ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURAL FOUNDATION

STRUCTURES
 Is the transitional structure to safely transfer the
Did you know that the most visited tourist attraction loads to the comparatively weaker ground.
in the world is the Eiffel Tower of Paris, France?  The total load is equal to the total weight of the
soil extracted.
It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose
company designed and built the tower. Locally
nicknamed "La dame de fer" (French for "Iron Lady"),
it was constructed from 1887 to 1889 as the entrance to
the 1889 World's Fair.

Gustave Eiffel used his advanced knowledge of the

behaviour of metal arch and metal truss forms under
loading to design a light and airy but strong structure.

The tower is 324 meters tall, regarded as the tallest

structure in Paris. Its base is square, measuring 125
metres on each side.

Eiffel Tower is also the symbol of the liberation of Paris,

a symbol of the conquest of Paris by German troops in
1940, then the liberation of Paris in 1944.

Architectural work is to fulfill both practical and Present condition of the soil is carrying the same weight
expressive requirements, meaning utilitas and venustas as it was before the excavation.
according to the father of architecture, while structural In the analysis of soil profile, the building weight can be
integrity stand for firmitas. either be not equal to the soil weight if proper analysis
 Is the Eiffel Tower an Architectural work? done by Geotechnical Engineer.

BUILDING AND STRUCTURE Geotechnical Engineer and Structural Engineer work

hand in hand to modify the property of soil and provide
 Are interchangeable in its common use, safe analysis of the load transfer.
inseparable and intimately related to each other.
o Building is a vertical development ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES
intended for human habitation Definition
o Structure can take any form either
vertical or horizontal with an almost  Are the physical forms that make up buildings
unlimited function above or below the and other constructions, blending functionality,
ground, in surface water or below, at the aesthetics, and engineering principles. These
air above, or far out to the outer space. structures are designed to support loads,
o A structure is a body or assemblage of provide stability, and create usable spaces for
bodies in space to form a system various human activities.
capable of supporting loads.  It is a system or group of sub-systems to hold
the components of a certain system and transfer
STRENGTH AND STABILITY the load through the members of a structure to
provide stability and durability.
In architecture, a structure provides strength and stability
 Vary widely based on cultural, environmental,
to a building.
and technological factors.
Strength  Ancient structures like pyramids relied on
simple geometry and massive stone blocks.
 The strength of the structural members resists
external forces applied to the building and Modern architecture often incorporates advanced
transfer internal loads to the ground. materials like reinforced concrete and steel, enabling
 Structural members are the components of the complex designs and skyscrapers.
building that modifies its strength.
Sustainability is increasingly influencing architectural
 (Internal) As addressed by its structural sub-
structures, with green buildings focusing on energy
components.
efficiency and environmentally friendly materials.
Stability
Structural architecture – it is an integration of structural
 Stability is the ability of the structure to maintain profession in collaboration to architecture to produce
its shape. (Not to deform and not to drift.) structures satisfying the principles of the Architecture
 External composition of the building as a whole profession.
resisting environmental loads including its own
weight.
 The building as the body subjected to external Meaning, Architectural Structures is the integration of
forces in equilibrium. the Architecture profession in collaboration to structural
 Structural connectivity, all buildings by engineering to produce a Work of Art for human
theoretical application is cantilevered. habitation.
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

Hence, without structural integrity, the evolution of space weight, weather, and seismic activity. Here are several
and form alone does not guarantee good Architecture. examples that highlight how support and stability are
achieved in architecture:
For a good architecture embraces the analysis of
structural behavior in a building. 1. Load-Bearing Walls
 Support: In traditional buildings, load-bearing
Key elements of architectural structures include: walls are designed to carry and transfer the
1. Foundation: The base of a structure, weight of the structure above (such as floors and
responsible for transferring loads to the ground the roof) down to the foundation. These walls
and ensuring stability. provide both vertical support and contribute to
2. Frame: The skeleton of the building, which can the stability of the building.
be made of materials like steel, wood, or o Example: Ancient Roman buildings like
concrete. It supports walls, floors, and roofs. the Pantheon, which utilized thick load-
3. Walls: Enclosures that provide separation, bearing masonry walls to support the
privacy, and protection from external elements. massive domed roof.
They can be load-bearing or non-load-bearing.
4. Roof: The covering of the structure, designed to
protect against weather and sometimes add
aesthetic value.
5. Openings: Features like doors, windows, and
skylights, which allow for light, ventilation, and
access.

