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Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Data Structures 3e (Gaddis and Muganda)
Chapter 6 A First Look at Classes

6.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1) One or more objects may be created from a(n):

A) field
B) class
C) method
D) instance
Answer: B

2) Class objects normally have ________ that perform useful operations on their data, but primitive
variables do not.
A) fields
B) instances
C) methods
D) relationships
Answer: C

3) In the cookie cutter metaphor, think of the ________ as a cookie cutter and ________ as the cookies.
A) object; classes
B) class; objects
C) class; fields
D) attribute; methods
Answer: B

4) Which of the following are classes from the Java API?

A) Scanner
B) Random
C) PrintWriter
D) All of the above
Answer: D

5) When you are working with a ________, you are using a storage location that holds a piece of data.
A) primitive variable
B) reference variable
C) numeric literal
D) binary number
Answer: A

6) What is stored by a reference variable?

A) A binary encoded decimal
B) A memory address
C) An object
D) A string
Answer: B

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7) Most programming languages that are in use today are:
A) procedural
B) logic
C) object-oriented
D) functional
Answer: C

8) Java allows you to create objects of this class in the same way you would create primitive variables.
A) Random
B) String
C) PrintWriter
D) Scanner
Answer: B

9) A UML diagram does not contain:

A) the class name
B) the method names
C) the field names
D) object names
Answer: D

10) Data hiding, which means that critical data stored inside the object is protected from code outside the
object, is accomplished in Java by:
A) using the public access specifier on the class methods
B) using the private access specifier on the class methods
C) using the private access specifier on the class definition
D) using the private access specifier on the class fields
Answer: D

11) For the following code, which statement is NOT true?

public class Sphere

{
private double radius;
public double x;
private double y;
private double z;
}
A) x is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.
B) radius is not available to code written outside the Circle class.
C) radius, x, y, and z are called members of the Circle class.
D) z is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.
Answer: D

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12) You should not define a class field that is dependent upon the values of other class fields:
A) in order to avoid having stale data
B) because it is redundant
C) because it should be defined in another class
D) in order to keep it current
Answer: A

13) What does the following UML diagram entry mean?

+ setHeight(h : double) : void

A) this is a public attribute named Height and is a double data type
B) this is a private method with no parameters and returns a double data type
C) this is a private attribute named Height and is a double data type
D) this is a public method with a parameter of data type double and does not return a value
Answer: D

14) Methods that operate on an object's fields are called:

A) instance variables
B) instance methods
C) public methods
D) private methods
Answer: B

15) The scope of a private instance field is:

A) the instance methods of the same class
B) inside the class, but not inside any method
C) inside the parentheses of a method header
D) the method in which they are defined
Answer: A

16) A constructor:
A) always accepts two arguments
B) has return type of void
C) has the same name as the class
D) always has an access specifier of private
Answer: C

17) Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the String, "Hello, World"?
A) String str = "Hello, World";
B) string str = "Hello, World";
C) String str = new "Hello, World";
D) str = "Hello, World";
Answer: A

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
18) Two or more methods in a class may have the same name as long as:
A) they have different return types
B) they have different parameter lists
C) they have different return types, but the same parameter list
D) you cannot have two methods with the same name
Answer: B

19) Given the following code, what will be the value of finalAmount when it is displayed?

public class Order

{
private int orderNum;
private double orderAmount;
private double orderDiscount;

public Order(int orderNumber, double orderAmt,

double orderDisc)
{
orderNum = orderNumber;
orderAmount = orderAmt;
orderDiscount = orderDisc;
}
public int getOrderAmount()
{
return orderAmount;
}
public int getOrderDisc()
{
return orderDisc;
}
}

public class CustomerOrder

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int ordNum = 1234;
double ordAmount = 580.00;
double discountPer = .1;
Order order;
double finalAmount = order.getOrderAmount() —
order.getOrderAmount() * order.getOrderDisc();
System.out.printf("Final order amount = $%,.2f\n",
finalAmount);
}
}
A) 528.00
B) 580.00
C) There is no value because the constructor has an error.
D) There is no value because the object order has not been created.
Answer: D

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20) A class specifies the ________ and ________ that a particular type of object has.
A) relationships; methods
B) fields; object names
C) fields; methods
D) relationships; object names
Answer: C

21) This refers to the combining of data and code into a single object.
A) Data hiding
B) Abstraction
C) Object
D) Encapsulation
Answer: D

22) Another term for an object of a class is:

A) access specifier
B) instance
C) member
D) method
Answer: B

23) In your textbook the general layout of a UML diagram is a box that is divided into three sections. The
top section has the ________; the middle section holds ________; the bottom section holds ________.
A) class name; attributes or fields; methods
B) class name; object name; methods
C) object name; attributes or fields; methods
D) object name; methods; attributes or fields
Answer: A

24) For the following code, which statement is NOT true?

public class Circle

{
private double radius;
public double x;
private double y;
}
A) x is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.
B) radius is not available to code written outside the Circle class.
C) radius, x, and y are called members of the Circle class.
D) y is available to code that is written outside the Circle class.
Answer: D

25) It is common practice in object-oriented programming to make all of a class's:

A) methods private
B) fields private
C) fields public
D) fields and methods public
Answer: B

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26) After the header, the body of the method appears inside a set of:
A) brackets, []
B) parentheses, ()
C) braces, {}
D) double quotes, ""
Answer: C

27) In UML diagrams, this symbol indicates that a member is private:

A) *
B) #
C) -
D) +
Answer: C

28) In UML diagrams, this symbol indicates that a member is public.

