1.

​
a.​ Nitrogen-15
i.​ Protons: 7
ii.​ Neutrons: 8
b.​ Silicon-34
i.​ Protons: 14
ii.​ Neutrons: 20
c.​ Barium-134
i.​ Protons: 56
ii.​ Neutrons: 78
d.​ Bismuth-210
i.​ Protons: 83
ii.​ Neutrons: 127
2.​ Calculate Atoms in 1g beryllium
a.​ Molar Mass of Beryllium = 9.012182 u
b.​ Atoms = moles*avogadro’s number
c.​ g/amu=moles=0.11096 mol
d.​ Atoms = moles*an= 6.68e22 atoms total
3.​ Radius of Phosphorus-31 Nucleus
1/3 −15
a.​ Radius of a nucleus formula: 𝑟 = 𝑟0 * 𝐴 (𝑟0 = 1. 3 * 10 )
b.​ A is equal to the nucleons within the nucleus (i.e. protons+neutrons or, in this
case, 31)
1/3 −15
c.​ Therefore 𝑟 = 𝑟0 * 31 = 4. 08 * 10 𝑚 or 4.08 femtometers
4.​ Atoms of 1 gram of Chromium-50
a.​ Second verse, same as the first
i.​ Molar mass of Chromium-50=49.946 amu
ii.​ atoms=moles*avogadro’s number, and moles=g/amu=1/49=0.02
iii.​ 0.02*an=1.205e22 atoms
5.​ Mol is now 31 amu, what is the new avogadro number and new value of Carbon-12?
a.​ In one gram of phosphorus 31 there are 1.944e22 atoms (we will call this number
p).
b.​ p*31 is equal to 6.026e23, this is our new avogadro’s number.
c.​ Given this new number, we can now find the new atomic mass of Carbon-12
i.​ Molar mass=grams/moles, for this we will assume we have 12 grams of
carbon 12.
ii.​ Moles=atoms/avogadro’s number, or 6.022e23/6.026e23, or 0.999 moles.
iii.​ Plug into the function, 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 12/0. 999 = 12. 008 𝑎𝑚𝑢
iv.​ The new molar mass of carbon 12 is 12.008 amu.
6.​ Find Total Binding Energy and Binding Energy Per Nucleon (BEPN) for Iodine-127 and
Ruthenium-104
2
a.​ The formula for total Binding Energy is 𝐸 = ∆𝑚𝑐 . where
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 (∆𝑚) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
b.​ The formula for BEPN is 𝐸/𝐴, where A is the atomic number
 c.​ Solving For Iodine-127:
i.​ Protons of Iodine: 53, Neutrons of Iodine: 127-53=74
ii.​ Mass of A proton: 1.007276 amu, Mass of a neutron: 1.008665 amu
iii.​ Total Mass:
(53 × 1. 007276) + (74 × 1. 008665) = 53. 386 + 74. 641 = 128. 027 𝑎𝑚𝑢
iv.​ Mass of Iodine-127: 126.90 amu
v.​ Mass Defect: 128.027-126.9=1.127
vi.​ Calculate Total Binding Energy:
2
∆𝑚 · 𝑐 = 1. 127𝑢 · 931. 5 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑢 = 1046. 07 𝑀𝑒𝑉
𝐸 1046.07
vii.​ Calculate BEPN: 𝐴
= 127
= 8.2368 MeV/atom
d.​ Solving for Ruthenium-104:
i.​ Protons of Ru: 44, Neutrons of Ru: 104-44=60
ii.​ Total Mass:
(44 × 1. 07276) + (74 × 1. 008665) = 47. 201 + 74. 641 = 121. 842 𝑎𝑚𝑢
iii.​ Mass of Ru-104: 103.9054 amu
iv.​ Mass Defect: 121.842-103.9054=17.9366 amu
v.​ Total Binding Energy:
17. 9366 𝑎𝑚𝑢 · 931. 5 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑢 = 16707. 9429 𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 16. 708 𝐺𝑒𝑉
16707.9429
vi.​ BEPN: 104
= 160. 6532971 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
7.​ Calculate electromagnetic force of repulsion between two electrons separated by 25
fermi.
2
𝐸 𝑘𝑞1𝑞2 𝑘𝑞𝑒
a.​ The formula for the electromagnetic force is as follows, 𝐹 = 2 = 2 ,
𝑑 𝑑
where qe is the charge of the electron, k is Coulomb's constant, and d is the
distance between the two objects. Unit conversion is necessary, therefore
qe=1.602e-19 Coulombs, d=2.5e-14 meters
−19 2
𝑘(1.602×10 )
b.​ Solve: −14 2 = 0. 36905 𝑁
(2.5×10 )
8.​ Find the distance (in fermi), between 2 protons in helium-3
a.​ Knowns: Energy of Hydrogen-3 = 8.48 MeV, Energy of Helium-3 = 7.72 MeV, 1
Fermi= 1e-15 meters
2
𝑒
b.​ Coulombic Potential Energy between protons formula, 𝑉 = 4πε 𝑟 . Where
0

