NOTES

FUNCTIONS (Exponential) 01 I 058

After completing this module, you should be able to understand the effects that a, p and
q have on the exponential function.

Standard form: y  a.b x p  q

 THE EFFECT OF “a”…

* Shape. The bigger “a”, the steeper the graph
* If “a” is negative, the graph is reflected in the x-axis.

 THE EFFECT OF “p”…

* Horizontal translation.
If p  0 , the graph moves p units right.
If p  0 , the graph moves p units left.

 THE EFFECT OF “q”…

* Vertical translation.
If q  0 , the graph moves q units up.
If q  0 , the graph moves q units down.

 INCREASING OR DECREASING…
* b  1 and “a” is positive * b  1 and “a” is negative

increasing function decreasing function

* 0  b  1 and “a” is positive * 0  b  1 and “a” is negative

decreasing function increasing function

 ASYMPTOTE AT…
yq

IM (7) 65
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Exponential) 01 I 058

 DOMAIN AND RANGE…

* Domain: x  R
Range: If “a” is positive then y  q; y  R
If “a” is negative then y  q; y  R

 A REMINDER…
* y  2 x 3 and y  8.2 x are the same
because y  2 x 3
 2 x.23
 8.2 x
* Make sure x is positive in the exponent.
Example: y  2 x1
 2 ( x 1)
 (21 ) x  1
 ( 12 ) x 1

 CONTINUOUS FUNCTION…
* The exponential function is continuous because you can draw its graph
without lifting your pencil.

REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE: I058

1. Given f : x  ( 12 ) x
Write down the new equation if f moves
(a) 2 units down (b) 1 unit up (c) 4 units right
(d) 3 units left (e) 1 unit right and 1 unit down
(f) 5 units left and 2 units up

2. y  a.b x p  q Write down the values of a, p and q, if:

1 1 x 1
(a) y 2 .( 2 ) 4 (b) y  3x 2  7 (c) y  2.3x  4 (d) y  ( 17 ) x

3. (a) Describe the translations involved to get from the graph of y  2 x to the graph of
y  2 x 1  4
(b) Use the above translations and sketch the graph of y  2 x 1  4

4. (a) Choose the correct equation for this graph.

y  3x  4 or y  ( 13 ) x 2  5 or y  3x  2  5
(b) Write down the equation of the asymptote.
(c) Write down the domain and range of the
function.
(d) Is the function increasing or decreasing?
(e) Describe what movement took place from the
basic graph ( y  3x ) in order to get this graph.

66 IM (7)
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Exponential) 02 I 060
After completing this module, you should be able to sketch the graph of the exponential
function and find the equation when given the graph.

 SKETCHING THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION…

Step 1: Asymptote at y  q

Step 2: Shape:

Step 3: y-intercept: put x  0

Step 4: Landmark: choose any value for x and substitute this value to find
the corresponding y-value

 FINDING THE EQUATION…

* Asymptote at y  q . Substitute this immediately!

* y-intercept given. Remember x  0 at the y-intercept.

Example: If the y-intercept is 5, use (0; 5)

* A point ( x; y ) on the graph is given. Substitute ( x; y ) into the equation.

* If you end up with the unknown in the exponent make the bases the
same.

Example: ( 15 )2  p  25
(51 )2 p  52
5 2  p  5 2
2  p  2
p4

 REFLECTIONS…
* In the x-axis: Change y to  y

* In the y-axis: Change x to  x

IM (7) 67
 REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE
Functions (Exponential) 02 I 060
1. y  a.b  q
x

Comment on the values of a, b and q in the following exponential functions:

(a) (b) (c)

2. Make rough sketches of the following functions. Show the y-intercept and asymptote
clearly.
(a) y  ( 12 ) x (b) y  ( 12 ) x 1 (c) y  ( 12 ) x  1 (d) y  ( 12 ) x 1  1

3. Make neat sketches of the following functions. Show the y-intercept, horizontal
asymptote and a landmark point clearly.
(a) y  2.( 13 ) x (b) y  3x  1 (c) y  27.3x 3 (d) y  ( 12 )  x  3

4. Find the values of a, p,q and b and rewrite each equation.

(a) (b)

y
(c) x–p (d)

(1 ; –3 )
–4

5. (a) Determine the equations of the two functions if y  5.2 x  1 is reflected about the
x - and y-axis
(b) Determine the equations of the two functions if y  ( 13 ) x 1 is reflected about the
x - and y-axis

68 IM (7)
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Hyperbola) 01 I 050

After completing this module, you should be able to understand the effects that a, p and
q have on the graph of the hyperbola and be able to sketch the graph of the hyperbola.