A) /
B) @
C) -
D) +
Answer: D

29) In a UML diagram to indicate the data type of a variable enter:

A) the variable name followed by the data type
B) the variable name followed by a colon and the data type
C) the class name followed by the variable name followed by the data type
D) the data type followed by the variable name
Answer: B

30) When an object is created, the attributes associated with the object are called:
A) instance fields
B) instance methods
C) fixed attributes
D) class instances
Answer: A

31) When an object is passed as an argument to a method, what is passed into the method's parameter
variable?
A) the class name
B) the object's memory address
C) the values for each field
D) the method names
Answer: B

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32) A constructor is a method that:
A) returns an object of the class.
B) never receives any arguments.
C) with the name ClassName.constructor.
D) performs initialization or setup operations.
Answer: D

33) The scope of a public instance field is:

A) only the class in which it is defined
B) inside the class, but not inside any method
C) inside the parentheses of a method header
D) the instance methods and methods outside the class
Answer: D

34) Which of the following statements will create a reference, str, to the string, "Hello, world"?

(1) String str = new String("Hello, world");

(2) String str = "Hello, world";
A) 1
B) 2
C) 1 and 2
D) neither 1 or 2
Answer: C

35) Overloading means multiple methods in the same class:

A) have the same name, but different return types
B) have different names, but the same parameter list
C) have the same name, but different parameter lists
D) perform the same function
Answer: C

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36) Given the following code, what will be the value of finalAmount when it is displayed?

public class Order

{
private int orderNum;
private double orderAmount;
private double orderDiscount;

public Order(int orderNumber, double orderAmt,

double orderDisc)
{
orderNum = orderNumber;
orderAmount = orderAmt;
orderDiscount = orderDisc;
}

public double finalOrderTotal()

{
return orderAmount - orderAmount *
orderDiscount;
}
}

public class CustomerOrder

{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Order order;
int orderNumber = 1234;
double orderAmt = 580.00;
double orderDisc = .1;
order = new Order(orderNumber, orderAmt, orderDisc);
double finalAmount = order.finalOrderTotal();
System.out.printf("Final order amount = $%,.2f\n",
finalAmount);
}
}
A) 528.00
B) 580.00
C) 522.00
D) There is no value because the object order has not been created.
Answer: C

37) A class's responsibilities include:

A) the things a class is responsible for doing
B) the things a class is responsible for knowing
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
Answer: C

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38) Instance methods do not have this key word in their headers:
A) public
B) static
C) private
D) protected
Answer: B

39) Which of the following is NOT involved in finding the classes when developing an object-oriented
application?
A) Describe the problem domain.
B) Identify all the nouns.
C) Write the code.
D) Refine the list of nouns to include only those that are relevant to the problem.
Answer: C

40) This is a group of related classes.

A) archive
B) package
C) collection
D) attachment
Answer: B

41) Quite often you have to use this statement to make a group of classes available to a program.
A) import
B) use
C) link
D) assume
Answer: A

42) Look at the following statement.

import java.util.Scanner;

This is an example of
A) a wildcard import
B) an explicit import
C) unconditional import
D) conditional import
Answer: B

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
43) Look at the following statement.

import java.util.*;

This is an example of:

A) a wildcard import
B) an explicit import
C) unconditional import
D) conditional import
Answer: A

44) The following package is automatically imported into all Java programs.
A) java.java
B) java.default
C) java.util
D) java.lang
Answer: D

6.2 True/False Questions

1) An object can store data.

Answer: TRUE

2) A class in not an object, but a description of an object.

Answer: TRUE

3) An access specifier indicates how the class may be accessed.

Answer: TRUE

4) A method that stores a value in a class's field or in some other way changes the value of a field is
known as a mutator method.
Answer: TRUE

5) Instance methods should be declared static.

Answer: FALSE

6) A constructor is a method that is automatically called when an object is created.

Answer: TRUE

7) Shadowing is the term used to describe where the field name is hidden by the name of a local or
parameter variable.
Answer: TRUE

8) The public access specifier for a field indicates that the attribute may not be accessed by statements
outside the class.
Answer: FALSE

9) A method that gets a value from a class's field but does not change it is known as a mutator method.
Answer: FALSE
10
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10) Instance methods do not have the key word static in their headers.
Answer: TRUE

11) The term "default constructor" is applied to the first constructor written by the author of a class.
Answer: FALSE

12) When a local variable in an instance method has the same name as an instance field, the instance field
hides the local variable.
Answer: FALSE

13) The term "no-arg constructor" is applied to any constructor that does not accept arguments.
Answer: TRUE

14) The java.lang package is automatically imported into all Java programs.
Answer: TRUE

