professionals. Patients that require
considerable medical information management and cross-specialty treatment coordination
more than others benefit most from HIS. The most significant benefit is that it enhances
patient outcomes and care delivery.

Enhancement of Patient Safety: Health information systems make it simple to access patient
data, allowing you to store and distribute all of the information across several databases.
Anytime there are any problems pertaining to the health of the patients, you can receive alert
notifications. In the event that a patient has a medication without a prescription, for instance,
program security checks can notify healthcare providers about the potential negative
consequences. This will help you avoid making any major mistakes that may arise from
making decisions based on incomplete information.

Improvement in Patient Care: By gathering and storing patient data, such as test results,
medical histories, allergy reactions, vaccinations, diagnosis reports, and treatment plans,
health information systems give medical professionals a comprehensive and organized
framework that improves patient interactions and ultimately leads to more effective patient
care.
Easy Performance Analysis Process: By using health information systems, you can obtain
staff performance data, evaluate patient care, and make sure your business is stable and
operating efficiently. With HIS, all records are electronic and less paperwork is produced.
Based on their skill sets, you can make any decision regarding your employees. You can also
make selections after considering the specifics of past performance. Utilizing HIS, your
patients can provide feedback on the quality of care they receive from your staff, allowing
you to monitor staff performance and assess organizational effectiveness.

Clinical Procedure Transfiguration: You can use HIS to help your patients in any stressful
scenario. A virtual representation of the patient flow and the experiences of each individual
patient throughout their meetings with medical professionals, administrative staff, lab
technicians, and financial assistance is available to you. Giving this careful thought enables
you to identify the areas in which you might improve things.
Medical Error Avoidance: Health Information Systems provide reports and information free
of errors since they keep less paper and automate and computerize everything. Patients' safety
can be guaranteed and different pharmaceutical errors can be prevented as a result. Access to
patient information is quick and easy.

"The Health Information System gathers data from the health sector and other pertinent
sectors, analyses the data and ensures their overall quality, relevance, and timeliness, and
transforms data into information for health-related decision-making," according to a 2017
World Health Organization report. Furthermore, you have a higher chance of making
decisions, putting policies into place, carrying out regulations, conducting health research,
developing training and development programs, and monitoring the provision of services if
the information is more trustworthy.

Operating Cost Reduction: Health Information Systems Permit health organizations to

allocate resources in a systematic way and potentially save significant amounts of money,
energy, and materials. In short, you can save a lot of money while improving the quality of
your healthcare services for your patients.

Saving Time: In addition to saving money, health information systems also contribute to time
savings. HIS significantly reduces the time required to coordinate patient care and ensure
smooth hospital administration by computerizing all patient data and automating human
tasks.

Enhanced Patient Satisfaction: By enhancing the clinical process, health information systems
not only simplify the administration and daily tasks of healthcare professionals, but they also
raise patient satisfaction. When you establish yourself as a trustworthy brand in your
industry, you attract more clients and see a significant increase in your return on investment.
Thus, it is evident from examining the advantages of health information systems that HIS
gives healthcare professionals a number of chances to improve patient care while reducing
costs and streamlining operations.

Health information systems revolutionize healthcare services, according to Sinhasane (2019).

Supporting strong systems in hospitals and medical procedures would help professionals
operate more efficiently and make their jobs easier and more organized. They therefore
focused on providing the patients with better care. To put it briefly, HIS presents a situation
in which patients and healthcare professionals benefit equally.

2.2.1 Obstacles of effective utilization of HIS

As confirmed by Muhanga and Haule (2021), Notwithstanding all of an HIS's benefits. There
are countless barriers to using health information systems successfully and efficiently.
Although developing countries have a large share, such barriers can be seen in both
developed and developing nations. It has been observed that the majority of developing
nations still have low levels of use, which are not commonly adopted and may fail after being
put into practice for a variety of reasons.

One of the obstacles to the efficient use of HIS in healthcare institutions is poor internet
infrastructure and insufficient broadband, according to Gabriel et al. (2014), cited by
Muhanga et al. (2021). The system undoubtedly needs sufficient internet connection in order
to work. Additional concerns include these systems' inadequate funding and capital. Among
the challenges are a lack of IT professionals with the necessary expertise to run healthcare
systems and issues with patient data protection. Lack of supportive ICT resources in health
facilities; frequent power outages, which cause the system to shut down until power is
restored or backup power supplies like solar or generators are available; and issues with HIS
integration and usability brought on by insufficient infrastructures are all barriers to HIS use,
which impacts system utilization and service delivery (Peltola, 2019).