 THE STANDARD FORM… y a q

x p

 THE EFFECTS OF a, p AND q…

* a  0 : Branches in 1st and 3rd quadrants. The smaller “a”, the “flatter”
the hyperbola.
* a  0 : Branches in 2nd and 4th quadrants. The more negative “a”, the
“flatter” the hyperbola.
* p  0 : Graph moves “p” units right
* p  0 : Graph moves “p” units left
* q  0 : Graph moves “q” units up
* q  0 : Graph moves “q” units down

 ASYMPTOTES…
* Vertical asymptote at x  p * Horizontal asymptote at y  q

 DOMAIN AND RANGE…

* Domain: x  R ; x  p * Range: yR ; y q

 SKETCHING THE HYPERBOLA…

Step 1: Find the asymptotes.
Step 2: Choose the correct quadrants
Step 3: Calculate the intercept(s) with the axes.
 THE HYPERBOLA IS…
* a discontinuous function because there is a “break” in the graph
* undefined at x  p
* an increasing function when a  0
* a decreasing function when a  0

REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE: I 050

1. The standard form of a hyperbola is y  a  q . Make rough sketches of a hyperbola,
x p
if… (a) a  0; p  0; q  0 (b) a  0; p  0; q  0 (c) a  0; p  0; q  0

2. Write down… (i) the x-value for which the function is not defined
(ii) the equation of the vertical asymptote
(iii) the equation of the horizontal asymptote
(a) y  x  1
2 (b) y  x14 (c) y  x 4 2  1
(d) y 3 5 (e) y  4 2 (f) y  3  x 1 2
x4 x 3

3. Sketch the graphs of the functions in question 2 (a to f). Indicate the asymptotes and
intercepts with the axes clearly.
4. Write down the domain and range for each of the function in question 3 (a to f)
5. Given: y  x3 . Write down the new equation, if y  x3 (a) moves 3 units left
(b) moves 7 units up (c) moves 1 unit down and 4 units right
IM (7) 69
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Hyperbola) 02 I 051

After completing this module, you should be able to find the equation of a hyperbola
and be familiar with other characteristics of the hyperbola

 A REMINDER…
* Standard form: y  a q
x p
* Asymptotes at x  p and y  q
* Asymptotes intersect at ( p ; q)

 THE EQUATIONS OF THE AXES OF SYMMETRY…

* Gradients are always 1 and 1
 y  x  c1 and y   x  c2
* To find c1 and c2 : substitute ( p ; q)

 FINDING POINTS ON THE HYPERBOLA CLOSEST TO ( p ; q) …

Step 1: Find the equation of the axis of symmetry going through the
hyperbola
Step 2: Solve this equation and the equation of the hyperbola
simultaneously.

 FINDING POINTS ON THE HYPERBOLA USING SYMMETRY…

Steps: Example:

1. Find the equation of the axis

of symmetry about which the
2 points are symmetrical
( y   x  1 in the example)

2. Write down the equation of

symmetry from Step 1, and x   y  1 and y   x  1
then rewrite this equation with
“x” as the subject.
3. Put the letter we are “looking
for” on the left and the letter xB   y A  1 yB   x A  1
we “have” on the right.
xB  (3)  1 y B  (2)  1
4. Substitute x A and y A  2  1
 B (2;  1)

70 IM (7)
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Hyperbola) 02 I 051

 FINDING THE EQUATION OF THE HYPERBOLA…

* Start with: y  x a p  q

Step 1: Substitute p and q

Step 2: Substitute any given point ( x ; y ) on the graph to find “a”
Step 3: Write down the equation

REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE: I 051

1. Find the equations of the axes of symmetry of the hyperbolas below.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

IM (7) 71
 REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE
Functions (Hyperbola) 02 I 051
2. Determine the coordinates of A and 3. In the hyperbola below E, F, G
B, the points closest to the point and H are points of symmetry
where the asymptotes intersect. about the axes of symmetry.
(Round your answer off to 2 Determine the coordinates of
decimal places) F, G and H.