11
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Some probably regarded this as clever; others may have deemed it
impertinent, if not impudent, and doubtless among these latter was included
the Empress Elisabeth, who often manifested her friendly feeling for her
sister-Sovereign. Let us, however, be perfectly just and fair to the Austrian
Ambassadress. She was admittedly more than a little méchante; but it
should not be forgotten that she induced some of the most brilliant and
beautiful women of the time to attend the Empress’s Court, and that but for
her the Palace might never have seen within its walls such grandes dames as
the Princesse de Sagan, the Comtesse de Pourtalès, the Comtesse de
Beaumont, Mme. de Canisy, e tutti quanti. If she was as “ugly as a
monkey,” she was at least, “spirituelle comme un démon et bonne comme
un ange,” the most radiant star of the constellation of pretty women which
graced the Tuileries.
Thérèsa, who was dubbed, very irreverently, “the music-hall Patti,”
interpreted what later were styled “les chansons rosses,” and Mme. de
Metternich was blamed, not altogether unjustly, for having introduced into
the salons a singer and reciter of impertinent “comic” effusions only to be
heard in the cafés-concerts. By most people Thérèsa’s ditties were regarded
as highly diverting; others considered them “impossible,” and calculated to
lower the public taste.
Mme. de Metternich’s presence in Paris certainly gave an impetus to the
reviving fashionable movement. On all sides there were receptions and
other entertainments, to the complete satisfaction of the tradespeople.
Among the frequenters of the official salons were to be found many young
men from the Government offices who were something more than good
dancers. Many of them had a future; some attained success, and some came
to the ground when their fortunes appeared to be brightest. One of these
latter was young Soubeyran, who reached a high position under M. Achille
Fould, Minister of Finance. He was a grandson of Savary, Duc de Rovigo,
and experienced all the vicissitudes of fortune. Luckily he had a wife
(daughter of the Marquis de Saint-Aulaire) who remained devoted to him in
his darkest hours. Before he became almost the greatest financier during the
reign of Napoleon III., Soubeyran (who, in many respects, was a man of the
Albert Grant type, although, unlike the English speculator, he was “born”)
had joined the Crédit Foncier as Deputy-Governor, his chief being M.
Frémy. The latter retired, and Soubeyran stepped into his shoes.
Unfortunately for himself, Soubeyran embroiled the Crédit Foncier so
deeply in the affairs of the Egyptian Debt that the Government removed
him from his position, and ordered him to pay his successors 40,000,000
francs, although later it was recognized that Soubeyran’s methods were
highly beneficial to the country! Soubeyran, whose figure remains
legendary in the world of la haute finance, was not, however, even then,
completely “broke.” He started afresh, founded two large banks, and lived
in sumptuous style; then he involved himself in dealings in the Italian rente,
and fell, never to rise again, dragging down with him all who had believed
in his “star.”
It was a moment in the reign when the Bourse and the great banks joined
in a vast development of commercial undertakings, among them the
magasins of the “Louvre,” inaugurated in 1855, and viewed rather
sceptically by some of the leading financiers, who did not rush to invest
their capital in the huge drapery business of MM. Hériot and Chauchart.[74]
They had been employés, without any other advantages but those accruing
from exceptional intelligence and untiring industry, and they found their
patrons among the tout Paris of the Second Empire. Of course, the success
of Hériot and Chauchart led to imitators of their methods, and ere many
years had elapsed there arose similar immense “stores”—“Lafayette,”
“Dufayel,” the “Printemps,” and others. It was in the reign of Napoleon III.
that the “Bon Marché” sprang up in what had been one of the quietest
quarters of Paris.[75] The Emperor saw with supreme satisfaction the
creation and rapid progress of these establishments, the success of which
spelt ever-increasing national prosperity.
Of the “fast” set—composed of men of all ages—the most conspicuous
was the Duc de Grammont-Caderousse.[76] A fair-complexioned man, of
average height, with small moustache and reddish whiskers, small head, and
an abnormally long neck, circled by a straight collar, his high cheek-bones,
sunken face, slightly rouged, and cavernous voice, evidenced the existence
of phthisis. There were few more brilliant talkers even among the men of
letters whose society he affected—Aurélien Scholl, Théodore Barrière,
d’Anatole de la Forge, Jules Noriac, and Alphonse Cayron, to name only a
few. Despite the English cut of his clothes, he was a Frenchman to his
finger-tips. Some of the achievements of the notable viveur whom the
Duchesse de Persigny christened “le Duc Darling” may be summarized. He
had much to do with the bringing-out of Hortense Schneider, the creator of
the principal character in Offenbach’s “La Grande Duchesse de Gérolstein.”
He jumped his horse over a dining-table covered with Sèvres—a freak
which cost him a small fortune. “Rigolboche,” the notorious dancer of the
“cancan,” won the considerable bet which he made with her that she would
not, in broad daylight, cross the boulevard from the Café Anglais to the
Maison Dorée in Nature’s own garb. “He lit his cigar on La Marche
steeplechase course with an English thousand-pound bank-note (which he
had just won), because the rustling of the crisp paper grated on his nerves.
He gave Cora Pearl[77] the famous silver bath-tub, filled it with magnums
of champagne, and then got into it before the amazed company. A few hours
before his death he gave a farewell supper-party, made his friends very
drunk, and then, very quietly and without a struggle, expired before they
had time to get sober. Had Caderousse been properly brought up he might
have made a name for himself, but he frittered away his existence and died,
as he had lived, like a clever clown. He had the best opinion of himself, or,
when Paul Demidoff[78] once asked him to take the head of the table at a
dinner-party, he would not have replied: ‘The head of the table is wherever
De Grammont-Caderousse sits.’ ”[79]
It was only when the Second Empire began to dazzle the world—the
new as well as the old—that the foreign colony of Paris assumed
importance. During the previous quarter of a century the société étrangère
consisted mainly of rich bachelors, English and Russian, like the Marquis of
Hertford, Lord Seymour, Prince Mentschikoff, and Comte Rostopchine.
There were, however, a few distinguished ladies, the most notable being the
two Russians—the Princesse de Lieven,
 MRS. RONALDS.
One of their Majesties’ guests at the Palace of the
Tuileries.
A private photograph, lent for this work
by Mrs. Ronalds.
To face p. 52.

who inspired Guizot, and Mme. Swetchine, the goddess of M. de Falloux.