The art and science in building design needs 2. Steel Frames

systematic approach covering all the elements of design.  Support and Stability: Modern skyscrapers
(basic… function, stability, aesthetics). often use a steel frame structure, where vertical
The purpose of a building structure is to serve several steel columns carry the weight of the building,
essential functions, combining practicality, safety, and while horizontal beams provide lateral support.
aesthetics to meet human needs. Key purposes include: This helps to distribute loads evenly and
prevents the building from swaying.
1. Support and Stability: The structure ensures  Example: The Empire State Building is an
the building can support its own weight (dead example of a structure that uses a steel frame
loads), the weight of occupants and furnishings for both support and stability.
(live loads), and external forces like wind, snow,
and earthquakes.
2. Protection and Shelter: Buildings provide
protection from environmental elements such as
weather, temperature, and natural disasters.
They also offer security and privacy for
occupants.
3. Functionality: Structures are designed to
support specific uses, whether for residential,
commercial, industrial, or recreational purposes.
The design must accommodate the needs and
activities of users.
4. Aesthetics: A building’s structure contributes to
its visual appeal and character. Architects often
design structures to reflect cultural values,
creativity, or a specific architectural style. 3. Arches
5. Durability: A building structure is designed to
withstand time, weather, and wear, ensuring it  Support: Arches distribute weight evenly along
remains safe and functional over its intended their curve, transferring it downward and
lifespan. outward toward the base, allowing for large
6. Space Creation: The structure defines spaces spans without the need for vertical supports in
that are usable for different purposes, such as the middle.
living, working, or gathering, while maintaining  Stability: The curved shape of an arch provides
efficiency and comfort. great structural stability, resisting tension forces
7. Sustainability: Modern structures are and allowing the structure to bear heavy loads.
increasingly designed to be energy-efficient and
environmentally friendly, reducing resource  Example: Roman aqueducts and bridges, such
consumption and minimizing environmental as the Pont du Gard, which use arches to span
impact. long distances while maintaining stability.

SUPPORT AND STABILITY

Support and stability in architectural structures are

essential principles to ensure that buildings and other
constructions can withstand various forces, including
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

where the house extends out over a waterfall

with minimal visible support.

4. Buttresses
 Support and Stability: Buttresses are external
supports that help resist the lateral forces
exerted on walls, particularly in tall or vaulted 7. Foundations
buildings. These elements help to transfer  Support: Foundations are crucial for distributing
horizontal forces away from the walls, allowing the weight of a structure evenly onto the ground.
taller and more complex structures. Deep foundations like piles or caissons are used
 Example: The flying buttresses of Gothic when the surface soil is not strong enough to
cathedrals like Notre-Dame de Paris, which support the load.
stabilize the walls of the building and allow for
large windows and intricate designs.  Example: The foundations of the Leaning Tower
of Pisa, which had to be reinforced to stabilize
the structure and prevent further tilting.

5. Cross-Bracing

 Stability: Cross-bracing is a structural system in

which diagonal braces are placed between
columns or beams. This creates triangular units
that resist lateral forces like wind and seismic
activity. 8. Domes

 Example: Modern high-rise buildings often use  Stability: Domes are inherently stable structures
cross-bracing to provide additional stability. The because they distribute loads evenly along their
Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower) in Chicago curved surface, making them highly resistant to
uses this method to resist wind forces. compression forces.

 Example: The dome of St. Peter’s Basilica in

Vatican City, designed by Michelangelo, is an
iconic example of how a dome can provide both
stability and support.

6. Cantilevered Structures

 Support: In cantilever design, one end of a

structure is anchored while the other end
extends freely without support. These structures
must be carefully engineered to maintain VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL SPAN
balance and stability through the strength of the
material and design. In architectural structures, vertical span and horizontal
span are terms used to describe the distances that
 Example: Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater is a structural elements cover, and they are critical in
famous example of cantilevered construction, determining the load distribution and overall design of a
structure.
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

Vertical Span

1. Refers to the vertical distance or height between

two supporting elements or levels of a structure.

2. It is typically seen in multi-story buildings where

vertical spans are measured between floors,
beams, or columns.

3. Vertical spans influence the structural load

transfer, with loads from higher levels
transferring downward to the foundation.