Oleribe et al. (2019) identified key challenges that face health systems in Africa which are
human resources challenges, the management of human resources is poor hence affects the
performance of staffs; low budget allocated to health; poor hospital management and
infrastructure such as ICT infrastructure. Furthermore, the cost of operation such as
bandwidth cost, lack of enacted policy, technical know-how, funding, awareness of users and
fear of changing manual systems to electronic systems. The majority of nations lack
implemented laws and policies to support health systems and strategies to fortify the current
system; among the challenges are privacy concerns brought on by hackers and financial
resource problems brought on by reliance on donors (Jalghoum et al., 2019). Most often,
these challenges lead to low-quality services and systems that are not sustainable.
Furthermore, other studies (Muhanga et al., 2021; cited by Smith et al., 2008) have identified
corruption, high operating costs, a lack of skilled human resources in the health and
technology sectors, and insufficient health systems for providing healthcare services as the
main obstacles facing the health sector in developing nations, including Tanzania. The
underutilization of health information systems in developing nations' public and private
healthcare facilities, where these systems may have an impact on service delivery, may be
caused by the previously described obstacles to effective HIS use.

2.3 Adoption of Health Information Systems to improve service delivery

Numerous research have discussed how HIS affects the caliber of services provided in
medical facilities. Manzar (2017) claims that the majority of nations have quickly embraced
HIS, and that the influence of these systems on enhancing patient safety, providing high-
quality services at lower costs, and effectively managing patient data has led to an increase in
their adoption. Enhancing healthcare quality and reducing costs are two benefits of HIS. HIS
integration helps practitioners and health professionals communicate in order to provide high-
quality services in hospitals or other healthcare institutions. This influences improved
information flow and clinical data sharing. In other words, HIS makes sure that patient data is
mainstreamed so that it may be utilized by many practitioners and specialists in various
settings (Orang’i, 2019).

Effective patient data management results in efficient delivery of health services and the
realization of high-quality treatment. Health information systems are used to handle patient
data. Health information systems, according to Gesulga (2017), improve the quality of health
services by making health information more accessible. This makes it easier for healthcare
providers to provide services. The process of recording patient data is supported by these
systems in order to ensure its correctness, availability, and dependability. Additionally, HIS
enhances patient safety. Through the system's easy access to patient data, all patient
information may be saved and shared across several databases, improving patient safety
(Alotaibi and Federico, 2017).

As stated by Addo and Agyepong (2020), "ICT applications give citizens access to health
services and improve patient safety. They also provide faster medical diagnoses, less work
for users, shorter wait times for patients, and easier access to information." Additionally, HIS
facilitates management and record keeping, which affects the provision of services. Ondieki,
2017. Kim, Coiera, and Magrabi (2017) argue that, on the contrary, issues with HIS can have
an impact on patient outcomes and service delivery. This serves as a warning that HIS has its
own limitations.

2.4 Appropriate HIS for public hospitals

Health care administrators, physicians, and nurses who have access to patient and population
health data can make critical decisions about care that could make all the difference in the
world for their patients. Health information systems are essential for getting health data into
the right hands quickly because they seamlessly and intelligently integrate health care with
information technology. A health information system allows health care organizations to
gather, store, manage, analyse, and optimize patient treatment histories and other important
data.
Health care practitioners can also readily obtain information regarding macroenvironments,
like community health patterns, thanks to these platforms. Health information systems also
provide information about certain healthcare organizations or providers, such as the most
effective treatments or interventions.
To make data-driven decisions about many aspects of patient care, physicians and nurses use
health information systems. Quick access to patient medical histories, for instance, can reveal
past therapies.
Administrators can also use health information systems to better allocate the organization's
resources by analysing statistics about various departments or operations.
To be an important part of a healthcare company, one must be familiar with these systems.
Examining or enrolling in a Master of Health Administration program, for example, where
health information systems are a major component of the curriculum, is a wise method to
learn more.

2.4.1Purpose of Health Information Systems

Kyra Sheahan (2017) asserts that it is common knowledge that waiting is a significant part of
visiting a doctor. But thanks to health information systems, medical personnel are more
efficient and well-organized, so you can put down your mags and receive attention sooner.
Healthcare institutions are continuously producing data. Data on patient health trends, length
of hospital stays, insurance claims and billing, the number of surgeries performed, patient
care expenses and income, and more are included in this. One of the main goals of health
information systems is to assist organizations in gathering, analysing, and applying this data.
Frequently, patients require care from many medical professionals.
For instance, a patient may be referred to a specialist after receiving initial diagnosis and
treatment from a general care physician. Each practitioner uses the same basic data thanks to
easily transferable patient records, which facilitates seamless collaborative patient care.

Information systems give physicians a means of recognizing patterns in issues related to

community health. For instance, a simple statistical analysis can determine whether a local
population is more or less likely to develop diabetes. The coronavirus pandemic in recent
months has demonstrated how effective use of health information systems promotes
population health by providing means for public health professionals to track cases and keep
an eye on regional outbreaks. A key factor in cost containment is having access to health
information systems. Physicians and nurses are able to make more precise treatment
recommendations by examining patient histories and comparable case studies. Administrators
can prudently direct manpower and other resources to areas that most require them while
keeping an eye on patient volumes across departments.