In those pre-Bonapartist days the Parisians also welcomed several Spanish
families—the Aguados in particular—who soon became naturalized.
With the advent of Napoleon III. and his consort came the first of the
foreign contingent—Spaniards, naturally, drawn to Paris by the Empress,
whose compatriots saw with real pleasure Mme. de Montijo’s peerless
daughter on the imperial throne and in the éclat of her marvellous good-
fortune. In the salons now began to be seen a number of these fair
foreigners—young women who, as De Morny gallantly said, “all had
beautiful eyes, even the ugliest of them.” Prominent among the most
beautiful were the Empress’s sister, the Duchesse d’Albe; the Duchesse de
Frias, the Duchesse de Rivas, and Mme. Alfonso de Aldama (whose
daughter married the Emperor’s equerry, the Comte de Castelbajac). The
Spanish division was later reinforced by Queen Isabella, who, physically,
was the greatest woman in Europe, but not enjoying a monopoly of all the
virtues; the Duchesse de la Torre and her two daughters, the Marquise de
Guadalmina, and Mme. De Arcos (Spanish only by marriage—Irish by
birth).
The young Spanish ladies left in Paris the happiest souvenirs. They were
gay, laughter-loving, and très honnêtes, despite—or perhaps on account of
—their Southern expansiveness. They got up parties and organized
“tertulias,” now with French gentlemen, and now with their compatriots of
the epoch—MM. Alvarez de Toledo, the Marquis de Guadalcazar,
Calderon, and jolly old Diego, the joy of Paris for more than thirty years.
The Italians rivalled the Spaniards by their beauty as well as by their
entrain. There were the Comtesse de Castiglione, Princesse Belgiojoso, the
Duchesse Riario-Storza, the Comtesse Marcello, the Duchesse de Bojano,
to name only a few of the best known.
There were many reasons why the advent of the Second Empire
coincided with the reign of the foreigner in Paris between 1853 and 1870.
Firstly, the Faubourg Saint-Germain would have no intercourse with the
new régime. The Empress, as we have seen, welcomed with open arms the
Spanish aristocrats. Thus the ladies from beyond the mountains found
themselves in the centre of the social whirlpool, and to this point naturally
gravitated other of the foreign invaders. It was this attractive
cosmopolitanism which inspired the amusing boutade of Meilhac and
Halévy in their (and Offenbach’s) “Vie Parisienne”: “You are a foreigner—
so am I. Then, as compatriots, let us,” etc.
Another reason—and the principal one—was the facility for getting
about by the multiplication of means of locomotion. If a new railway was to
be inaugurated the Emperor was always ready to preside at the ceremony,
and to make one of his telling speeches, abounding in happy phrases, and
glorifying French genius and French enterprise. It was steam which acted as
the great conductor of the foreigner to the Paris of the Second Empire—
steam which linked France with, first, North, and then South, America. In
1852, when, until December, Louis Napoleon was only Prince-President,
Paris did not contain a dozen American residents. The first American ladies
seen in Paris salons when the new reign began were Miss Ridgway and
Miss Moulton. Then came Mrs. Post and her daughters; Mrs. Moulton,
whose daughter married Count Hatzfeldt; Mrs. Ronalds and her sister, Miss
Josephine Carter, both beautiful; Mrs. Pilié, one of whose daughters became
the Marquise de Chasseloup-Laubat; Mrs. Carroll, who found in the Comte
de Kergorlay a husband for one of her daughters; Mrs. Davis, two of whose
daughters married Frenchmen; Mrs. Payne, whose daughter became Mme.
Ferdinand Bischoffsheim; Miss Beckwith; and Miss Polk, who married
General Baron de Charette, the redoubtable leader of the Papal Zouaves.[80]
While Princesse de Metternich had a monopoly of notoriety, there were
four ladies who enjoyed greater social triumphs than any others—a
charming quartet, who shed lustre on the imperial Court, and were immune
from the barbed shafts of the satirists, which is not to say that they escaped
the attentions of the gossip-mongers. They were Jeanne de Tallyerand-
Périgord, Princesse de Sagan; the Marquise de Galliffet, Princesse de
Martignes; Mélanie, Comtesse de Pourtalès; and the Marquise de Canisy.
[81] In the lives of each there is material for a chapter. Mme. de Sagan was
dubbed in her monde “Canaillette”; Mme. de Galliffet, “Cochonette”; and
Mme. de Pourtalès, “Chiffonette.” The Junoesque Mme. de Canisy had no
such enigmatical “fond-name.” These ladies figure in the chronique as
among what was known as the Prince of Wales’s coterie, which included a
few others who do not call for particular mention.
One of the most noted speculators of the epoch was Baron Seillière,
father of the Princesse de Sagan. Her husband was the eldest son and heir of
the Duc de Valençay; the great Talleyrand, Bishop of Autun, was of this
family. If the Princess lacked beauty, she had exceptional intellectual gifts,
and was prized for the staunchness of her friendships and her never-failing
good nature. It was not her brilliant mental equipment that attracted the
Prince; she had a very large dowry, or she might never have been presented
by De Sagan with his hand, his heart (or what remained of it), and his title.
The De Sagans’ princely abode, in the Faubourg Saint-Germain, had
belonged to an Englishman—Mr. Hope, the banker, whose London
residence was converted into the Junior Athenæum Club, from whose upper
rooms the Crystal Palace is visible.
 The Princesse de Sagan used to assemble her relations and friends round
her hospitable table every Sunday. Although she sprang from the wealthy
middle class, Madame la Princesse, by her marriage, was immediately
accorded a place in the forefront of the aristocracy, and she was one of the
most notable figures at the Court of the Tuileries. One would have thought
she had been born, if not in the actual purple, at all events very near it. They
said of her that her husband, grand seigneur as he was to the finger-tips,
developed her instincts, and that “she formed herself in his school.”
The immense wealth which this fascinating woman brought her husband
enabled them to outshine the great majority of even the richest members of
the French aristocracy. Her magnificent toilettes were the envy of all the
women—the De Sagans’ horses and carriages excelled those of everybody
else. The purple liveries, braided in gold, were singled out for special
