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Introduction To Radar Interferometry InSAR

The document provides an introduction to Radar Interferometry (InSAR) and its applications, including hazard and infrastructure assessments, as well as monitoring permafrost and rock glacier velocities. It explains the principles of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and the importance of coherence in analyzing SAR data. Additionally, it discusses the methods for measuring displacements and topography using InSAR, along with the significance of time-series analysis for improving accuracy in detecting changes.

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27 views49 pages

Introduction To Radar Interferometry InSAR

The document provides an introduction to Radar Interferometry (InSAR) and its applications, including hazard and infrastructure assessments, as well as monitoring permafrost and rock glacier velocities. It explains the principles of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and the importance of coherence in analyzing SAR data. Additionally, it discusses the methods for measuring displacements and topography using InSAR, along with the significance of time-series analysis for improving accuracy in detecting changes.

Uploaded by

alisulimanuok
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Radar

interferometry (InSAR)

Benjamin Robson and Sonam Wangchuk

ISF Workshop on Permafrost, Kathmandu


What can we get out of InSAR?
Hazard assessment
Infrastructure assessment
Permafrost freeze + thaw
Rock Glacier velocity
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
UNIVERS ITY OF BERGE N

Synthetic..?
• The longer the antenna,
the better the resolution.
• Simulation of a long
antenna by combining
data collected using a
short antenna.
• Taking advantage of
movement.

Source: Braun, A. 2019, Radar satellite imagery for humanitarian response. Bridging the gap between
technology and application. 10.15496/publikation-32698.
UNIVERS ITY OF BERGE N

Slant Range Ground Range

Source: https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-operational-eo-
missions/ers/instruments/sar/applications/radar-courses/content-2/-
/asset_publisher/qIBc6NYRXfnG/content/radar-course-2-slant-range-ground-range
UNIVERS ITY OF BERGE N

Formats of Sentinel 1

• Single Look Complex (SLC):


➢ Backscatter and Phase Information.
➢ Slant Range
• (Grid) Ground Range Detected (GRD)
➢ No phase information
➢ Slant range

• Level 2 Formats:
➢Ocean Wind field (OWI)
➢Ocean Swell spectra (OSW)
➢Surface Radial Velocity (RVL)
UNIVERS ITY OF BERGE N

Acquisition modes of Sentinel 1:

• Strip Map (SM)


➢80x80 km, res. 5 m
• Interferometric Wide
swath (IW)
➢250 km, res. 5x20 m
• Extra-Wide swath (EW)
➢400 km, res. 20x40 m
Basics of SAR
UNIVERS ITY OF BERGE N

Backscatter
(Diffuse backscatter)
Backscatter Volume
Scattering

Double bounce
Three problems with SAR data
UNIVERS ITY OF BERGE N
UNIVERS ITY OF BERGE N

Influences of layover and shadow


UNIVERS ITY OF BERGE N

Polarisation: vertical and horizontal

Source: Andy Kääb, UiO


UNIVERS ITY OF BERGE N

SAR Data can be polarised:

•Horizontal Horizontal (HH) – co-polarisation


•Horizontal Vertical (HV) – cross-polarisation
•Vertical Horizontal (VH) – cross-polarisation
•Vertical Vertical (VV) - co-polarisation
UNIVERS ITY OF BERGE N

Andy Kaab,
Source: Andreas Kääb, UiO
University of
Oslo
UNIVERS ITY OF BERGE N

Andy Kaab,
Source: Andreas Kääb, UiO University of
Oslo
UNIVERS ITY OF BERGE N

Andy Kaab,
Source: Andreas Kääb, UiO University of
Oslo
UNIVERS ITY OF BERGE N

The band (wavelength) used is important

Source: Gardelle et al, 2012


Summary so far
• When working with SAR data, the following is important:
• The surface roughness → influences backscatter
• The relief of the area –> influences the shadowing
• The orientation of what you are monitoring → radar is sideways looking

Now onto InSAR:


Requires two SAR images seperated by a temporal baseline
InSAR is the
comparison of
two SAR scenes
• We measure the change in
phase between two images
seperated by a temporal
baseline (typically 6, 12,
24… days with Sentinel-1)
• We know the wavelength
of the sensor…
• ….so we can convert a
change in phase to a
deformation
• Requires the area to be
coherent
If we have coherence ▪ Then we can measure the change in phase between two
over our area of acquistions

interest…
onsdag 25. september 2024
Sentinel 2 Optical image

SAR coherence
• “the degree of correlation between the
two radar images”
• A function of
• Surface properties
• Time (temporal decorrelation)
Sentinel 1 Radar coherence
• Baseline between satellites
• Sometimes the coherence can be a
result in itself
• Detecting changes, for example
landslides, urban development, glacier
activity

University of Bergen Page 26


University of Bergen Page 27
Seasonality and
coherence

• Winter:
• Wet surfaces
• Snow
• Decreased vegetation

Page 28
Andy Kaab,
University of
Oslo
Andy Kaab,
University of
onsdag 25. september 2024 Oslo
Andy Kaab,
University of
onsdag 25. september 2024 Oslo
Andy Kaab,
University of
onsdag 25. september 2024 Oslo
Andy Kaab,
University of
onsdag 25. september 2024 Oslo
Andy Kaab,
University of
onsdag 25. september 2024 Oslo
Interferometric phase
patterns (fringes)

University of Bergen Page 35


onsdag 25. september 2024
Interferometric SAR (InSAR)
▪ We can therefore use InSAR to work out:
▪ Topography (DEM) if we assume no displacement between the acquisitions
▪ Displacements/Velocities (if we remove the effect of the topography)
(Differential Interferometry)
▪ Either by comparing two pairs of SAR images (4-pass interferometry)
▪ Simulating phase differences due to topography with a DEM (2-pass)

▪ …as long as we know the baseline of the satellites and remove atmospheric
noise

onsdag 25. september 2024


Displacements with InSAR

onsdag 25. september 2024


Satellite image
Coherence
Where can we expect to
get reliable estimates of
radar phase?

onsdag 25. september 2024


Interferogram:
Phase patterns
▪ Changes in phase
due to displacement,
topography,
atmosphere, and
baseline
▪ Any noticeable
patterns?

onsdag 25. september 2024


Topographic simulated
phase
▪ This is how the phase
patterns would look
like if it just
topography
influencing the result
▪ We therefore
subtract this from our
interferogram

onsdag 25. september 2024


• Interferomgram with
topography removed
• How to interpret an
interferogram?
• Total displacement: number of
fringes x half wavelength

onsdag 25. september 2024


Phase Unwrapping

onsdag 25. september 2024 Source: ESA


Unwrapping

Source: ESA University of Bergen Page 44


Villarroel et al., 2018
University of Bergen Page 45
Applications of InSAR
• Rock glacier velocity, but also landslides,
subsidence…
Time-series analysis - SBAS
SBAS – Time
series analysis
• The more images we use….
• …The better we can remove
atmospheric influences
• Also means we can look at
seasonal changes
• A range of software packages –
PyRate or Mintpy most popular
• EZInSAR – nice software
package that integrates
downloading, processing
interferograms, and SBAS
Use SNAP to process two TerraSAR-
Practical X images over Tapado Rock Glacier
information
for the Optionally, repeat the processing
exercise with freely available Sentinel-1 data

This afternoon: demonstration of


time series analysis with Mintpy

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