Examples: The height of a column between two floors, Horizontal Span

or the vertical distance a beam covers when supporting
a floor slab.  Refers to the horizontal distance between two
supporting points or structural members, such
a. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the tallest building in as columns, walls, or beams.
the world, relies on vertical spans through a  It determines the length of unsupported
series of concrete and steel columns to support
structural members like beams, slabs, or
its 828-meter height.
trusses.
 Horizontal spans must account for bending
moments and deflection, as longer spans
typically require additional support or stronger
materials to prevent sagging or failure.

Examples: The distance between two columns

supporting a roof beam or the span of a bridge deck
between piers.

a. The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco has

a horizontal span of 1,280 meters across the
bay, supported by a combination of suspension
cables and towers.
b. The Eiffel Tower in Paris, though primarily a
steel lattice structure, has vertical spans in the
form of elevator shafts to transport visitors
between levels.
c. The CN Tower in Toronto, one of the world's
tallest freestanding structures, has a vertical
span of 553 meters.

b. The roof of Madison Square Garden in New

York uses a series of trusses to span
horizontally across the arena.

d. The One World Trade Center in New York c. The Brooklyn Bridge in New York, with a main
incorporates reinforced concrete walls that span of 486 meters, is a classic example of a
extend vertically to help support its height. suspension bridge with a significant horizontal
span.
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

 This ordering system guides users’

focus and highlights the significance of
particular features
 Example: A grand entrance or atrium
often signifies importance in public
buildings.
4. Repetition and Rhythm: Repetition creates a
sense of order and continuity by using recurring
design elements such as columns, beams, or
patterns.
 Rhythm is achieved when these
d. In high-rise residential or commercial buildings,
elements are arranged to guide the eye
floors like those in The Shard in London, are
or create movement across a structure.
designed with large horizontal spans to provide
 Example: Gothic cathedrals use
open floor areas without many vertical columns.
repeated pointed arches and ribbed
e. The Pont du Gard aqueduct bridge in France is
vaults to establish rhythm.
an ancient example of a structure that spans
5. Proportion and Scale: Proportion deals with
horizontally using arches to distribute weight.
the relationship between different parts of a
f. The Fallingwater house by Frank Lloyd Wright,
structure and how they relate to the whole.
which features cantilevered floors that extend
 Scale refers to the relative size of
horizontally beyond the structure’s supporting
architectural elements concerning
walls.
human dimensions or the surrounding
Relationship and Importance context.
 Example: The Parthenon in Athens uses
 Vertical spans and horizontal spans work precise proportions based on
together to form the structural framework. They
mathematical ratios to achieve visual
influence the building's stability, functionality,
harmony.
and aesthetic design.
6. Grid: A grid system divides a space into regular
 Longer spans (vertical or horizontal) generally
modules, organizing elements into a logical and
demand more robust materials or innovative
systematic pattern.
structural systems, such as trusses, arches, or
 Common in modernist architecture,
tension cables, to handle the increased forces.
grids create flexible, adaptable layouts.
ORDERING SYSTEM  Example: The layout of Manhattan or
Mies van der Rohe's minimalist
In architectural structures, an ordering system refers to buildings uses grid systems for clarity
the principles and frameworks used to organize, and order.
arrange, and structure design elements within a building. 7. Datum: A datum is a reference line, plane, or
It governs how components of the architectural form— point that anchors or organizes other design
such as spaces, columns, walls, and openings—are elements.
systematically organized to achieve balance,  It serves as a baseline for the placement
functionality, and aesthetic appeal. These systems help and alignment of structural or spatial
create a sense of harmony and coherence in a building. components.
 Example: In urban planning, a river or
Key Types of Ordering Systems in Architectural
boulevard may act as a datum
Structures
organizing the city layout.
1. Axis: An axis is an imaginary straight line used 8. Transformation:
to organize spaces or elements symmetrically or  Architectural elements can evolve or
hierarchically. transform while maintaining a logical
 Architectural elements like columns, relationship to the original form.
doorways, and windows are often  This system introduces variety without
aligned along axes for clarity and order. disrupting order.
 Example: Classical Greek temples use  Example: A repeating pattern of
axial arrangements for symmetry. windows might change in size or
2. Symmetry: Symmetry involves balancing spacing to accommodate functional
design elements around a central axis or plane, needs.
creating visual harmony.
 It is common in traditional and formal Purpose of Ordering Systems
architectural styles, such as
neoclassical designs. 1. Structural Integrity: Ensures the proper
 Example: The Taj Mahal in India is an arrangement of load-bearing elements for
iconic example of symmetrical stability and safety.
organization. 2. Functional Efficiency: Facilitates logical flow
3. Hierarchy: Hierarchy emphasizes the and organization of spaces to enhance usability.
importance of certain elements or spaces within 3. Aesthetic Appeal: Creates a sense of beauty,
a design, often through size, shape, or harmony, and proportion in the design.
placement. 4. Spatial Clarity: Helps users navigate and
experience spaces intuitively.
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

flowing curves and irregular shapes made possible

through modern technology.
Cultural Expression: Reflects cultural values,
traditions, and symbolism through design. Synthesis of Architectural and Structural Form