admiration by the crowd at Longchamp, where the Prince of Wales was
seen fairly often. I have heard that the stables were not inferior to those of
the Emperor. The luxe of the De Sagans’ residence was amazing. Very few,
if any, royal palaces could show anything equal to it. There were said to be
twelve hundred silver plates and dishes, and everything else was on a
similarly regal scale.
A striking feature of the De Sagans’ hotel was the principal staircase,
suggestive of the grand escalier at the Royal Palace at Madrid. The marble
steps, covered with rich Aubusson carpeting; the cushions on the
balustrades; the beautifully-decorated salons on the first floor; the bibelots
of every kind; the white-and-gold adornments of the apartments; the galerie
des glaces, scarcely less beautiful than the mirrored corridors at Versailles;
the immense dining-room in which a hundred guests were often entertained;
the rez-de-chaussée reserved for the use of the family; the park-like garden
stretching over an immense area of the Faubourg Saint-Germain—how
often did not our Prince see and admire all these!
The Princess had been the spoilt child of her wealthy father, who
indulged her every caprice and humoured her every whim. Her jewels were
the world’s talk at the time I am speaking of—and after. During one of her
visits to London she made up her mind to appear at some great gathering in
all her diamonds, and a telegram to Paris brought over one of the secretaries
of her father (Baron Seillière) laden with the gems! Needless to describe the
sensation which these bewildering stones, valued at many thousands of
pounds, made in London.
 Before very long the Prince and the Princess were living apart. Of the
Prince and Baron Hirsch[82] this story is told by a friend of mine who was
in the Bonapartist set during the reign.
The Prince de Sagan was offered by Baron Hirsch the liberal fee of
£40,000 to go to Constantinople and conduct a business “deal.” Needless to
say, the Prince closed with the tempting offer at once. The news soon
reached the ears of the Princess, for, as M. de Blowitz very wittily said, “In
Paris the fish talk—in Berlin the parrots are dumb.” Mme. de Sagan was
furious, and, bursting in upon her husband at his bachelor’s “diggings” near
the Petit Club (his favourite cercle), angrily exclaimed: “Is what I have
heard true, Boson?” “What, ma chère?” innocently inquired the dandy.
“That you are going to sell your name—going to be the commission agent
and tout of that Jew Hirsch for some speculation of his in Turkey? Is it
true?” “Hélas, ma chère, it is only too true. As I have but little money, and
can hardly make both ends meet on what you allow me, I am forced to take
advantage of any opportunity which arises to add to my scanty store.” “Oh,
you are going to Turkey for the sake of the money which that Hirsch gives
you?” “Of course; why else should I take the trouble of going all the way to
Constantinople about this wretched railway business, dont je m’en fiche
comme de l’année quarante?” (Which I care no more for than for the year
forty.) “Well, then,” continued the Princess, now somewhat mollified, “if
you got the same amount as that which Hirsch offers you, you would give
up all idea of going?” “Ma foi, oui,” smiled the Prince. “Will you promise?”
asked “Canaillette,” suspiciously. “Yes, I will promise.” “How much did
Hirsch say he would give you?” “Oh, a bagatelle to you, but a large sum to
me—a million francs.” “Indeed! Well, I will send you a cheque for the
million this afternoon, on condition that you give up this absurd, degrading
trip to Turkey. Is it a bargain?” The Prince, much amused at his wife’s
earnestness, kissed her hand, thanked her, and accepted the terms. That
afternoon De Sagan received Madame’s promised cheque, and the next
morning saw him with one for a similar amount in his pocket from Baron
Hirsch on his way to Constantinople!
To Mme. de Sagan we owe this epigram: “A husband can only hope to
be a hero in his wife’s eyes for two months—the month before he is
married, and the month after his death.”
 Frank Seillière, brother of the Princesse de Sagan, married Mlle. Diane
de Galliffet, of whose mother, the Marquise (the wife of the famous
General), a few words must now be said.
The Marquise de Galliffet was half English, her father, M. Lafitte, the
banker (“Major Fridolin,” of Turf celebrity), having married an English
lady. The blonde Marquise was truly beautiful—“as beautiful as the
Empress,” some enthusiasts vowed; “blonde comme les blès,” as my friend
“Sornette” wrote of her “in the days that were earlier.” “Her few faults,” he
asserted, “for all of which she was most bitterly punished, proceeded from
her tenderness of heart. The beautiful and dainty Marquise could not find it
in that sweet little cardiac arrangement which I suppose she called her heart
to say ‘No’ to anybody who did not ask too audacious a favour, the result
being that her generosity was abused.”
The Marquise was in great favour with the Empress, and the Emperor
spoke of her in the most rapturous, but perfectly respectful, terms. Her
nickname, “Cochonette,” to which she never objected, is said to have been
conferred upon her because she was supposed to pay less attention to soap
and water than she might have done. De Grammont-Caderousse (according
to “Sornette,” the all-knowing and ever-humorous) used to tell this story of
Mme. de Galliffet:
Her husband,[83] having reason to believe that his wife did not care over-
much for soap and water, played upon her a practical joke in order to satisfy
himself whether his suspicions were or were not well founded. One night,
after they had returned from a ball at the Tuileries, he went into his wife’s
dressing room, and, lighting a cigarette, began to talk over the events at the
Palace before retiring to his own rooms. He found Madame taking off her
jewels and (like the Empress) throwing them about on the carpet, for her
maids to pick up in the morning. After a brief talk, the Marquis kissed his
wife’s hand and retired for the night. On the following morning he came in
again, and asked the Marquise to let him take a ruby bracelet to
Boucheron’s to be reset, as they had previously arranged he should do. The
Marquise told one of her maids to bring the bracelet, but, after a long search
in all the rooms, the jewel
 THE COMTESSE EDMOND DE POURTALÈS.
The Author is indebted to the Comtesse for the loan of this
beautiful portrait.
Le Jeune, L. Joliot Succr., Paris.
To face p. 160.