2.5 Types of health information systems

Healthcare workers have access to and availability of health information systems, according
to Clark Medical (2022). These include clinicians, public health authorities, and anyone who
work closely with patients. Data is gathered and compiled by healthcare professionals to
inform judgments about the general public, client groups, and specific patients. Among the
most popular kinds of health information systems are:

Electronic health record (EHR) and electronic medical record (EMR) systems have
supplanted paper patient records. Every patient's medical records are gathered and kept on
electronic devices. These documents contain test results, doctor and specialist visits, medical
treatments, and patient health information. In order to improve security, many healthcare
facilities store sensitive data on cloud servers. For Critical Access Hospitals that have trouble
utilizing simple EHR systems, this might not be an option.

Clark Medical's (2022) Practice Management Software opinion: Healthcare facilities and
staff use information technologies to help manage day-to-day facility operations. This covers
both patient scheduling and medical service billing. Every healthcare provider, from solo
practitioners to massive multi-centre hospitals, uses practice management systems. In order to
improve patient-staff relations and streamline the facility's workflow, administrative chores
are to be automated.

Master Patient Index (MPI): This healthcare information system's software links patient
records to many databases. Any patient's records that are registered with a healthcare
organization are contained in the MPI. MPI compiles all of the patient's records into an index.
MPIs minimize redundant patient records and steer clear of erroneous patient data that can
lead to the denial of patient claims. This healthcare information system's software links
patient records to many databases through the Master Patient Index (MPI). Every patient who
is registered at a healthcare facility has records in the MPI. MPI compiles an index of all the
patient's records. Patient claim denials may arise from MPIs' reduction of redundant patient
records and avoidance of erroneous patient data.
Patient Portals: Patients can view their health information using this information system.
Through the internet, individuals may view their blood results, appointment details, and any
drugs they might be prescribed. Regarding their requests for medication refills and
appointment scheduling, some patient portals also enable active engagement with medical
professionals, such as doctors and pharmacists.

Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM), sometimes referred to as telehealth, offers medical

sensors that allow medical personnel to send patient data. RPM is capable of tracking blood
pressure and glucose levels. Individuals suffering from long-term ailments including heart
disease, hypertension, or type 2 diabetes benefit from it. Healthcare professionals or
healthcare teams can use data collected and transferred via RPM to identify medical
occurrences that need rapid and urgent medical action, such heart attacks or strokes. The
acquired data may be utilized in a health study or research effort.
Figure 2. 1 Architecture for Remote Patient Monitoring System

Clinicians can make better clinical judgments with the aid of a Clinical Decision Support
System (CDSS), which facilitates information management and clinical data sharing. Nurses
and other medical workers may integrate clinical workflows more easily with the use of
clinical decision support, claim Addo and Agyepong (2020). By employing the system to
evaluate data, CDSS helps professionals and healthcare providers improve patient care and
decision-making that is difficult to obtain in-person, face-to-face.

Physicians and lab technicians can coordinate inpatient and outpatient testing for
immunology, chemistry, haematology, and microbiology to gather clinical data using
software called a Laboratory Information System (LIS). Results, specimen entry and
processing, check-in details, and patient demographics are all managed by a typical lab
information system.
Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter will outline the standards and procedures that will impact the planning, analysis,
design, development, and final implementation of the patient database management system.
Sileyew (2019) defines research methodology as the process by which researchers must carry
out their investigation; it demonstrates the process by which these researchers formulate their
problem and objective and present their findings from the data collected during the study
period. The chapter will outline the techniques that will be used in literature review, data
collection methods, and in establishing the requirements for developing the system, the
design approach, implementation, and validation.

3.1 Research design

According to the research design, a study-appropriate framework will be produced. However,
according to Sileyew (2019), the research design process involves a number of
interconnected decisions. One of the most crucial ones is the choice to be made regarding the
research approach, which dictates how pertinent data for a study will be gathered.

3.2 Population
The population is the total group about which the researcher wishes to make inferences
(Bhandari, 2022a). In the context of study, a population does not always relate to individuals.
The term may be used to describe a collection of components of any subject the researcher
wishes to examine. An estimated 600 people made up the study's population, which included
patients, physicians, and nurses.

3.3 Sampling

Because the research population was so enormous, it was nearly impossible to consult every
single person. As a result, sampling was necessary for the researcher to produce data that
were fair. According to Bhandari (2022a), the particular group from whom you will gather
data is known as a sample. In this instance, the researcher divided the population into three
subgroups: nurses, doctors, and patients. This was done using the stratified sampling
technique, which divides the population into subgroups based on variables known about those
subgroups. A random sample of each subgroup is then taken. The researcher can make
inferences about particular information that might be lost in a more generalized random
sample by using stratified sampling, which allows the population to be divided into discrete,
independent pieces. Because stratified sampling is time and money-consuming, it only
permits individuals with pertinent information to be consulted.