e=1.602e-19 C, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, 8.854e-12 C^2/(N*m^2), r is

the distance between the two objects, and V is the difference of energy between
the two energies.
2
𝑒
c.​ We are solving for r, therefore 𝑟 = 4πε 𝑉
0

d.​ First, solve for V, or ∆𝐸.

i.​ 8. 48 𝑀𝑒𝑉 − 7. 72 𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 0. 76 𝑀𝑒𝑉
 −13
1.602×10 𝐽 −13
ii.​ 0. 76 𝑀𝑒𝑉 ( 𝑀𝑒𝑉
) = 1. 22 × 10 𝐽
e.​ Now, solve for r
2 −19 2
𝑒 (1.602×10 )
i.​ 𝑟= 4πε0𝑉
= −12 −13 =1.88e-15
4π(8.854×10 )(1.22×10 )
ii.​ 1.88-15m=1.88 fm
9.​ Energy and Mass of a photon with frequency 5e20 hz.
a.​ Energy
i.​ E=hf (h=planck's constant, f is frequency)
ii.​ E=(6.626e-34)(5e20)=3.313e-13 J
−13
3.313×10 𝐽 6
iii.​ Convert to MeV: −19 = 2. 068 × 10 𝑒𝑉 = 2. 068 𝑀𝑒𝑉
1.602×10 𝐽/𝑒𝑉
b.​ Mass
i.​ E=mc^2
2
ii.​ 2. 068 𝑀𝑒𝑉 = 𝑚(931. 5 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑎𝑚𝑢)
2 −3
iii.​ 2. 068 ÷ 931. 5 = 𝑚 = 2. 22 × 10 𝑎𝑚𝑢
10.​Show that a 5MeV electron is travelling at essentially the speed of light.
2 1
a.​ Relativistic Kinetic Energy of an Electron: 𝐾𝐸 = (γ − 1)𝑚𝑐 , where γ = 𝑣
2 .
1− 2
𝑐

b.​ Rest mass energy of an electron is E=0.511 MeV

c.​ Calculate Lorentz Factor (y)
2
i.​ 𝐾𝐸 = (γ − 1)𝑚𝑐 ⇒ 5 𝑀𝑒𝑉 = (𝑦 − 1) · 0. 511
ii.​ 9. 785 = 𝑦 − 1 ⇒ 10. 785 = 𝑦
d.​ Calculate Velocity of electron using lorentz factor
1 1
i.​ γ= 𝑣
2 ⇒ 10. 785 = 2
1− 2
1−
𝑣
𝑐 2
𝑐

2 2
1 𝑣 𝑣
ii.​ 10.785
= 1− 2 ⇒ 0. 0086 = 1 − 2
𝑐 𝑐
2
𝑣
iii.​ 2 = 0. 9914 ⇒ 𝑣 = 0. 9957𝑐
𝑐
e.​ As we can see the speed of the electron is 0.9957c meters/s, or about 99.57%
the speed of light, which is essentially the speed of light.
11.​Find the activity of Lanthanum-134 72 minutes ago.
a.​ Half Life: 6.5 Minutes, Current Activity 2.6
1 𝑡/𝑡
b.​ Activity of a sample, 𝐴 = 𝐴0 × ( 2 ) 1/2

c.​ 𝑡/𝑡1/2 = 72 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠/6. 5 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠/ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 − 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 = 11. 08 ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠

𝐴 2.6 𝐶𝑖
d.​ 𝐴0 = 11.08 = 11.08 = 5628. 41 𝐶𝑖
1/2 1/2
12.​10.00 Ci to 3.0 Ci in 2.11 Hours, find Decay Constant
−λ𝑡 𝑙𝑛2
a.​ Radioactive Decay Equation: 𝑁 = 𝑁0𝑒 . with λ as the decay constant λ = 𝑡1/2
 b.​ Convert hours to seconds
60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
i.​ 2. 11 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 · 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
· 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
= 7596 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
c.​ Substitute given values into equation and solve for λ
−λ𝑡 −7596λ
i.​ 𝑁 = 𝑁0𝑒 ⇒ 3. 0 = 10. 0𝑒
−7596λ
ii.​ 3/10 = 𝑒 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛(3/10) = (− 7596)λ
𝑙𝑛(3/10 −4 −1
iii.​ −7596
= λ = 1. 59 × 10 𝑠
13.​Calculate the activity of 2.78 mg of Radium-226
a.​ 2.78 mg = 0.00278 grams
b.​ Find the moles in radium-226
i.​ 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 0. 00278/226 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
ii.​ 1.23e-5 moles in 2.78 mg of Radium-226
c.​ Find the amount of atoms
−5 23
i.​ 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 = 𝑁 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 · 𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑜'𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 1. 23 × 10 · 6. 022 × 10
ii.​ There are 7.41e18 atoms in 2.78 milligrams of Radium-226
d.​ Solve for decay constant
𝑙𝑛2 𝑙𝑛2 −11 −1
i.​ λ= 𝑡1/2
= 7 = 1. 37 × 10 𝑠
1600 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 ·3.154×10
e.​ Calculate activity A in becquerels (Bq), then convert to millicuries (mCi)
−11 −1 18 8
i.​ 𝐴 = λ · 𝑁 = 1. 37 × 10 𝑠 · 7. 41 × 10 = 1. 02 × 10 𝐵𝑞
8 10
ii.​ 1. 02 × 10 𝐵𝑞 · 1𝐶𝑖/3. 7 × 10 𝐵𝑞 · 1000𝑚𝐶𝑖/1𝐶𝑖 = 2. 76 𝑚𝐶𝑖
f.​ The activity is equal to 2.76 millicuries, which is incredibly close to the 2.78
milligrams of Radium-226.
14.​Probability of an atom of Plutonium-241 to decay over the next 50 years.
a.​ Half Life of Plutonium-241 is 14.4 Years
−λ𝑡
b.​ Probability of Decay is 1 − 𝑒 . λ is still the decay constant.
c.​ Solve for decay constant
𝑙𝑛2 𝑙𝑛2 −1
i.​ λ= 𝑡1/2
= 14.4 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
= 0. 0481 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
d.​ Find probability of decay
−λ𝑡 −0.0481·50 −2.405
i.​ 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑒 = 1 − 𝑒 = 1 −𝑒 ≈ 0. 909
e.​ There is about a 91% chance that an atom of plutonium-241 will decay over the
next 50 years
15.​Calculate the intrinsic specific activity (in Ci/g) of Cesium-137.
λ𝑁𝐴
a.​ Specific Activity Formula is 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑀
, where M is the atomic mass, NA is
avogadro’s number, and λ is the decay constant.
b.​ Find Decay Constant
i.​ Half life of Cesium-137: 30.17 years
ii.​ Half life of Cesium-137 in seconds:
365 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 8
30. 17𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 · 1 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
· 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
· 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
· 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
= 9. 52 × 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
 𝑙𝑛2 𝑙𝑛(2) −10 −1
iii.​ λ= 𝑡1/2
= 8 = 7. 28 × 10 𝑠
9.52×10
c.​ Find specific activity in Becquerels/gram
i.​ M=137g/mol
λ𝑁𝐴 7.28×10
−10 −1 23
𝑠 ·6.022×10 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠/𝑚𝑜𝑙 12
ii.​ 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑀
= 137𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 3. 20 × 10 𝐵𝑞/𝑔
d.​ Convert to Ci/g
12 1 𝐶𝑖
i.​ 3. 20 × 10 𝐵𝑞/𝑔 · 10 = 86. 5 𝐶𝑖/𝑔
3.7×10 𝐵𝑞
e.​ The specific activity of Cesium-137 is 86.5 Ci/g.