was not to be found. “You must have been robbed,” said the Marquis; “but
never mind—I must get you another like it.”
A week or so later he again entered his wife’s room in the morning, and
nonchalantly inquired if the ruby bracelet had been found. “No,” replied the
Marquise innocently, “of course not, or I should have told you.” “Oh,
‘Cochonette,’ ” laughingly exclaimed the hero of Puebla; then, taking her
by the hand, he led her to the washing-stand, which closed with a lid to
keep out the dust. Lifting the cover, he showed his bewildered spouse the
bracelet lying in the basin, where he had put it on the night he had gone into
her bedroom after the Tuileries ball! A week without a visit to the hand-
basin was (said Caderousse) proved against the Marquise by this trick; for,
had she lifted the cover, she would have found her missing bracelet.
The imperial couple would have readily admitted, had they been asked,
that they had no better friend, and that France did not possess a more
patriotic soul, than the Comtesse de Pourtalès (who was born Mélanie de
Bussière), who was always most warmly welcomed by the Emperor and
Empress at the Tuileries entertainments, at the chasses and theatricals at
Compiègne, and wherever else their Majesties happened to be. In that
beautiful house in the Rue Tronchet, a museum and gallery of art combined,
were to be found many English who were in Paris in obedience to the
imperial invitation, the Prince of Wales not seldom being among them. It
was Mme. de Pourtalès who, upon her return to Paris from a visit to Berlin,
warned the Emperor and Empress of the high state of efficiency of the
German forces. But she only had her trouble for her pains. The self-satisfied
Generals made light of her forebodings of evil. Only Colonel Stöffel
listened to her sympathetically, for he, better than anybody, knew how right
she was. Who does not remember the portrait of Mme. de Pourtalès, garbed
à l’Alsacienne, which, when France was humbled to the dust, evoked
emotion all over the world? Who can forget the practical help which she
hastened to extend to the Empress after her flight from the Tuileries?
At the amateur theatricals at Compiègne none of the ladies outshone the
Comtesse de Pourtalès. In the Marquis de Massa’s Revue de l’année 1867
she represented the River Seine, magnificently dressed, of course. A phrase,
sublime in its audacity, was put into her mouth, and was delivered with such
charming naïveté that the little theatre resounded with peals of laughter.
Prudhomme (Baron Lambert) exclaimed rapturously, “Mais, quel superbe
costume vous avez, belle dame!” a compliment to which Mme. de Pourtalès
had to reply, “Oh, j’en ai un beaucoup plus beau par-dessous!” (I have a
much more beautiful one underneath.)
In the last years of the reign there figured at the Court of the Tuileries
(and equally in the Royalist salons of the Faubourg Saint-Germain), among
the pléiade of dazzling forms, the Baronne Alphonse de Rothschild.[84] The
hôtel of the Baron and Baroness Alphonse in the Rue St. Florentin, which
had been acquired from the heirs of the Prince de Talleyrand, was not only
the rendezvous of the brilliant society of the Second Empire and of the
intransigeante aristocracy of the ancien régime, but frequently opened its
doors to foreign Princes, who, with lesser mortals, were also entertained at
the magnificent château of Ferrières (a landmark in 1870-71) and at the
fairy-like home at Cannes. Like the other (Continental) Rothschilds, the
Baron and Baroness Alphonse liked to be surrounded by the artistic
element. In their Paris hôtel were to be seen the leading lights of literature,
science, and art. Of course, the Baron and Baroness were what is called
“keen” on every kind of sport, otherwise they would not have been
Rothschilds. Alexandre Dumas fils, calling on the Baroness Alphonse one
Monday afternoon, was met with the inquiry: “Well, Monsieur Dumas,
were you at the races yesterday?” “At the races, Madame la Baronne! Oh
no; I never go to them.” “Never go to the races!” exclaimed the Baroness,
surprised, if not horrified, at such an avowal; “then what on earth do you do
with yourself on Sundays?”[85]
Mme. de Courtval was well known to the Court coterie, as any intimate
friend of the Princesse de Sagan was bound to be. After dinner one night, at
her villa at Deauville, she and her guests sat down at the whist-table.
Presently there was a loud knocking and ringing at the door of the villa,
and, to the dismay of the servants, a much-whiskered and moustached
gentleman forced his way into the salon. Questioned as to his right to
intrude upon the privacy of Mme. de Courtval and her guests—the Prince of
Wales included—the stranger, in very aggressive tones, replied, “I have the
honour to be the Mayor of Deauville!” and, unbuttoning his overcoat, he
displayed to the stupefied party his scarf of office. He apologized for having
to discharge a painful duty, and proceeded to say that the fair hostess, by
permitting card-playing, had converted her villa into a tripot, or gaming-
house, and had brought herself within the meshes of the law. The farce
continued for some little time, to the great amusement of “the Prince” and
Mme. de Sagan, who were the only members of the party in the secret.
Then the whiskers of “M. le Maire” fell off, and revealed the features of a
gentleman who was well known to the hostess and her friends. To complete
the story, it must be added that the joke which had so perturbed Mme. de
Courtval and most of her guests was due to the ingenuity of the Princesse
de Sagan and—the Prince of Wales!
I pass from the recital of these frivolities to the Tragic Year. We shall see
precisely how the Empress fulfilled the duties of the Regency, and hear the
conversations of the Sovereigns.
 CHAPTER XII