3.4 Data Collection Procedures

A systematic approach to gathering and evaluating data from various information sources in
order to address pertinent topics is known as data collection. Researchers can forecast
upcoming phenomena and trends with the aid of a precise assessment of the data gathered.
Mbachu (2018). Following questionnaire creation, model testing, and sample revision, the
researcher employed the questionnaire to gather data. Before beginning data collection, the
researcher gets the hospital's approval. The questionnaire was self-administered by the
researcher to the intended audience. An introduction was included with the questionnaire, and
each item was preceded by explicit instructions to make completion easier. The researcher
then personally collected the questionnaires three days later.

3.4.1Research Instruments
These are fact-finding strategies that serve as tools for gathering data. These consist of
observation, record sampling, interviews, and questionnaires. The researcher's primary
responsibility is to ensure that the instrument selected is reliable and valid. Any research
project's validity and reliability are largely dependent on how well-suited the tools are.
Regardless of the method used to gather data, it must be rigorously evaluated to determine the
likelihood that the desired outcomes will be obtained.

Interview
An interview is an in-person discussion between two people with the goal of gathering
pertinent information for a study. There are several distinct styles of interviews, including
semi-structured, unstructured, and structured, each with a few minor differences. The term
"structured interview" describes a questionnaire that is given verbally. It is typically
completed quickly and has a superficial level of profundity. In semi-structured interviews,
there are numerous important questions that cover the range of topics to be learned. The
researcher can learn more about the topic with a little more freedom. The researcher can
collect a wide range of information with a purpose through unstructured interviews, which
are inclusive.

Advantages of interviews

 In-depth information
 Freedom of flexibility
 Accurate data.

Disadvantages of Interviews

 Time-consuming
 Expensive to collect.

Observation

An observation is a data collection method that uses observation to gather statistics about a
phenomenon. The observation could be made as a whole participant, as an observer as a
participant, as a participant as an observer, or as a comprehensive observer. When developing
a hypothesis, this approach is a crucial starting point.

Advantages of observations

• Directing is simple.
• There is more accuracy in the results.
• It distributes the respondents' unwillingness to administer a report.
• It is suitable in specific circumstances.

Disadvantages of observations

 Some phenomena are not open to observations.

 It cannot be relied upon.
 Unfairness may arise.
 It is costly to administer.
 Its legitimacy cannot be predicted accurately.

Focus groups
This data collection approach primarily focuses on qualitative research, in contrast to
quantitative research, which contains information based on numbers. For data based on
respondents' sentiments and emotional states, it falls under the primary sort. In this kind of
research, a small group of people—typically six to ten people—are asked open-ended
questions to provide feedback.

Advantages of focus groups

 The information gathered is typically extremely thorough.

When compared to individual interviews, it is more economical.
 It displays efficiency and speed in the output.

Disadvantages of focus groups

• Not going far enough into the specifics of a topic.

• Bias may still be apparent.
• Interviewers must receive training.
• The researcher's influence over the result is minimal.
• A few loud shouts can overpower the others.
• The challenge of forming an inclusive group.

Questionnaire
This method involves collecting information from people using a tool that consists of a series
of questions and prompts to get their responses. Questionnaires are designed to gather
information from a certain sample or group. The important thing to remember is that a
questionnaire is not a survey; rather, it is a component of one. A survey refers to a data
collection process that includes a questionnaire and several other data collection methods.
There are three different kinds of questions that are utilized on surveys. They are open-ended,
scale, and fixed-alternative. The type and extent of the research are addressed in each of the
questions.
Advantages of questionnaire

• It is economical and can be given to a lot of people.

It is useful for measuring change by comparing and contrasting earlier studies.
• Simple to understand and evaluate.
• Data from questionnaires can be put to use.
• The identity of the respondent is secure.
• A topic's various facets can be covered with questionnaires.
• Reasonably priced.

Disadvantages of questionnaire

• Respondents may give dishonest answers or become disinterested in the middle of the
question.
• Qualitative data cannot be obtained from questionnaires.
• There may be unanswered questions.
• It's possible that respondents have ulterior motives.
• Not every question lends itself to easy analysis.

However, the researcher used the fact-finding technique of questionnaires to collect

quantitative data. The survey considers data that can be expressed as numerical values and
figures that can be calculated analytically. Cost-effectively, these can be distributed to a large
number of respondents. By using a questionnaire, quantitative data that may be large or
voluminous can be easily visualized and analysed.
3.5 Data Presentation and Analysis Procedures

Data presentation is the process of visually representing the relationship between two or more
data groups using various graphic formats so that a well-informed decision can be made.

3.5.1 Tabulation

The tabular presentation of data is the subject of this. An array of data organized into rows
and columns is called a table. A lot of data is condensed and a clear pattern is shown in a
visually appealing way through tabulation. It saves space compared to narrative data
presentation and makes it simple to compare different kinds of data.
Advantages of Tabulation

 Create a lot of data that can be easily understood and perplexing.