FORM GIVER AND FREE FORM In this case, the structure of the wall is supporting the
roof, the tendency of the load is to fall vertically, but the
Form-giver and free-form are two distinct approaches to 360º horizontal shell structure acting as diaphragm
architectural structure, reflecting different philosophies in transfer the load outward to the buttress and to the
design and the relationship between structure, function, ground supporting the building envelope.
and aesthetics.
Buttress are not always external to the walls of a
Form-Giver Approach building.
The form-giver approach in architecture emphasizes Core System
creating forms that are guided by specific functional,
structural, or contextual needs. In this method, the The core system is a critical structural and functional
architectural form is shaped by external constraints like element in architectural design, especially in high-rise
site conditions, materials, function, and engineering and large buildings. It refers to the central part of a
requirements. structure, typically containing vertical circulation systems
(like elevators, stairs, and escalators), mechanical
Characteristics: services, and utilities. This system also plays a vital role
1. Function-Oriented: The structure's form follows in the building's overall stability and load distribution.
its intended purpose or use. For example, a Core System in Architectural Structure
sports stadium has a distinct shape to
accommodate spectators and the playing field. 1. Structural Role: The core acts as the spine of
2. Structural Logic: The design aligns closely with the building, resisting lateral forces (e.g., wind
engineering principles, with the form often and seismic loads) and distributing vertical loads
derived from the structural system, such as to the foundation. In tall buildings, it serves as a
trusses, arches, or domes. shear wall system or incorporates a combination
3. Site-Sensitive: The design considers the of walls and braced frames to prevent swaying.
environment, topography, climate, and cultural 2. Functional Role: It houses essential building
context. services such as: Elevators, Staircases,
4. Order and Geometry: Often relies on regular Electrical and plumbing shafts and HVAC
shapes, grids, or symmetry to create logical, systems
organized forms. 3. Location: It optimizes the layout by
consolidating utilities and vertical circulation in
one central location.
Example:
4. Central Core: Most common in skyscrapers,
The Sydney Opera House is a form-giver example, as where the core is located at the center of the
its design was heavily influenced by functional needs building to balance loads evenly.
(acoustic performance), structural innovation (sail-like 5. Offset Core: Positioned to one side, often seen
shells), and the site's waterfront location. in asymmetrical designs or buildings with unique
layouts.
Free-Form Approach 6. Multiple Cores: Used in large or wide
Free-form architecture, on the other hand, focuses on structures, such as airports or shopping malls, to
artistic freedom, allowing the structure to take on ensure adequate service distribution and
organic, unconventional, or abstract shapes. This stability.
approach emphasizes creativity and aesthetics over
strict functional or structural logic.  It is an evolution of the buttress supporting
the lateral loads of a structure.
Characteristics:  A large column hollow in the inside.
 The shear core gathers load along the
1. Organic Shapes: The design may mimic natural
longitudinal axis of the shear core.
forms like waves, plants, or animals, resulting in
fluid, curvilinear shapes.
2. Technological Innovation: Advances in
materials and digital tools (e.g., parametric
design software) allow architects to create non-
traditional forms.
3. Artistic Expression: The form is often a bold
statement of creativity, prioritizing aesthetics and
symbolism over conventional constraints.
4. Dynamic and Sculptural: The building
becomes a landmark or an artwork in itself.

Example:

The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao by Frank Gehry is a

prime example of free-form architecture, featuring
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

The horizontal length of the wall with respect to the

building height is the resistance ratio.

Therefore, the larger the core, the greater the resistance

to lateral loads.

By reinforcing the external walls of the building

transforms the structure into a frame.

1. The Tubular System

Definition: The tubular system involves designing a

building as a hollow cylinder or tube, where the exterior
façade acts as a structural element. This system
integrates closely spaced columns and deep spandrel
beams on the building’s perimeter, creating a rigid
frame.