THE SOVEREIGNS’ WAR DESPATCHES

To the Comtesse de Montijo, Madrid.
St. Cloud, July 28, 1870.
The Emperor and Louis have left. I am full of confidence as to the final
issue. Everybody well.
Eugénie.
The Prince Imperial to his Mother.
Metz, Same date.
We have had a magnificent reception at Metz, and all along the railway,
Papa and I. We are quite well. Your affectionate and respectful son,
Louis Napoléon.
The Empress to the Prince Imperial.
St. Cloud, Same date.
I hope thou art not over-fatigued, and that the emotions of the day will
not make thee unwell. I am always thinking of thee. I am happy and proud
to see thee sharing the fatigues and dangers of our brave troops.
Eugénie.
The Prince to his Mother.
Metz, Same date.
Everything goes well. I am not tired. I have just been to see the camps.
All the soldiers are delighted. I embrace you with all my heart. Your
affectionate and respectful son,
Louis Napoléon.
On July 29 the Empress writes a long letter to the Emperor concerning
the negotiations between France, Austria, and Italy. These appear to her to
be proceeding favourably, having regard to a telegram received from Count
Beust (Vienna), an analysis of which the Empress encloses in her letter; and
to another telegram from the Marquis Visconti Venosta (from Turin), stating
that the Roman Question[86] is about to be settled. The Empress, in her
letter to her consort, congratulates herself upon having opposed the
demands of the Emperor of Austria and his Minister (Beust), whose advice
was that France should leave the Pope to his fate. The Emperor received
this news very calmly, and on the following day replied by telegraph as
under:
The Emperor to the Empress.
Metz, July 30, 7.35 a.m.
Louis is very well. He slept sixteen hours straight off. I have received
thy letter of the 29th and the copy of the other [letter]. The intention is
good, but I want to see deeds. We embrace thee tenderly.
4 p.m.
I am very well, but fatigued by the heat. We embrace thee tenderly.
Napoléon.
On the 31st Captain Guzman, one of the Emperor’s orderly officers,
takes to Metz news from the Empress. His sterling character has gained him
Her Majesty’s confidence, and she tells him to inform the Emperor that she
wishes to visit Metz! Without an instant’s delay the following telegram is
despatched:
The Emperor to the Empress.
Metz, July 31.
Despite my wish to see thee again, I think it will be best for you not to
come. Besides, we shall possibly be leaving here to-morrow. We have just
come from Mass. The Bishop was very agreeable. We embrace thee
tenderly.
Napoléon.
On July 31 and August 1 the Emperor contemplates an attack upon
Saarlouis, but changes his mind, and all the plans which had been in the air
end with the little affair at Saarbrücken[87] on August 2, which the Emperor
describes to his wife by telegraph as soon as he returns to Metz.
The Emperor to the Empress, St. Cloud.
 Metz,
August 2, 3.55 p.m.
Louis has had his baptism of fire. His sang-froid was admirable. He was
in no wise disconcerted, and seemed as if he were walking in the Bois de
Boulogne. One of General Frossard’s divisions captured the heights
dominating the left bank of Saarbrücken. The Prussians made a feeble
resistance. There was only rifle-fire and a cannonade. We were in the front
line. But balls [shells] and bullets fell at our feet. Louis has a ball [bullet]
which fell close to him. There were soldiers who wept at seeing him so
cool. We embrace thee tenderly. I know the sort of language to use to
Vimercati.[88]
Napoléon.
This last phrase (says M. Germain Bapst) was important; it showed that
the Empress, knowing that Count Vimercati was at Metz with a treaty,
approved by the Emperor of Austria and the King of Italy, which Napoleon
III. was to be asked to sign, had insisted that her consort should ignore it.
When the telegram reporting the engagement at Saarbrücken reached the
Empress at St. Cloud she was walking in the park. Someone took the
despatch to her. She read and re-read it aloud, very happy, and proud of her
son. She hastened to the voltigeurs who were on guard and read it to them
—then sent it, marked “private,” to M. Émile Ollivier, President of the
Council [since January 2]. M. Ollivier perhaps forgot that the despatch was
marked “private”; at all events, he showed it to a “Gaulois” reporter, and it
appeared in large print in that paper the next day. The Empress, upon seeing
it, declared that its appearance in the journal was the result of an
“indiscretion.” Unfortunately, the telegram was not read by the public in the
right light, and the little Prince was made the subject of ridicule.
Leaving the voltigeurs, the Empress went to her little study and wrote
these telegrams:
The Empress to the Emperor.
August 2, 6.32 p.m.
I am very happy at the news you give me. It compensates me for my
disquietude during so many days. You tell me nothing about yourself; but
you well know how I have you both in my thoughts. Are you fatigued? I
embrace you with all my heart.
 The Empress to her Son.
Same date, 6.33 p.m.
I know thou hast conducted thyself well. I am proud and very happy.
Thy telegram has greatly pleased me. Thy cousins [Mlles. d’Albe, the
Empress’s nieces] congratulate thee, as does everybody. I embrace thee with
my whole soul.
Eugénie.
The day following the famous “baptism” was quiet. On the next day (the
4th) Marshal Canrobert’s wife dined at St. Cloud, and she was still there
when the Empress received the two telegrams, announcing the defeat at
Weissemburg, sent by Marshal MacMahon to the Emperor, who transmitted
them to the Empress without any alteration.
Marshal MacMahon to the Emperor.
1. Douay’s division attacked by two divisions. Douay seriously wounded
—obliged to retreat fighting—rallied near the Pigeonnier.
2. Three regiments of Douay’s division—the General killed [this was in
cipher]—enemy’s forces considerable, at least two army corps [i.e., 60,000
men]—one gun taken—position at rear of Froschweiler—I shall attack if
necessary—to resume the offensive at least three more divisions are
necessary.
The Empress to Marshal Lebœuf, Metz.
As soon as you get news from MacMahon—no matter at what time of
night—have it ciphered by Pietri[89] and send it to me. I do not want to
awaken the Emperor; that is why I telegraph direct.
Eugénie.
Half an hour after midnight Marshal Lebœuf telegraphed to the Empress
to say he had no news.
MacMahon’s dread telegrams were withheld from the public for more
than twenty-four hours. They appeared in the papers on the 5th, after 3 p.m.
This unexpected news produced great irritation in Paris. But the people’s
exaltation of spirit increased and their chauvinism was unbounded. The
Parisians comforted themselves by saying: “It required 100,000 Prussians to
defeat 8,000 French, and our troops were not beaten until they had inflicted
greater losses on the enemy than the total number of French engaged.” The
boulevards rang with a hundred other similar stupidities on the 5th.
“However, MacMahon will take his revenge to-morrow!”
But the bad news seriously perturbed Ministers. “If,” they said, “the
Crown Prince enters Alsace with 100,000 men he will attack MacMahon,
who has only 35,000. That is grave indeed.” The night wore on without any
further news. At midday some idiot or other, or perhaps a speculator “for
the rise”—nobody ever knew which—stuck up at the Bourse this telegram:
“Great victory: 25,000 prisoners, including the Crown Prince.” The Bourse
became a Bedlam; the crowds on the boulevard yelled and danced and sang
and wept. The “Marseillaise” was roared by men and shrieked by women
