Chapter 7:

Passband Digital Transmission

Chapter 7 1
 Binary Digital Modulation Schemes

(a 1 1 0 0 0 1
Binary data

Modulating signal (b 𝑡
0 𝑇 2𝑇 3𝑇 4𝑇 5𝑇 6𝑇

(c 𝑡
Carrier wave

BASK signal (d 𝑡

BFSK signal (e 𝑡

BPSK signal
(f 𝑡

Chapter 7 2
 BASK

BASK Product Integrator Threshold Decision:

Binary wave in Product BASK signal modulator 0, 𝑇 device 1 or 0
unipolar form modulator signal

Decision
𝜑 𝑡
boundary
𝜑 𝑡

𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟏

Message Message
point 1 𝐸 /2 𝐸 /2 point 2
𝜑 𝑡
0 2𝐸

𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟏

BASK Matched filter Full- Lowpass Bit-rate Threshold Decision:

signal 𝜑 𝑇 𝑡 rectifier filter Sampler device 1 or 0

Envelope detector
Chapter 7 3
 BFSK
𝜑 𝑡

Product
modulator 𝜑 𝑡
Binary wave in
unipolar form BFSK
signal
Product Integrator
Product modulator 0, 𝑇
Inverter BFSK
modulator
signal Threshold Decision:
device 1 or 0
𝜑 𝑡
𝑰𝟏 𝜑 𝑡 Product Integrator
modulator 0, 𝑇
Message
𝐸 point 2
𝜑 𝑡

𝑰𝟐

Message
point 1
𝜑 𝑡 Matched filter Envelope Bit-rate
𝑰𝟏 𝐸 𝜑 𝑇 𝑡 detector sampler
BFSK
signal Decision:
Threshold
device 1 or 0

Matched filter Envelope Bit-rate

𝜑 𝑇 𝑡 detector sampler
Chapter 7 𝑰𝟐 4
 BPSK

Decision
boundary
Binary wave in Product BPSK
polar form modulator signal
𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟏
𝜑 𝑡
Message Message
point 2 𝐸 𝐸 point 1
𝜑 𝑡
𝐸 0 𝐸

BPSK Product Integrator Threshold Decision:

signal modulator 0, 𝑇 device 1 or 0 𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟏

𝜑 𝑡

DBPSK Band-pass Product Integrator Decision Decision:

filter modulator 0, 𝑇 device 1 or 0

Bit-duration
delay 𝑇

Chapter 7 5
 Bit Error Rate Performance of Binary Digital Modulation Schemes

1.E-01
Noncoherent BASK and BFSK

Coherent BASK and BFSK

1.E-02
Differential BPSK

Coherent BPSK
1.E-03

1.E-04
Bit error rate

1.E-05

1.E-06

1.E-07

1.E-08

𝐸
(dB)
1.E-09 𝑁
Chapter 7 0 5 10 15 20 6
 Comparison of Binary Digital Modulation Schemes

 The performance curves, which show the average bit error rate 𝑃 expressed as a nonlinear function of the average
bit energy to noise power , are all monotonically decreasing and have water-fall like shapes when both axes are in
logarithmic scale
 For a modulation scheme, coherent detection outperforms noncoherent detection. In other words, for a given , the
resulting 𝑃 for coherent detection is lower than that for noncoherent detection, and for a fixed 𝑃 , the required
for coherent detection is less than that for noncoherent detection. As increases, i.e., 𝑃 decreases, the
asymptotic performances of coherent detection and noncoherent detection are equivalent.
 BASK and BFSK have the same performance, and BPSK has a 3-dB power advantage over both BASK and BFSK
for both coherent and noncoherent detection schemes.
 For a very low 𝑃 , the best scheme (coherent BPSK) requires an average power that is about 4 dB less than what
is required for the poorest scheme (non-coherent BFSK or BASK).
 There is little difference in the complexity of the transmit equipment for all schemes. Receiver design simplification
due to noncoherent detection is at the expense of performance degradation. Among the noncoherent schemes,
DBPSK and noncoherent BFSK are more complex than noncoherent BASK.

Chapter 7 7
 Comparison of Binary Digital Modulation Schemes

 Since the cost of transmitting and receiving equipment is generally a function of the peak power requirement than
average power requirement, BASK falls short. The power margin over noncoherent BFSK at low bit error rates is
inconsequential. Because of the comparable performance and the added simplicity of noncoherent BFSK, it is almost
exclusively employed instead of coherent FSK.
 BASK is more sensitive to variations in received signal level due to variations in channel characteristics, such as
amplitude nonlinearities and fading, as BFSK and BPSK are both constant amplitude signals.
 Assuming a rectangular pulse, the power spectral density for each of these schemes decays as for frequencies
away from the carrier frequency. Except the discrete components, BASK and BPSK have the same power spectral
density, and thus the same bandwidth requirements. BFSK has lower side-lobes than BPSK and BASK. In general,
the bandwidth of BFSK signal is greater than the bandwidth of the BASK and BPSK signals.
 With a smoother pulse than the rectangular pulse, the power spectral density for a modulation scheme can become
more compact. This valuable reduction in bandwidth is of course at the expense of a modest increase in complexity
of the pulse shaping.
 Overall, BPSK scheme, in terms of both power and bandwidth utilization, is more efficient than BASK and BFSK
schemes.

Chapter 7 8
 QPSK

𝑚 𝑡
𝑚 𝑡
𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
1 0.5𝐸

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

3𝑇 4𝑇 4𝑇
𝑡 𝑡
0 𝑇 6𝑇 7𝑇 8𝑇 0 2𝑇 6𝑇 8𝑇

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

1 0.5𝐸

𝑠 𝑡 𝑚 𝑡

2𝐸
0.5𝐸
𝑇

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(b) 𝑡 𝑡
0 8𝑇 0 2𝑇 4𝑇 6𝑇 8𝑇
𝑎
2𝐸
0.5𝐸
𝑇

Chapter 7 9
 QPSK
2
𝜑 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 𝜑
𝑇

Product
modulator Message 𝑰𝟒 𝑰𝟏 Message
point 4 point 1
Polar-to-nonreturn Demultiplexer QPSK 𝑠 𝑡
Bit sequence 𝑑 𝐸
to-zero encoder

boundary
Decision
2 2
Product
modulator
𝑰𝟒 𝑑 𝐸 𝑰𝟏
2 2
𝐸
2 2
𝜑 𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 𝜑 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓 𝑡 Decision Decision
𝑇 𝑇 𝜑
boundary boundary

boundary
Decision
Product Decision
modulator
Integrator
device
𝑰𝟑 𝑰𝟐
Bit
sequence
QPSK
Multiplexer
𝑠 𝑡

Product Decision Message Message

Integrator point 3 point 2
modulator device
𝑰𝟑 𝑰𝟐

2
𝜑 𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝑓 𝑡
𝑇
Chapter 7 10