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Short Term Memory

The document discusses the characteristics and functions of short-term and long-term memory, highlighting their capacity, duration, encoding processes, and roles in cognition. Short-term memory has limited capacity and duration, while long-term memory can store vast amounts of information for extended periods. Additionally, it covers the field of linguistics, detailing its three major branches: phonetics, syntax, and semantics, each focusing on different aspects of language.

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caritaspeace7
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3 views4 pages

Short Term Memory

The document discusses the characteristics and functions of short-term and long-term memory, highlighting their capacity, duration, encoding processes, and roles in cognition. Short-term memory has limited capacity and duration, while long-term memory can store vast amounts of information for extended periods. Additionally, it covers the field of linguistics, detailing its three major branches: phonetics, syntax, and semantics, each focusing on different aspects of language.

Uploaded by

caritaspeace7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1a

Short term memory is a crucial component of the overall memory system in


humans.
Capacity. Short term memory has limited capacity often described as being able
to hold about 5 to 9 items in their memory at a given time. However, the exact
capacity can vary from person to person.
Duration. Information in short-term memory is transient and it typically lasts for
about 15 to 30 seconds without rehearsal. If the information is not actively
rehearsed, it can be forgotten.
Encoding. Short-term utilizes acoustic encoding, meaning people often remember
information by how it sounds. However, it can also involve visual and semantic
encoding especially for certain types of information.
Chunking. To extend the effective capacity of short term memory, individuals
often use a process called chunking. This involves grouping individual pieces of
information into larger manageable units which can help maintain more short-
term memory.
Active processing. Short-term memory is not just a passive storage system , it
involves active processing of information. This is often referred to as working
memory, a model of short-term memory that emphasizes the role of temporary
storage and manipulation of information needed for complex cognitive tasks such
as learning, reasoning, and comprehension.
Susceptibility to interference. Short-term memory is vulnerable to interference
from new information. This comes in two forms, proactive interference and
retroactive interference.
Role in immediate recall and task performance. Short-term memory is criticalfor
tasks requiring immediate call, such as remembering a phone number long
enough to dial it.
Connection to long-term memory. While short-term memory and long-term
memory are distinct constructs, short-term memory serves as a getaway to long-
term memory.
b.
Long-term memory is a crucial aspect of human cognition, allowing individuals to
store, retain, and recall information over extended periods, fro days to a lifetime.
Capacity. Long-term memory has a virtually unlimited capacity. Unlike short-term
memory which can hold limited information, long-term memory can store an
extended amount of information for a very long time.
Duration. Information in long-term memory can last from minutes to a lifetime.
For example, some memories such as childhood experiences may stay with a per
son for a lifetime, while others may fade away.
Encoding. The process of moving information from short-term memory to long-
term memory involves encoding, which can be visual, or acoustic. More
meaningful information is typically encoded more effectively.
Storage. Long-term memories are organized and stored in a manner that allows
retrieval. There are two categories namely declarative memory and non-
declarative memory.
Retrieval. Accessing information from long-term memory can occur through
various retrieval cues, such as association or context.
Forgetting. While long-term memory can retain information for extended periods,
forgetting can occur due to various factors, including decay, interference, and
retrieval failure.
Reconstruction. Memories in long-term memory are not verbatim recordings but
are reconstructed when recalled, which means they can be subject to distortions
or changes over time based on new experiences or information.
Neurobiology. The biology basis of long-term memory involves changes in
synaptic strength and the formation of new neural connections.
Emphasis on context. Long-term memories are often tied to specific contexts or
environments, making the context in which learning occurs an important factor in
how well information is retained and later retrieved.
2.
Linguistics is a broad field that examines language from various perspectives. The
three major branches of linguistics.

Phonetics.
Deals with the sounds of human speech focusing on how these sounds are
produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Phonemes. The smallest units of sound that can distinguish meaning.
Articulatory phonetics. Examines how sounds are produced by the human vocal
apparatus.
Acoustic phonetics. Studies the physical properties of sound produced during
speech.
Auditory phonetics. Investigates how sounds are perceived by the ear and
processed by the brain.

Syntax.
Refers to the structure of sentences and rules that govern the arrangement of
words and phrases.
Phrase structure rules. These dictate how words combine to form phrases and
sentences.
Constituency. These rules define how word group together into units.
Grammar. Syntax also determines whether a sentence is grammatically accepted
within a language.

Semantics.
Semantics is the study of meaning in language, including how meanings are
constructed interpreted and understood.
Lexical semantics. This area looks at the words and phrases and how they relate
to each other.
Compositional semantics. It discusses how individual word meanings combine to
form larger expressions.
Pragmatics. Closely related to semantics, pragmatics considers context and how
situational factors influence meaning such as what is suggested but not explicitly
stated and speech acts.

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