4. Find the equations of the hyperbolas below:

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

72 IM (7)
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Mixed) 01 I 056

After completing this module, you should be able to find coordinates of points and
lengths between lines and parabolas.

 TO FIND COORDINATES OF POINTS…

* At x-intercepts, y  0
* At y -intercepts, x  0
* Any point on a graph satisfies the equation of that graph.
This implies that:
Given a y /( x) coordinate and you need to find the
x /( y ) coordinate, substitute the y /( x) value into the
equation of the graph on which the point lies and solve
for x /( y ) .
* To find points of intersection of 2 graphs, solve their equations
simultaneously.
* If you get 2 or more solutions when solving for x and y, choose the value
that is appropriate to the position of the point you are working with.

 TO FIND LENGTHS OF LINES…

* You must have the coordinates of the end points of the line.
* Horizontal lines (subtract x-coordinates)
* Vertical lines (subtract y-coordinates)
* Slanted lines (use the distance formula AB  ( y A  yB )2  ( x A  xB )2 )

 TO FIND MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM LENGTHS…

* Step 1: Length Formula = top equation - bottom equation
(write in the form y  ax 2  bx  c )
* Step 2: Complete the square: y  a( x  p) 2  q
* Step 3: Maximum / minimum length of q (when x  p )

 A REMINDER…
* Length is always positive

REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE: I 056

(Round your answers to 2 decimal places, if necessary)
1. f : y  x2  2x  3
g : y  x 1
Determine:
(a) the coordinates of
A, B , C , D, E and F the
turning point of f
(b) the lengths of
AB, CD, FG and EB

IM (7) 73
 REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE
Functions (Mixed) 01 I 056
2.
(a) Find the length of
AB, CD, AE and PQ
(if OR is 3 units)

(b) The max length of PQ

(c) The length of OR when PQ is

is a maximum.

3. Determine:

(a) MN if OA  6 units

(b) OB if KL  3 units

4.

(a) Find the maximum length of

AB

(b) What are the coordinates of M

when AB has its maximum
length?

5.
(a) Determine the length of PQ, if
R is 5 units.

(b) Determine the minimum length

of MN, if MN is parallel to the
y-axis.

(c) Determine the coordinates of M

and N

74 IM (7)
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Quadratic) 01 I 034

After completing this module, you should be able to understand the effect of the
parameters “a”, “p” and “q” on the quadratic function: y  a( x  p) 2  q

The Parabola: y  a ( x p )2 q

 BEWARE:
There must always be a minus inside the bracket.
e.g. y  2( x  7)2  4
 p7
or y  2[ x  (7)]2  4

y  2( x  7) 2  4
 p  7
or y  2[ x  (7)]  4
2

 THE EFFECT OF “a”…

* if a  0 , then with minimum turning point, the bigger “a”  the

“thinner” or steeper the graph.

* if a  0 , then with maximum turning point, the more

negative “a”  the “thinner” or steeper the graph.

 THE EFFECT OF “p”…

* if p  0  the graph moves p units right

p0

right

* if p  0  the graph moves p units left

p0

left

IM (7) 75
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Quadratic) 01 I 034

 THE EFFECT OF “q”…

* if q  0  the graph moves q units up

q0

up

* if q  0  the graph moves q units down

q0

down

 AXIS OF SYMMETRY… x p

 THE TURNING POINT… ( p ; q)

 THE DOMAIN… * all x-values involved

* this is normally x  R

 THE RANGE…
* if a  0 : * if a  0 :
y  q ; y R y  q ; y R
or y  [q ; ) or y  ( ; q ]

 INTERVAL WHERE GRAPH INCREASES…

* if a  0 : * if a  0 :
x  p or x  ( p ;  ) x  p or x  ( ; p )