 Conclusions can be easily drawn from tabulated data.

 It is simple to identify inaccuracies in tabulated data.

3.5.2 Bar chart/graph

It is made up of distinct rectangular bars that are drawn so that the height and frequency
match. Both horizontal and vertical bars are possible.

Advantages

 Effective instrument for communication

 Simple to make (with little expense)
 It's simple to update
 Accurate and quick approximations are possible.
 Enable visual aids for ensuring that calculations are accurate and equitable.
 Widely available to a large audience

Disadvantages

 Don't use a lot of extra lines to indicate relationships between activities.

 Limited project control assistance
 Easily tricked into creating a false impression

3.6 Data Analysis

The process of cleansing, modifying, and processing raw data in order to extract pertinent,
actionable information that aids businesses in making well-informed decisions is known as
data analysis, according to Kelley (2022). Through the provision of helpful information and
statistics, frequently shown in the form of tables, graphs, charts, and pictures, the process
helps lower the risks associated with decision-making.

3.6.1 Importance of data analysis

Data analysis is a significant component of a researcher's work, which involves looking at
data. The process of transforming information into a more precise and pertinent format is
facilitated by data analysis, which helps researchers in their work. Researchers can also use a
wide range of tools from data analysis, including quantitative analysis, inferential analysis,
and descriptive statistics. Data analysis, then, provides researchers with better data as well as
improved methods for analysing and studying that data.

3.6.2 Data Analysis Methods

All data analysis techniques can be classified into one of two main categories: qualitative
analysis or quantitative analysis. Qualitative Data Analysis The qualitative data analysis
method gathers information from observations, words, symbols, and images. Statistics aren't
used in this approach. Quantitative Data Analysis: Basic data is gathered and transformed
into numerical data using statistical data analysis techniques.

3.7 Ethical Considerations

Every type of research has ethical considerations. The procedure creates conflict between the
goals of the study, which are to draw generalizations for the benefit of others, and the
participants' human rights to privacy. Participants should receive a document outlining the
research hypothesis and expectations from the researcher prior to consenting to participate in
the study. Since participants cannot make a decision unless they are fully informed, one of
the most important aspects of informed consent is that the researcher must disclose any
potential dangers. Once the informed consent has been signed, it can be established that
participants are fully aware of what they are getting themselves into, and this means that the
researcher have maintained this ethical standard.

Participants ought to be able to leave at any time. This demonstrates that research volunteers
are not compelled to take part in studies if they are experiencing bodily or psychological
suffering, find the study to be a barrier, or decide they no longer want to take part. One
crucial consideration that must be made when participating in research is the right to
withdraw. According to ethical research considerations, confidentiality is ensuring that the
personal information of experiment participants is kept anonymous and private both during
and after the experiment. Maintaining confidentiality is crucial, particularly when examining
delicate topics like inadequate care for patients who are seriously harmed. Because it could
have an impact on their later lives, confidentiality is primarily meant to prevent readers from
being able to identify participants. For example, participants can experience discrimination or
even lose their jobs.

In conclusion, ethical concerns guarantee the preservation of research quality and guard
against research-related harm and the infringement of people's legal rights.

3.8 Reliability
In research, the degree of solidity or accuracy of the methods and findings of an analysis is
referred to as reliability. It entails obtaining indistinguishable outcomes following multiple
iterations of the same processes. The idea of uniformity is a helpful way to conceptualize
reliability. Users are more likely to trust the information if the findings of one cause's
research lead to matching findings in other causes. Taking into account the context of the
reliability assessment is just as crucial as thinking about the concept of reliability.

3.9 Validity
The validity of a method tells the researcher how well it measures something, according to
Middleton (2022). A method can be deemed valid if it closely matches real-world values and
measures what it says it will measure. The four primary categories of validity are:

 Construct validity refers to whether the test captures the idea it is supposed to capture.
 Content validity: Does the test accurately reflect the things it is intended to measure?
 Face validity: Does it seem that the test's content aligns with its objectives?
 Criterion validity: Do the results accurately measure the concrete outcome they are
designed to measure?

3.10 Chapter Summary

The techniques employed to gather the research data were examined in this chapter. In the
first part of the chapter, the research design was described, and the demographic and sample
methods were analysed. The chapter also looked at the validity and reliability of the research
and presented the tools that were employed. The chapter concluded by examining the
methods used for gathering data as well as its analysis and presentation. The presentation and
analysis of study data are demonstrated in chapter (IV) below.