Purpose: The system provides high resistance to lateral

forces by forming a strong, stiff shell around the building.
It transfers both vertical (gravity) and horizontal (lateral)
Core Types loads to the ground.

1. Concrete Core: Made of reinforced concrete,

providing exceptional strength and stiffness.
Common in high-rise construction.
2. Steel Core: Used in buildings requiring lighter Types of Tubular Systems:
materials or faster construction.
3. Composite Core: Combines steel and concrete Framed Tube: Uses closely spaced exterior columns
for optimized performance. connected by deep beams, creating a strong outer
frame.
Advantages of a Core System
Trussed Tube: Includes diagonal bracings on the
1. Improved Stability: Provides resistance to exterior façade for additional stiffness and strength.
lateral forces, critical for tall buildings in windy or
seismic areas. Bundled Tube: Combines multiple tubes into one
2. Efficient Space Utilization: Centralizing structure, enabling flexible floor plans and
services in the core allows for more flexible and accommodating larger spaces.
open floor plans around it.
2. The Trussed Tube
3. Streamlined Services: Consolidates utilities
and vertical circulation, simplifying design and Definition: A variation of the tubular system, the trussed
maintenance. tube integrates diagonal bracings (like trusses) on the
4. Enhanced Safety: Provides safe and direct building’s façade. These braces connect the vertical
emergency evacuation routes, such as fireproof columns, forming a web-like structure.
stairwells.
Key Features:
Examples of Core Systems in Architectural
Structures Enhanced Stiffness: The diagonal bracing significantly
increases the building's resistance to lateral forces,
1. Burj Khalifa, Dubai: The world's tallest building
making it particularly effective in windy or seismic areas.
uses a central reinforced concrete core
combined with a buttressed core system for Efficient Use of Materials: By reducing the need for
stability. massive columns or walls, it optimizes the use of
2. Willis Tower (formerly Sears Tower), construction materials.
Chicago: Employs a central core system
integrated with the bundled tube structural Aesthetic Appeal: The exposed diagonal braces often
system. create a distinctive architectural look.
3. One World Trade Center, New York: Features
a robust concrete core that enhances structural Applications: Commonly used in skyscrapers and
strength and safety. towers, such as the John Hancock Center in Chicago,
which is a classic example of a trussed tube system.
The Tubular System/The Trussed Tube

The Tubular System and its subtype, the Trussed Tube, Advantages of Tubular Systems
are advanced structural systems widely used in high-rise
1. Increased structural efficiency for tall buildings.
building design. These systems are known for their
2. Greater flexibility in interior layouts due to the
efficiency in resisting lateral loads (such as wind and
load-bearing perimeter.
seismic forces) while minimizing the use of materials,
3. Cost-effective compared to traditional methods
making them cost-effective and practical for tall
for high-rise construction.
structures.
4. Enhanced resistance to wind and seismic
forces.
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

Challenges of Tubular Systems The spacing which make it possible to place interior
frame lines without seriously compromising interior
1. Requires precise engineering and construction space planning.
techniques.
2. May limit window placement due to closely Investigation of Simply-Supported Reinforced
spaced columns and bracings. Concrete (SSRC) Beams

The Bundled Tube System What is a reinforced concrete?

The concept allows for wider column spacing in the Concrete is a brittle material composed of aggregates
tubular walls. and a binder called cement. The most used construction
material in terms of volume. Concrete is strong in
The spacing which make it possible to place interior compressive stress but will fail when subjected to
frame lines without seriously compromising interior bending. Therefore, a Reinforcing Steel Bar (RSB) is
space planning. embedded in concrete to modify its strength and
Tube-in-Tube System effectiveness.

This variation of the framed tube consists of an outer Area of Steel

frame tube, the “Hull,” together Objective:
The Hull and core act jointly in resisting both gravity and 1. To associate logical reasons implied in the
lateral loading. design of reinforced concrete beam
2. To understand the role of concrete and steel in a
composite beam
3. To adopt standards and laws governing the
construction industry particular to the NSCP

Problem:

Solve for the required number of steel

bars in tension for the given beam.