76 IM (7)
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Quadratic) 01 I 034

 INTERVAL WHERE GRAPH DECREASES…

* if a  0 : * if a  0 :
x  p or x  ( ; p ) x  p or x  ( p ;  )

REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE: I 034

1. The equation of the parabola can be written in the form y  a ( x  p) 2  q
Describe the nature of a,p and q in the following parabolas:
(a) (b) (c)

2. Given: (a) Describe in words how…

A : y  x2 (i) A changes to become B
(ii) B changes to become C
B : y  2x2
(iii) C changes to become D
C : y  2 x 2 (iv) D changes to become E
D : y  2 x 2  1 (b) Use (a) to sketch the graphs of A, B, C, D and E on the
E : y  2( x  3)2  1 same set of axes.

3. (a) Choose the correct equation for the graph:

(i) y  ( x  2) 2  5 (ii) y  ( x  5)2  2 (iii) y  ( x  2)2  5
(b) Write down the equation of the axis of symmetry.
(c) Use symmetry and find the mirror image
of the y-intercept.
(d) Write down the coordinates of the
turning point. Is it a maximum or a
minimum turning point?
(e) Write down the domain
(f) Write down the range.
(g) Write down the interval where the function increases.
(h) Write down the interval where the function decreases.

IM (7) 77
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Quadratic) 02 I 035
After completing this module, you should be able to sketch the graph of a quadratic
function.

 SKETCHING THE PARABOLA…

* make sure equation is in the form y  a ( x  p ) 2  q

* if not, complete the square.

Step 1: Shape (if a  0 then ) (if a  0 then )

Step 2: Turning Point ( p ; q )

* at this point you can draw a rough sketch showing TP and axis of
symmetry with equation x  p

Step 3: y-intercept (put x  0 )

Step 4: only if necessary!!

x-intercepts (put y  0 )

* fill in all intercepts on your sketch

 DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS…

* graph of discrete function is drawn using dots.

* graph of continuous function is drawn using a solid line

(these can be drawn without lifting pencil)

 DOMAIN AND RANGE…

* continuous graph with

no restriction given

Domain: x  R
Range: y  4; y  R or y  [4; )

78 IM (7)
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Quadratic) 02 I 035

* continuous graph with

restriction eg. 3  x  2

Domain: 3  x  2; x  R
or
x  [3; 2)

Range: 4  y  5; y  R or y  [4;5)

 SKETCHING THE PARABOLA FROM y  ax 2  bx  c...

Step 1: "a" gives the shape
Step 2: (0 ; c) is the y-intercept
Step 3: solve for ax 2  bx  c  0 to get the x-intercepts
Step 4: complete the square to get y  a ( x  p )2  q with (p ; q) the turning
point

Example:
Sketch f ( x)  2 x 2  4 x  6

Answer:
Step 1: shape
Step 2: y-intercept at ( 0 ;  6 )
Step 3: 2x2  4x  6  0
 x2  2x  3  0
 ( x  1)( x  3)  0
 x  1 or 3
 x-intercepts at (1 ; 0) and (3 ; 0)
Step 4: f ( x)  2 x 2  4 x  6
 2[ x 2  2 x  3] (coeff. of x 2 equal to 1)
 2[ x 2  2 x + 1- 1  3] (add and subtract ( coeff.2 of x ) 2 )
 2[( x  1) 2  4] (factorise and simplify)
 2( x  1) 2  8 (remove square brackets)
TP at (1 ;  8)
y
Sketch:

x
(–1 ; 0) (3 ; 0)

(0 ; –6)
(1 ; –8)

IM (7) 79
 REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE LO2
Functions (Quadratic) 02 I 035
(Round your answers to two decimal places if necessary)
1. Sketch the graph of the following. Show the turning point, intercepts and axis of
symmetry. If there are no x-intercepts, use symmetry to show another point on the
graph.
(a) y  ( x  1) 2  5 (b) y  2( x  34 ) 2  15
8 (c) y  x(2  x)
(d) y   12 x 2  5 (e) y  x2  2x  7 (f) y  2x2  5x  1

2. Write down the following for each function in question 1...

(i) the domain.
(ii) the range.
(iii) the interval in which the function decreases.
(iv) function increase.