CHAPTER 4
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.0 Introduction
The data that the researcher gathered during the data collection process is presented,
analysed, and discussed in this chapter. The results of respondents' answers to the several
questionnaire questions, followed by comments, are displayed in the tables. The results were
arranged according to the themes and sub-themes that were derived from the goals and
inquiries of the study that were introduced in Chapter One. Chapter One established the
following three research goals:

i. To investigate the variables influencing public hospitals' adoption of health information

systems.
ii. To research how implementing health information systems in public hospitals might help
patients.
iii. Researching how to use health information systems to enhance the provision of services.
iv. To offer public hospitals a suitable health information system.
Integrating a data management system for patient records and machinery health in healthcare
facilities was the aim of this project. The information was gathered by means of surveys.
Data was gathered using questionnaires, which were given to respondents based on the
study's categories. This section outlines the respondents' general attributes, including gender.

4.2 Data presentation process

Surveys were sent to different hospitals, and the samples' answers were recorded and
subsequently computed to make sure the response rate utilized for the conclusions was
acceptable. This is how the response rate was determined.

Total Response Rate = Total Amount of Responses / Number of distributed questionnaires

*100

4.3 Data collection

Seventy-eight percent of the 200 questionnaires that were provided for this study were
successfully completed, which is a satisfactory response rate.

200 questionnaires were given for this study, and 156 of them were successfully completed,
yielding a 78% response rate, which is below acceptable limits.
Part 1

Qsn.1 What is your gender?

Table 4. 1 Gender

Male Female

66 90

Of the respondents in this survey, 58% were female and 42% were male. This study may
indicate that there are more female players at several Hospitals. The pie chart below
illustrates this even more.

Gender

42%

58%

Male Female

Figure 4. 1 Gender

Q.2 what is your age?

Table 4. 2 Age

Age Range Frequency

 Less than 20 6

20 – 30 20

31- 40 33

41 – 50 45

51 – 60 37

Above 60 15

Of the respondents in this research, 48% are 41 years of age or older, while 30% are between
the ages of 20 and 40. This indicates that the majority of the Hospital's respondents are
elderly. The graph below further demonstrates this.

Age Range
60 +

51 - 60

41 - 50

31 - 40

20 - 30

>20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Column1

Figure 4. 2 Age range

Qsn.3 what is your occupation?

Table 4. 3 Occupation

Doctor Nurse Patient/Other

 56 75 25

Both the users and the administrator who will help physicians and nurses use the new system
will have an impact on the sample. Along with 48% of the nurses and 16% of the patients and
other hospital visitors, 36% of the doctors were able to respond to this study. It demonstrates
that the majority of system users answered the survey. Due to severe illness and patient
casualties, only sixteen percent of patients were able to respond. The graph below provides
more evidence for this point.

Occupation
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Doctors Nurses Patient/Other

Number of responses
Figure 4. 3 Occupation

Qsn.4 what is your Level of education.

Table 4. 4 Education

Doctors Nurses Patients Level

56 25 8 Bachelor’s Degree

0 35 12 Diploma

0 15 5 Other

Both the nurses and other patients in this survey, as well as the 36% of respondents who are
doctors, have at least a bachelor's degree. Furthermore, 22% of the nurses who responded
hold a diploma. This demonstrates the hospitals' knowledgeable staff. The graph below
further demonstrates this.

Figure 4. 4 Education level

Section 2

Qsn.1 Among the elements influencing the adoption of integrated data management system
for machinery healthy and patient records in healthcare facilities are computer phobia and
self-efficacy.

Table 4. 5 Computer anxiety and Self-efficacy

Agree Neutral Disagree

98 4 54

63% of respondents concurred that self-efficacy and computer fear are two characteristics
that influence the adoption of HIS, while 3% had no opinion. Thus, the manual system now
in use at several Hospitals is unacceptable. 36% of respondents, however, disagreed, citing
differing opinions regarding the effects of computer fear and self-efficacy on integrated data
management system for machinery healthy and patient records in healthcare facilities
adoption. Additionally, the graph below illustrates this.

Computer Anxiety &

Self-efficiency
0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Agree Neutral Disagree

Number of responses
Figure 4. 5 illustrating results for Computer Anxiety & Self-efficiency

Qsn.2 Adoption of integrated data management system for machinery healthy and
patient records in healthcare facilities is affected by perceived ease of use and
usefulness.

Table 4. 6 perceived ease of use and usefulness

Agree Neutral Disagree

115 0 41

According to 74% of the sample, the system's usability and ease of use have an impact on the
integrated data management system for machinery healthy and patient records in healthcare
facilities as well. Accordingly, the conventional approach of data recording is difficult to
employ. 26% of respondents, however, disagree that perceived usefulness and ease of usage
have an impact on HIS adoption. The graph below provides more evidence for this point.

Perceived ease of use and Usefulness

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Agree Neutral Disagree

Number of responses
Figure 4. 6 perceived ease of use and usefulness

Qsn.3 Personal traits affect adoption of integrated data management system for
machinery healthy and patient records in healthcare facilities
Table 4. 7 Personal traits

Agree Neutral Disagree

115 1 40

74% of respondents concurred that adoption of HIS is influenced by personal qualities. This
indicates that manual recording is neither reliable or consistent. But 26 percent of those
surveyed disagreed. Additionally, the graph below illustrates this.