and children. The grocers’ shops were cleared out of Venetian lamps, for
use in the evening. Flags passed from hand to hand; houses were decked
with them; and still the crowds, maddened with joy, sang themselves
hoarse, and still they danced and wept. Traffic was stopped, carriages and
cabs blocked the way, people climbed into them, stood on seats, and kissed
each other.
A brief hour, and it was known that no news had been received from the
frontier. The Bourse “telegram” was a huge “joke,” a diabolical “sell.” Then
the mob, split into sections, roared, “Down with the Ministry!” and sang
“Des nouvelles, des nouvelles!” to the air of the “Lampions.” And M.
Chevandier de Valdrôme (Minister of the Interior) hastened to St. Cloud and
reported to the Empress the day’s events.
Her Majesty maintained her composure, although for hours her nerves
had been unstrung by suspense. At her suggestion Ministers met at six
o’clock, and discussed the expediency of sending M. Maurice Richard to
the Emperor with an urgent request to His Majesty to arrange for a constant
supply of information. During the discussion a telegram from the Emperor
announced that Frossard’s army corps was engaged—with what result was
unknown.
Meanwhile there were wild “demonstrations” in front of some of the
Ministries. All night the crowds remained on the boulevards. At midnight a
thunderbolt fell. The Government received a copy of a telegram from the
Empress announcing the double defeat at Forbach and Froschweiler. In
forwarding this despatch the Empress ordered a meeting of Ministers, and
announced that she was returning from St. Cloud to the Tuileries.
 All this Saturday (August 6) the Empress was in a highly nervous
condition. She could not be still, but walked in the park a few yards, then
returned to her little room and wrote these telegrams:
The Empress to the Prince Imperial.
All at St. Cloud think of you. The hours are very long, but the idea of a
better time supports our strength and our hopes.
Eugénie.
The Empress to the Emperor.
The impression produced in Paris has increased patriotic feeling without
shaking confidence. I have already received a reply respecting General
Douay’s widow. I expect to write to her by post.
Eugénie.
The Emperor to the Empress.
Metz,
August 6, 3 p.m.
I have no news of MacMahon. This morning the reconnoitring parties on
one side of the Sarre did not observe any movement by the enemy. I now
hear that there has been an engagement near General Frossard’s position. It
is too distant for us to go there. As soon as I have any news I will send it to
thee.
Napoléon.
The Empress to the Emperor.
St. Cloud, Same date.
We await your news with feverish impatience. All seems quiet for the
moment. The Council will reassemble this evening. Do not worry yourself;
I am sure Paris will not give us any trouble. Courage, dear friend! Everyone
must do his duty where circumstances have placed him. I am calm and
confident. Be the same yourself.
Eugénie.
The Emperor to the Empress.
Metz, Same date.
 The result of General Frossard’s engagement is still uncertain. I have
good hopes.
Napoléon.
Although over-excited by her emotions, the Empress displayed splendid
energy all through this terrible crisis, which was to last a full month—until
September 4.[90] She had not a moment’s weakness; never abandoned her
dignity. She set an example of constancy, dignity, and courage, while
around her were many instances of weakness.
On the evening of August 6 the Duc and Duchesse de Montmorency and
Prince de Metternich dined at St. Cloud with the Empress. After dinner the
two former spent the remainder of the evening at Bougival, with the
Princesse de Metternich, who had just been delivered of a girl. When the
Prince got home he said to his wife and her guests: “The Empress is much
exhausted. No news has reached her this evening. She is resting on her bed.
I hope she will have a quiet night.”
At midnight there is a dramatic scene at St. Cloud. Admiral Jurien de la
Gravière, M. Brissac, and Prince Poniatowski are sitting up awaiting news.
At twelve o’clock they are called to decode a cipher telegram from the
Emperor. They read: “General Frossard in retreat.” The Admiral goes to the
Empress in her room to report this event. He finds her lying on the bed,
fully dressed in a purple robe; she springs up from the bed, and goes to the
salon, where Brissac reads the fateful words: “Marshal MacMahon has been
beaten. Army in retreat [or “routed”]. Must expect the gravest events. We
must retain our composure. Paris must be armed and a state of siege
declared. All can be repaired. I have no news of MacMahon.”
Even this violent shock in the middle of the night does not overwhelm
the Empress. “They must all have lost their heads!” is her only comment.
She orders a copy of the Emperor’s telegram to be sent to the Minister of
the Interior, tells him to call a meeting of the Council, and says she is
returning to the Tuileries immediately. She telegraphs to the Emperor
asking him to send further details, as she cannot understand the last six
words.
The Empress to Princesse Mathilde.
St. Cloud, 12.35 midnight.
 I have bad news from the Emperor. The army is in retreat. I am returning
to Paris, where I have called a meeting of Ministers.
Eugénie.
The Empress sends Prince Poniatowski to Bougival for the Prince de
Metternich, whom she wishes to accompany her to Paris, as it is “the dead
of night.” At the Metternichs’ house (Villa Staub) a white form appears at
an open window, and demands excitedly, “What do you want?” The Prince
dresses quickly, and the two men dash off to St. Cloud. Upon learning from
Poniatowski what has happened, the Austrian Ambassador abruptly says,
“This is all the worse, because now an alliance is impossible.”
At the château a landau was ready, drawn by two Russian horses, black,
with long manes and long tails. The Empress, in travelling dress, was
waiting for Metternich. Admiral Jurien de la Gravière, Cossé-Brissac, and
Poniatowski got into another carriage, and the party started for Paris at top
speed. During this midnight drive not a soul was visible—not even a
solitary drunkard.
When the Empress’s carriage crossed the Avenue Marigny it stopped;
Metternich alighted and walked to his Embassy, which he rented from Her
Majesty, who owned the house.[91] Ten minutes later the Empress reached
the Tuileries; General d’Autemarre and his aide-de-camp awaited her. There
was an air of desolation throughout the Palace. The rooms through which
the Empress passed were empty. The curtains had been taken from the
windows. The furniture was covered by striped stuff. The chairs were
ranged in rows close to the walls. The pictures, busts, garnitures of the
fireplaces—all were swathed in cloths.
Ministers trooped in immediately, followed by Marshal Baraguay
d’Hilliers, commanding the army of Paris; Trochu, General Chabaud-
Latour, and a few others, summoned from their beds by the Empress’s
orders. The capital must be put in an immediate state of defence. The
Emperor had said it, the Empress had said it, and now the Government said
it. There was still an Ollivier Ministry; but its days were numbered.
It must have been verging on four o’clock, the daylight was streaming
into the Palace, when another cipher telegram was brought to the Empress.
In it the Emperor answered his wife’s request for an explanation of the
concluding words of the previous despatch—the last she was to receive at
St. Cloud. From the new message all learnt that no telegram direct from
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