80 IM (7)
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Quadratic) 03 I 036

After completing this module, you should be able to find the equation of a quadratic
function when given the sketch graph.

 THE TURNING POINT AND 1 OTHER POINT GIVEN…

Use: y  a ( x  p) 2  q

Step 1: Substitute the turning point ( p ; q)

Step 2: Substitute the other point and solve for “a”

Step 3: Leave your answer in this form unless otherwise specified.

 THE x-INTERCEPTS AND 1 OTHER POINT GIVEN…

Use: y  a( x  root1 ) ( x  root 2 )

Step 1: Substitute root1 and root 2

Step 2: Substitute the other point and solve for “a”

Step 3: Leave your answer in this form unless otherwise specified.

 THE y-INTERCEPT AND 2 OTHER POINTS GIVEN…

Use: y  ax 2  bx  c

Step 1: Substitute c with the y-intercept

Step 2: Substitute ( x1 ; y1 ) and ( x2 ; y2 )

Step 3: Solve simultaneous equations for “a” and “b”

Step 4: Answer in the form: y  ax 2  bx  c

 REFLECTION IN THE y-AXIS…

Change x to  x

 REFLECTION IN THE x-AXIS…

Change y to  y

IM (7) 81
 REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE
Functions (Quadratic) 03 I 036
1. Find the equation of the quadratic function represented by the parabolas below:

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

2. Give the equation for each of the following parabolas in the form y  ax 2  bx  c

(a) (b)

3. Find the equation in the form 4. Find the equation of the reflection of the
y  ax 2  bx  c following
(i) in the y-axis
(ii) in the x-axis
(a) y  2x2
(b) y  3 x 2  x  9
(c) y  ( x  1) 2  7
(d) y  2( x  3)2  5

82 IM (7)
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Trigonometry) 01 I 053

After completing this module, you should understand the effect of k in

y  sin kx and y  cos kx .

 THE EFFECT OF “k” IN y  sin kx AND y  cos kx …

* if k  1  graph shrinks horizontally

y y

x x

* if 0  k  1 (a fraction)  graph stretches horizontally

y y

x x

* period changes, but amplitude stays the same.

 THE PERIOD…
* If y  sin kx or y  cos kx , then:

period  360 k  0 and k  R

k
* the bigger the period, the smaller the value of k.

 THE EFFECT OF “a” IN y  a sin kx AND y  a cos kx...

* a  0  graph “right way up”

* a  0  graph reflected in the x-axis
* big “a”  stretches graph vertically
* small “a”  shrinks graph vertically
* “a” gives the amplitude, but remember amplitude is always positive.
* period stays the same, but amplitude changes.

 THE EFFECT OF “q” IN y  sin kx  q AND y  cos kx  q …

* q  0  translates graph up
* q  0  translate graph down
* period and amplitude stay the same

IM (7) 83
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Trigonometry) 01 I 053

 A REMINDER…
* y  sin x and y  cos x are continuous functions, there are no gaps in the
graphs.
* y  sin x starts at 0 on the y-axis
* y  cos x starts at 1 on the y-axis
* the domain of y  sin x and y  cos x is x  R (unless a specific interval
is given)
* the range of y  sin x and y  cos x is
y  [minimum value; maximum value]

REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE: I 053

1. Write down the period of each of the functions below:
(a) y  cos x (b) y  sin 12 x (c) y  cos 2 x
(d) y  cos 3, 6 x (e) y  sin 23 x (f) y  cos 0,8 x

2. What is the value of k, if the period of y  cos kx is…

(a) 360° (b) 180° (c) 60° (d) 720° (e) 1440° (f) 144°

3. Match the graphs with the equations:

(a) y
(i) (ii)
1
y  sin x
y  12 sin x
90° 180° 270° (iii) 360° x
y  sin 2x
–1

y
(b) 2
(i)
(ii) y  cos x
1
y  2 cos x
90° (iii) 180° x
–1 y  cos 2 x
–2

4. Draw rough sketches (on the same set of axes) of the following functions to illustrate
the differences between them:
y  sin 3x y  sin 3x  1 y  2sin 3x where x  [60; 60]