Personal Traits
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Agree Neutral Disagree

Number of responses

Qsn.4 Aging workforce is one of the predisposing factors that affect adoption of
integrated data management system for machinery healthy and patient records in
healthcare facilities
Table 4. 8 Aging workforce

Agree Neutral Disagree

125 0 31

According to 80% of the participants in this study, one of the risk factors influencing the
adoption of HIS is an aging workforce. As a result of their inability to adjust to the switch
from manual to traditional, elderly people have an impact on the adoption of HIS. On the
other hand, 20% of the respondents disagreed with the notion that one of the risk factors
influencing the adoption of HIS is an aging workforce. Additionally, the graph below
illustrates this.

Aging Workforce
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Agree Neutral Disagree

Responses
Figure 4. 7 Aging Workforce

Part 3

Qsn.1 Integrated data management system for machinery healthy and patient records
in healthcare facilities improves patient safety.

Table 4. 9 patient safety

Agree Neutral Disagree

131 17 8

HIS enhances patient safety, according to 84% of research participants. Because patient
information is not confidential, the manual system being employed at the CPH is
unacceptable. Although 11% were ambivalent, this indicates that they had conflicting
opinions on how HIS enhances patient safety because patient data could be compromised by
hackers. However, because they held different opinions, 5% of the respondents disagreed.
Additionally, the graph below illustrates this.

Patient Safety
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Agree Neutral Disagree

Responses
Figure 4. 8 Patient Safety

Qsn.2 Integrated data management system for machinery healthy and patient records
in healthcare facilities enable hospitals to minimize operational expenses.

Table 4. 10 operational expenses

Agree Neutral Disagree

145 5 6

According to 93% of participants in this study, HIS helps hospitals save operating costs. This
indicates that the hospital's present system is quite expensive because it needs room for filing,
printing, and storage. Four percent held different opinions, whereas three percent were
neutral. Additionally, the graph below illustrates this.

Expenses
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Agree Neutral Disagree

Responses Column1 Column2

Figure 4. 9 expenses
QSN.3 Integrated data management systems for patient records and machinery health
are used in healthcare facilities to provide instant and seamless access to patient
information.

Table 4. 11 Instant & Seamless accessibility

Agree Neutral Disagree

150 0 6

Ninety-six percent of the participants in this study concur that using HIS allows for
immediate and easy access to patient information. Given how long it takes to get archived
data, this demonstrates why the conventional approach is unacceptable. Nevertheless, 4% of
the participants held a different opinion regarding the fact that HIS provides immediate and
smooth access to patient information. The graph that follows provides other examples of this.

Accessibilty
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
Agree Neutral Disagree

Responses

Figure 4. 10 instant and seamless accessibility

Qsn.4 Integrated data management systems for patient records and machinery health
are used in healthcare facilities avoids medical errors.
Table 4. 12 errors

Agree Neutral Disagree

150 0 6

According to 96% of survey participants, HIS prevents medical errors. This demonstrates
how prone the existing system is to mistakes. Four percent of respondents, however, held
different opinions. The graph below provides more evidence of this.

Errors
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
Agree Neutral Disagree

Responses
Figure 4. 11 medical errors

Part 4

Qsn.1 Effective patient data management leads to effective health services delivery.

Table 4. 13 effectiveness

Agree Neutral Disagree

145 5 6

Ninety-three percent of survey participants concur that efficient patient data management
results in efficient health service delivery, while three percent expressed no opinion. Time
lost looking through the archives for a patient's therapy is evidence that the current system is
ineffective at managing patient data. For other reasons, 4% of the respondents disagreed.
Below is additional illustration of this.

Effectiveness
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Agree Neutral Disagree

Responses Column2 Column1

Figure 4. 12 effective management

QSN 2. The adoption of integrated data management systems for patient records and
equipment health in healthcare facilities speeds up medical diagnosis and lessens user
workload.

Table 4. 14 quick medical diagnoses

Agree Neutral Disagree

120 0 36

According to 77% of research participants, HIS speeds up medical diagnosis and lessens user
workload. This demonstrates that the current medical diagnostic system is labour-intensive
and does not offer prompt results. However, 23% disagreed with this claim. Below, this is
further demonstrated.

Quick diagnoses
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Agree Neutral Disagree

Responses

Figure 4. 13 Quick diagnoses

Qsn.3 By making health information more accessible, integrated data management
systems for patient records and equipment health in healthcare facilities increase the
quality of medical services.

Table 4. 15 quality health

Agree Neutral Disagree

115 1 40

By making health information more accessible, 74% of research participants thought that HIS
improves the quality of health services. This demonstrates the inadequate service delivery of
the current system. On the other hand, 26% of the respondents disagreed with this claim. The
graph below further illustrates this.