If: n = 10
Steel dia. = 28 mm Ø
Fc = 8 mpa
Fs = 90 mpa

General Formula:

K = rigidity of the structural element

d = effective depth from the
extreme compression fiber to the
center of the steel resisting tension
n = The property of steel denoted as the ratio of steel
elastic modulus to that of concrete elastic modulus
The outer framed tube and the inner core interact
Fc = compressive strength of concrete
horizontally as the shear and flexural components of a
Fs = tensile strength of steel
wall-frame structure, with the benefit of increased lateral
stiffness. Normal Strain Analysis

A beam when subjected to a

vertical load will bend
 - radius of curvature
Y- longitudinal strain:

Neutral axis – the longitudinal

section of the beam where no
deformation occurs.

*Cut the beam to expose the cross

section along Y.

b is the breadth of the concrete

beam normally ½ the length of the
depth D
D is the overall vertical dimension of
the beam twice the length of b for
beam design.
Stirrup – A bended rod to resist
shear and diagonal stresses in a
reinforced concrete beam.
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

REINFORCED STEEL BARS Reinforcing Steel Bar (RSB) is embedded in

concrete to modify its strength and
In the Philippines, reinforced steel bars, commonly effectiveness.
known as rebars or “kabilya”, are essential components  When it comes to the placement of Reinforced
in construction, providing tensile strength to concrete Steel Bars (RSB) in a Reinforced Concrete
structures. Here’s an overview of their types, sizes, Beam (RCB), proper positioning is critical to
classifications, and pricing: ensure structural integrity, especially in areas
Types of Reinforced Steel Bars that experience maximum bending and shear
forces. Failure to correctly place reinforcement
 Deformed Bars – these bars have surface can lead to cracking, excessive deflection, or
deformations that enhance the bond between even complete structural failure.
the steel and concrete, making them ideal for  Below are the do’s and don’ts of RSB placement
most construction applications. in structural concrete beams, specifically
 Plain Round Bars – smooth-surfaced bars focusing on critical regions where maximum
typically used in lighter structures or for failure due to shearing and bending is most
aesthetic purposes. likely to occur:
Sizes and Commercial Lengths Do’s of Reinforced Steel Bar (RSB) Placement:
Standard nominal diameters available in the market 1. Place Rebars in Tension Zones
include 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 20mm, 28mm, 32mm,  Do place the majority of the
and 36mm. reinforcement in the tension zone of
the beam. For beams subjected to
bending, the lower part (tension side) of
The commercial lengths for these bars are commonly the beam typically experiences
6.0m, 7.5m, 9.0m, 10.5m, and 12.0m maximum tension, while the upper part
(compression side) experiences
Steel Grades: compression
 In tension zones, use high-strength
Steel bars are classified according to the Philippine
rebars like Grade 60 or higher (as per
National Standard (PNS 49:2002) into different grades,
Philippine standards), ensuring that the
which indicate the yield strength of the steel:
required minimum reinforcement ratio
 Grade 33: Minimum yield strength of 230 MPa is met for sufficient bending strength
 Grade 40: Minimum yield strength of 275 MPa 2. Ensure Adequate Shear Reinforcement
 Grade 60: Minimum yield strength of 420 MPa (Stirrups)
 Do provide shear reinforcement (also
These grades help determine the suitability of the rebar known as stirrups) in regions where
for various structural applications. shear forces are expected to be high,
particularly near the supports and mid-
Pricing
span of beams
Rebar prices in the Philippines can vary based on size,  Stirrups are crucial in areas where the
grade, and market conditions. As of recent data, shear stress exceeds the concrete’s
approximate prices are as follows: capacity to resist, preventing potential
diagonal shear cracks
 10mm diameter deformed bars: ₱156.00 per pc  Proper spacing of stirrups should be
 12mm diameter deformed bars: ₱221.00 per pc followed, which varies based on the
 16mm diameter deformed bars: ₱392.00 per pc beam’s dimensions, load, and design
 20mm diameter deformed bars: ₱642.00 per pc

Note: These prices are indicative and may fluctuate 3. Strengthen Critical Shear Zones
based on market demand, supplier, and location. For the  Do reinforce areas with high shear
most accurate and up-to-date pricing, it’s advisable to stress, such as close to the supports
consult local suppliers or hardware stores. (near-end spans) where shear forces
are most significant
Understanding these specifications will help ensure the  The stirrups in these zones should be
selection of appropriate reinforced steel bars for your placed at closer intervals to ensure
construction needs, adhering to local standards and proper shear resistance
structural requirements.  As a rule of thumb, stirrup spacing
should become denser as you move
Investigation of Simply Supported Reinforced
toward the supports of the beam
Concrete (SSRC) Beams
4. Consider Development Lengths for Rebars
What is a reinforced concrete?  Do ensure that the rebars extend
beyond critical regions (e.g., supports,
 Concrete is a brittle material composed of mid-span) enough to develop their full
aggregates and a binder called cement. The strength. The required development
most used construction materials in terms of length helps prevent the bars from
volume. pulling out or slipping during load
 Concrete is strong in compressive stress but transfer
will fail when subjected to bending. Therefore, a
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