84 IM (7)
 REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE
Functions (Trigonometry) 01 I 053
5. The graph of y  cos ax is given: y
Determine: 1
(a) the period of y  cos ax
(b) the value of a
(c) the range of y  cos ax 45° 135° x
(d) the coordinates of A, the –1
minimum point of the A
function

6. The diagram shows the graph of f ( x)  a sin bx :

Determine: y
P
(a) the amplitude of f ( x)
0,5
(b) the values of a and b
(c) the coordinates of P
and Q, the maximum 90° 180° x
and minimum point. –0,5 f(x)
(d) the range of f ( x) Q
(e) the values of x for
which the function
is decreasing.

7. The graph of g ( x)  a sin bx is given: y

(–180° ; 2)
Determine: 2
(a) the amplitude of g ( x) 1
(b) the period of g ( x)
(c) the values of a and b x
(d) the values of x for which –1
g(x)
the g ( x) is decreasing –2
(180° ; –2)
(e) the maximum and
minimum values of g ( x)
(f) the range of g ( x)
(g) the domain of g ( x)

8. The graph of h( x)  cos ax  b is given below.

Determine: y
(a) the amplitude of h( x) 2
(b) the values of a and b 1
(c) the values of x for
which the function x
is increasing –1 h
(d) the maximum and –2
minimum values (–540° ; –2) (540° ; –2)
of h( x)
(e) the range of h( x)
(f) the domain of h( x)

IM (7) 85
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Trigonometric) 02 I 066

After completing this module, you should understand the effect of "k" in y  tan kx .

 THE EFFECT OF "k" IN y  tan kx …

* if k  1  graph "shrinks" horizontally

y y

x x

* if 0  k  1 (a fraction)  graph "stretches" horizontally

y y

x x

The period changes and therefore the positions of the asymptotes also
change.

 THE PERIOD…

* If y  tan kx , then:

Period  180  k  0, k  R
k

* The bigger the period, the smaller the value of k.

* The smaller the period, the bigger the value of k.

86 IM (7)
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Trigonometric) 02 I 066

 THE ASYMPTOTES OF y  tan kx...

period
* "first" asymptotes at: origin  2

* repeat every period

* the graph of y  tan kx never touches the asymptotes i.e. it is undefined at

the asymptotes.

 THE LANDMARK POINT OF y  tan kx...

* x-value: halfway between origin and asymptote.

* y-value: substitute x-value into equation.

 THE EFFECT OF "a" in y  a tan kx...

y

* a  0  graph is right way up x

* a  0  graph is reflected in the x-axis.

x

* big "a"  stretches graph vertically

* small "a"  shrinks graph vertically

* "a" has no effect on period.

* y-coordinate of landmark point changes as "a" changes.

 THE EFFECT OF "q" in y  tan kx  q...

* q  0  translates graph up.

* q  0  translates graph down.

* "q" has no effect on period.

IM (7) 87
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Trigonometric) 02 I 066

 REMEMBER…

* y  tan kx goes through the origin.

* y  tan kx is always an increasing function.

* y  tan kx is a discontinuous function. (i.e. there are gaps in the graph at

the asymptotes)

* The range of y  tan kx is y  R (unless a specific interval is given)

* The domain of y  tan kx is x  R except all of the x-values at the

asymptotes.

REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE: I 066

1. Find the period of the following functions:

(a) y  tan 6 x (b) y  tan 8 x

(c) y  tan 15 x (d) y  tan 12 x

2. Find the value of k in y  tan kx if the period is:

(a) 9° (b) 15° (c) 540° (d) 135°

3. If the following graphs all represent y  tan qx , find the value of "q".

(a) y (b) y

(7,5°; 1) 1 (60°; 1)
1

–15° 7,5° 15° x –120° 60° 120° x

4. Write down the domain and range of the graphs in question 3.

88 IM (7)
 REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE
Functions (Trigonometric) 02 I 066
5. If the following graphs all represent y  tan qx  p , find the values of "q" and "p".