Quality Health
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
Agree Neutral Disagree

Responses

Figure 4. 14 Quality health

QSN.4 integrated data management systems for medical institutions' equipment and
patient records aid in record keeping and administration, which affects the provision of
services.
Table 4. 16 record keeping

Agree Neutral Disagree

140 0 16

In the study 90% of the respondents agreed that HIS helps on record keeping and
management which influences the service delivery. This shows that the manual system has
poor record keeping and management and needs to be changed. However, 10% of the
respondents had their own views on the fact that HIS helps on record keeping and
management which influences the service delivery. This is further shown in the graph below.

Record Keeping
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Agree Neutral Disagree

Responses

Figure 4. 15 Record keeping

Part 5
(QSN.1) The best option for hospitals is Web-patient database management.

Table 4. 17 Proposed System

Agree Neutral Disagree

145 0 11

The majority of respondents concur that the best option for hospital facilities is web-based
patient database management. However, 7% of the participants express comfort using the
manual database management system. Comparing the computerized database management
system to the manual system, these results unequivocally demonstrate that the majority of
people believe the latter to be inferior for hospital facilities. In the graph below, this is further
illustrated.

Proposed System
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Agree Neutral Disagree

Responses

Figure 4. 16 Proposed system results

Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction

This chapter provides an overview of the entire study and conclusions based on the research
findings. The researcher will also provide recommendations to the organization based on the
information gathered from the research.

Login Page
The login page provides secure access to the system ensuring that only authorized healthcare
professionals can access patient records and machinery health data
Administrators Panel
Users enter their unique username and password to authenticate their identity. For instance,
this is for doctor’s portal they can access their accounts by putting passwords each user has
different passwords for the integrity of information and data.

Administrators Dashboard
Clinical Operations Section
1. Patient Management: Overview of patient admissions, discharges, and transfers.
2. Appointment Scheduling: Management of appointment schedules for healthcare providers.
3. Clinical Workflows: Monitoring of clinical workflows, including lab orders, medication
administration, and vital sign tracking.

Healthcare Provider Management Section

 Provider Directory: Comprehensive list of healthcare providers, including their
specialties, availability, and patient assignments.
 Provider Scheduling: Management of provider schedules, including shift assignments
and time-off requests.
  Provider Performance: Monitoring of provider performance metrics, including patient
satisfaction, quality of care, and productivity.

Patient Data Management Section

 Electronic Health Records (EHRs): Secure storage and management of patient EHRs.
 Patient Portal: Management of patient portal access, including secure messaging,
appointment scheduling, and bill payment.
 Data Analytics: Analysis of patient data to identify trends, risks, and opportunities for
quality improvement.

Quality and Safety Section

 Quality Metrics: Monitoring of quality metrics, including patient satisfaction,
readmission rates, and complication rates.
 Safety Incident Reporting: Reporting and tracking of safety incidents, including near
misses and adverse events.
 Compliance Management: Management of compliance with regulatory requirements,
including HIPAA, OSHA, and Joint Commission standards.
Financial Management Section
 Revenue Cycle Management: Management of revenue cycle processes, including
billing, coding, and insurance claims.
 Expense Management: Monitoring of expenses, including supply chain management,
staffing, and facilities maintenance.
 Budgeting and Forecasting: Development of budgets and forecasts to support strategic
planning and decision-making.

This dashboard provides administrators with a comprehensive overview of the healthcare

system, enabling them to monitor and manage clinical operations, healthcare provider
performance, patient data, quality and safety, and financial management.
5.1 Summary

The study's objective was to examine how implementing integrated data management
systems for patient records and equipment health in healthcare facilities can enhance public
hospitals' service delivery. These are the facts and conclusions that the researcher discovered.

• Since the hospital employed a traditional system that was very prone to errors, it was clear
that a system that would help manage and provide services to patients efficiently as well as
lessen the workload of nurses and doctors needed to be developed.

• To improve the delivery of services, a system that manages patient resources and
information must be developed that completely transcends departmental boundaries.

• The researcher observed that, based on the evidence gathered, the system would perform
better if it were also made accessible on portable devices to improve accessibility.

•According to most of the hospital existing system, reports are generated manually and might
not be accurate. While some unethical personnel may log in for the remainder of the month in
a single day, this enables doctors to manually check in for work. The manual, conventional
methods used at various hospitals are inefficient and inconvenient for patients.

5.2 Recommendations

According to the study, users should first familiarize themselves with the system and gain an
understanding of how it functions. By using secure passwords, the system should also be used
with integrity, guaranteeing that sensitive information is kept private. In order to maximize
the system's potential, the administration and IT departments should be diligent in their
maintenance. CPH should let the researcher know about any issues or difficulties they believe
they are unable to manage with the system, and the researcher will help.
https://meridiq.com/what-is-a-patient-record/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/healthcare-facility

https://mbaofficial.com/mba-courses/research-methodology/features-advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-observation/
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