 This is particularly important in regions inadequate bonding, potentially leading

of maximum bending and shear to weaker points in the beam
stress  Proper spacing between the bars should
5. Use Proper Concrete Cover be maintained according to the design
 Do maintain the correct concrete cover and local code requirements
over the steel reinforcement to protect it f. Critical Regions in Reinforced Concrete
from corrosion and ensure proper Beams
bonding between the concrete and steel
 The typical cover varies based on Understanding where maximum failure in shearing and
exposure conditions (e.g., interior or bending is most likely to occur will help in reinforcing
exterior locations) and is usually these critical regions more effectively
specified by standards like the National a. Shear Failure (Near Supports)
Structural Code of the Philippines  Maximum shear forces occur near the
(NSCP) supports of a beam, where the load is
Don’ts of Reinforced Steel Bar (RSB) Placement transferred to the column or foundation
 In these areas, stirrups should be
a. Don’t Overlap Bars in Critical Regions: placed at closer intervals to handle the
 Don’t overlap or splice reinforcement high shear stress
bars at critical points like supports or  The design may also incorporate shear
near areas of maximum bending. reinforcement (diagonal ties or bent
 The overlap, if necessary, should only stirrups) in these zones to resist
be made in regions of lower stress and diagonal cracks
should follow code-mandated splice b. Bending Failure (Mid-Span)
lengths  The maximum bending moments occur
 In critical zones, overlapping can lead to at or near the mid-span of the beam,
weak points in the beam where failure is where the distance between supports is
more likely to occur. the largest
b. Don’t Use Insufficient Stirrups in High Shear  The beam experiences significant
Zones tension in the bottom portion and
 Don’t use too few stirrups in high shear compression in the upper portion.
regions (such as near supports). Therefore, more longitudinal tension
Insufficient shear reinforcement will bars should be placed at the bottom to
result in diagonal cracks and ultimately, resist the tension forces
shear failure of the beam  The upper portion of the beam should
 Minimum stirrup requirements should be be reinforced with compression
followed, especially in short spans and reinforcement (though not as much as
large beams the tension reinforcement)
c. Don’t Place Rebars Too Close to the Beam
Surface Philippine Construction Industry Standards
 Don’t place reinforcing bars too close to In the Philippine construction industry, various standards
the surface of the beam, as this can and practices are applied to ensure that materials, such
expose them to environmental as ready-mixed concrete, aggregates, admixtures, and
elements, leading to corrosion over reinforcing steel bars, are of high quality and align with
time. value engineering principles. Below are the relevant
 The minimum concrete cover should be Philippine standards and considerations for these
followed to ensure the longevity and materials.
strength of the structure
d. Don’t Ignore the Minimum Number of Bars in Value Engineering in Philippine Construction
Tension Zones
Value Engineering (VE) is a systematic method used to
 Don’t neglect the minimum number of
improve the value of a project by either improving the
rebars required in the tension zone, as
function of the product or reducing its cost without
specified in the design. Insufficient
affecting quality. In the context of Philippine construction,
reinforcement in tension can lead to
value engineering is typically applied during the design
cracking and failure under bending
and construction phases. Here are key guidelines
loads
related to VE:
 Typically, a minimum number of
longitudinal bars should be places in  National Building Code of the Philippines
these regions, even for smaller beams, (NBCP) and other relevant codes indirectly
to resist bending forces effectively encourage the application of value engineering,
e. Don’t Overcrowd the Beam with Excessive especially for ensuring safety, sustainability, and
Rebars cost-efficiency
 Don’t overcrowd the beam with  DPWH Guidelines on procurement and
excessive reinforcement, as this can construction suggest VE methods to optimize
reduce the amount of space for concrete material usage and enhance performance while
to flow and bond with the steel. This minimizing cost and ensuring compliance with
results in poor compaction and safety regulations
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