y y
(a) (b)

–180° 180° x 5
–11
–18° 18° x

6. If the following graphs all represent y  l tan mx , find the values of "l" and "m"

y y
(a) (b)

3 3
(135°; 7) (90°; )
7 4 4

–270° 135° 270° x –180° 90° 180° x

7. Sketch the following graphs:

(a) y  tan 18 x; x  [1440; 1440]

(b) y  tan 2 x  7; x  [45; 45]

(c) y  4 tan 3 x;  30  x  60; x  R

Show the asymptotes, y-intercepts and landmark points clearly.

Use the following table to answer question 4 in the worksheet.

Worksheet, question 4.
1st asymptote on 1st asymptote on
Function Period negative x-axis at positive x-axis at
x  ... x  ...
y  tan 2 x 180  90
2 45 45°
y  tan 3 x
y  tan 5 x
y  tan 12 x
y  tan 13 x
y  tan 53 x

IM (7) 89
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Trigonometric) 03 I 076

After completing this module, you should know and understand the effect of "p" in
y = sin(x - p), y = cos(x - p) and y = tan(x - p) .

 THE EFFECT OF "p"…

* p  0  Translates basic graph "p degrees" to the right.

y

 x-intercepts increase by "p degrees"

 x-coordinates of the maximum and minimum points increase by

"p degress"

 the asymptotes of basic tan graph move "p degrees" to the right.

* p  0  Translates basic graph "p degrees" to the left

y

 x-intercepts decrease by "p degrees"

 x-coordinates of the maximum and minimum points decrease by

"p degrees"

 the asymptotes of basic tan graph move "p degrees" to the left

* The period and the amplitude stay the same.

 TO SKETCH y = cos(x - p), y = sin(x - p) or y = tan(x - p) …

* Start by drawing the basic graph (i.e. y  sin x, y  cos x or y  tan x )

* Translate basic graph "p degrees" to the right if p  0 or to the left if

p  0.

* Fill in the coordinates of all the key points.

90 IM (7)
 NOTES
FUNCTIONS (Trigonometric) 03 I 076

Example:

Sketch: y  sin( x  30) x  [0; 360]

Answer:

The basic graph is y  sin x and p  30 y

Therefore it has moved 30° to the left x

substitute x = 360°
90° – 30° into y = sin (x + 30°).
y  y = sin (360° + 30°)
(60°; 1)
substitute x = 0° into 1
180° – 30° (360°; 0,5)
y = sin (x + 30°). 0,5 360° – 30°
 y = sin (0° + 30°)
0° 60° 150° 240° 330° 360° x

–1
(240°; –1)
270° – 30°

REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE: I 076

1. Write down the value of "p" in the following equations.
(a) y  cos( x  12) (b) y  sin( x  52)
(c) y  cos( x  22) (d) y  tan( x  36)

2. Which way will the basic sin, cos or tan graph translate in the following cases:
(a) y  cos( x  17) (b) y  tan( x  (20))
(c) y  sin( x  42) (d) y  cos( x  14)

3. Find the value of "c" in the sketches below:

y y
(a) (b)

–130° 50° x 130° x

y = sin (x – c)
y = tan (x – c)

IM (7) 91
 REINFORCEMENT EXERCISE
Functions (Trigonometric) 03 I 076
(c) (d)
y y

1 (75°; 1)

x 75° x
160°

–1
(160°; –1)

y = cos (x – c) y = tan (x – c)

4. Find the values of (i) to (vi) in the following graphs:

(a) y = cos (x – 40°) (b) y = sin (x + 25°)

y y
1 ( iii ; 1)

(360°; ii )

i x x

–1 ( iv ; –1)

y = tan (x + 30°)
(c)
y

v vi x

5. Sketch the following graphs showing x-intercepts, maximum and minimum points,
asymptotes, "landmark" points and end points where applicable.

(a) y  sin( x  37) x  [0; 360]

(b) y  cos( x  25)  25  x  335; x  R
(c) y  tan( x  40) x  [130; 50]

92 IM (7)