 Philippine Green Building Code (PGBC)  Admixtures – Admixtures are used to modify
promotes sustainability, which is a key aspect of the properties of concrete in terms of workability,
value engineering particularly when considering durability, and strength. Key standards for
environmental and energy efficiency concrete admixtures in the Philippines are as
follows:
While the Philippine government and private companies o PNS 49:2000 – Chemical Admixtures
don’t necessarily have a single, overarching standard for
for Concrete: This standard provides
VE, it is a common practice among project managers,
the specifications for chemical
architects, and engineers to apply VE principles during
admixtures, such as retarders,
design reviews and cost analysis
accelerators, plasticizers, and air-
Design and Use of Ready-Mixed Concrete (RMC) entraining agents. It defines the
requirements for their use, including
Ready-mixed concrete (RMC) is widely used in the performance characteristics, allowable
Philippine construction industry for its convenience and limits, and testing methods
consistency. Several standards govern its production o ASTM C494: Although not a Philippine
and design. standard, ASTM C494 is commonly
referenced for the classification and
 Philippine Standard (PS) for Concrete (PNS
performance of chemical admixtures. It
03:2008):
outlines various types of admixtures
o The Philippine National Standards
(e.g., water reducers, air-entraining
(PNS) for ready-mixed concrete and
agents) used to modify the properties of
general concrete mixes are published
concrete.
under the PNS 03:2008. These
standards outline requirements for the
composition, quality, and testing of
ready-mixed concrete, including Reinforcing Steel Bars
specifications for mix proportions, slump
Reinforcing steel bars (rebars) are essential components
tests, and strength requirements
of reinforced concrete structures. The standards for
(measured in compressive strength after
rebars in the Philippines are:
curing for 28 days).
o DPWH Standard Specifications  PNS 49:2008 – Steel Bars for Concrete
(Volume 1): these provide detailed Reinforcement: This Philippine standard
specifications for concrete mix design, specifies the requirements for steel bars used in
material requirements, and testing. The reinforced concrete. It provides guidelines on
DPWH sets out the required quality of material composition, mechanical properties
raw materials such as cement, (such as yield strength, tensile strength, and
aggregates, and admixtures, along with elongation), and testing procedures. These bars
the proportioning and mixing methods to typically comply with specifications for mild steel
ensure the desired strength and and deformed bars.
durability of the concrete  BSP (Bureau of Philippine Standards) for
o ASTM Standards: Though international Rebar: The BSP publishes specific standards
in scope, ASTM standards like ASTM for the use of commercially available rebars,
C94 for ready-mixed concrete are ensuring that they meet minimum tensile and
frequently used as references in the yield strength requirements. Commonly used
Philippines to establish guidelines for steel bars are Grade 40 and Grade 60 deformed
concrete batching, mixing, and delivery. bars
 Aggregates – they play a critical role in the  ASTM 1615 – Standard Specification for
strength and durability of concrete. Philippine Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for
standards for aggregates include: Concrete Reinforcement: Though a U.S.
o PNS 07:1992 – Aggregates for standard, ASTM A615 is often referenced in the
Concrete: This Philippine National Philippines for quality control and performance
Standard defines the specifications for testing of steel rebars, particularly for ensuring
the types of aggregates to be used in the correct chemical composition and
concrete production. It provides mechanical properties.
guidelines for grading, particle size
Summary of Key Standards:
distribution, quality (such as cleanliness
and durability), and testing methods to  PNS 03:2008 – Ready Mixed Concrete
ensure that the aggregates meet the  PNS 07:1992 – Aggregates for Concrete
required standards.  PNS 49:2000 – Admixtures for Concrete
o DPWH Standard Specifications for  PNS 49:2008 – Steel Bars for Concrete
Aggregates: These guidelines govern Reinforcement
the quality, grading, and testing of  DPWH Standard Specifications – Specific to
aggregates used in construction, with a mix design, aggregates, and concrete quality
focus on suitability for specific types of  ASTM Standards (C94, C494, A615) – Often
concrete, including ready-mixed and used in conjunction with local standards for
reinforced concrete. quality assurance
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES

In terms of value engineering, the goal would be to

optimize the selection of these materials for both cost-
efficiency and performance. For example:

 Selecting the right grade of steel reinforcement

or optimizing the concrete mix can help reduce
costs without sacrificing strength or durability.
 Using high-quality aggregates and admixtures
can enhance the performance and longevity of
the concrete, leading to better value over time.