NAME: AZUH CHUKWUEBUKA WISDOM

REG NO: 20161955573

COURSE CODE : COE509 ASSIGNMENT ON GRID COMPUTING

 GRID COMPUTING

Grid computing requires the use of software that can divide and farm out pieces of a program to as
many as several thousand computers. Grid computing can be thought of as distributed and large-scale
cluster computing LEARN MORE Data center outsourcing, collocation and cloud Public cloud computing
services and as a form of network-distributed parallel processing. It can be confined to the network of
computer workstations within a corporation or it can be a public collaboration (in which case it is also
sometimes known as a form of peer-to-peer computing). A grid computing has attracted great attention.
In grid computing, by using multiple computers and executing processes in parallel, we can get powerful
computational power. Grid computing systems often employ regular computers such as personal
computers or workstations. However, we can exploit computational power more effectively by
employing compact computers embedded to many home electronics such as refrigerators or air-
conditioners. In this paper, we propose a grid computing system using compact computers.

Generally, embedded compact computers almost always execute their assigned processes. Therefore,
our proposed system controls their computational powers so that processes required by the grid
computing system do not interrupt assigned processes for compact computers. Grid computing (or the
use of a computational grid) is applying the resources of many computers in a network to a single
problem at the same time - usually to a scientific or technical problem that requires a great number of
computer processing cycles or access to large amounts of data.

A well-known example of grid computing in the public domain is the ongoing SETI (Search for
Extraterrestrial Intelligence) @Home project in which thousands of people are sharing the unused
processor cycles of their PCs in the vast search for signs of "rational" signals from outer space. According
to John Patrick, IBM's vice-president for Internet strategies, "the next big thing will be grid
computing."The grid computing concept isn't a new one. It's a special kind of distributed computing. In
distributed computing, different computers within the same network share one or more resources. In
the ideal grid computing system, every resource is shared, turning a computer network into a powerful
supercomputer. With the right user interface, accessing a grid computing system would look no different
than accessing a local machine's resources.

Every authorized computer would have access to enormous processing power and storage capacity

Grid computing systems work on the principle of pooled resources. knowledge and skills to make the
trip fun .
II. GRID COMPUTING CONCEPT
A grid computing system uses that same concept, share the load across multiple computers to complete
tasks more efficiently and quickly. Before going too much further, let's take a quick look at a computer's
resources

• Central processing unit (CPU): A CPU is a microprocessor that performs mathematical

operations and directs data to different memorylocations. Computers can have more than one CPU.

• Memory:
In general, a computer's memory is a kind of temporary electronic storage. Memory keeps relevant data
close at hand for the microprocessor. Without memory, the microprocessor would have to search and
retrieve data from a more permanent storage device such as a hard disk drive.

• Storage:
In grid computing terms, storage refers to permanent data storage devices like hard disk drives or
databases.

Basic Structure of Grid

Normally, a computer can only operate within the limitations of its own resources. There's an upper
limit to how fast it can complete an operation or how much information it can store. Most computers
are upgradeable, which means it's possible to add more power or capacity to a single computer, but
that's still just an incremental increase in performance. Grid computing systems link computer resources
together in a way that lets someone use one computer to access and leverage the collected power of all
the computers in the system. To the individual user, it's as if the user's computer has transformed into a
supercomputer.

III. GRID COMPUTING-HOW IT WORKS?

A scientist studying proteins logs into a computer and uses an entire network of computers to analyze
data.

A businessman accesses his company's network through a PDA in order to forecast the future of a
particular stock. An Army official accesses and coordinates computer resources on three different
military networks to formulate a battle strategy. All of these scenarios have one thing in common: They
rely on a concept called grid computing. At its most basic level, grid computing is a computer network in
which each computer's resources are shared with every other computer in the system. Processing
power, memory and data storage are all community resources that authorized users can tap into and
leverage for specific tasks. A grid computing system can be as simple as a collection of similar computers
running on the same operating system or as complex as inter-networked systems comprised of every
computer platform you can think of. The grid computing concept isn't a new one. It's a special kind of
distributed computing. In distributed computing, different computers within the same network share
one or more resources. In the ideal grid computing system, every resource is shared, turning a computer
network into a powerful supercomputer.

How Grid Works

With the right user interface, accessing a grid computing system would look no different than accessing
a local machine's resources. Every authorized computer would have access to enormous processing
power and storage capacity. Though the concept isn't new, it's also not yet perfected.

Computer scientists, programmers and engineers are still working on creating, establishing and
implementing standards and protocols. Right now, many existing grid computer systems rely on
proprietary software and tools. Once people agree upon a reliable set of standards and protocols, it will
be easier and more efficient for organizations to adopt the grid computing model.

Figure 1.0 : How Gird works

IV. GRID COMPUTING -SHARING RESOURCES
Several companies and organizations are working together to create a standardized set of rules called
protocols to make it easier to set up grid computing environments. It's possible to create a grid
computing system right now and several already exist. But what's missing is an agreed-upon approach.
That means that two different grid computing systems may not be compatible with one another,
because each is working with a unique set of protocols and tools.In general, a grid computing system
requires:

At least one computer, usually a server, which handles all the administrative duties for the

system. Many people refer to this kind of computer as a control node. Other application and Web
servers (both physical and virtual) provide specific services to the system.

A network of computers running special grid computing network software. These computers act both as
a point of interface for the user and as the resources the system will tap into for different applications.
Grid computing systems can either include several computers of the same make running on the same
operating system (called a homogeneous system) or a hodgepodge of different computers running on
every operating system imaginable (a heterogeneous system). The network can be anything from a
hardwired system where every computer connects to the system with physical wires to an open system
where computers connect with each other over the Internet.

• A collection of computer software called middleware. The purpose of middleware is to

allow different computers to run a process or application across the entire network of

machines. Middleware is the workhorse of the grid computing system. Without it, communication
across the system would be impossible. Like software in general, there's no single format for
middleware.

V. ISSUES IN GRID COMPUTING

Grid computing is a highly collaborative distributed computing model; solutions to traditional distributed
computing issues, such as security and resource management, do not scale well in grid computing.

Furthermore, grid computing introduces other issues, such as information services and data
management. We summarize those grid issues in the following and refer readers or related literature for
more detailed discussions.

• Security: Most distributed computing systems use identity-based authentication and

authorization control. As the typical case, a user is given a username and password for accessing a
computing system; when she is ready to launch her applications, she logs into the system and submits
the application jobs. In a grid

environment, users or their agents simultaneously need accesses to multiple resources from different
administrative domains that have different security mechanisms. This requirement creates several
security issues. The two typical ones are:

• Single sign-on: A user should be able to authenticate once (e.g., when starting a
computation) and initiate computations that acquire resources, use resources, release resources, and
communicate internally, without further authentication of the user.Interoperability with local security
solutions: While the grid security solutions may provide inter-domain access mechanisms, an access to a
resource will typically be determined by a local security policy that is enforced by local security
mechanisms. It is impractical to modify every local resource to accommodate inter-domain accesses.

• Resource Management: Grid resources are from different administrative domains that
have their own local resource managers and a grid does not have full control of these resources. When
managing these resources, a grid resource management system should respect the usage policies
enforced by local resource managers, and meanwhile, deliver user required quality of services and
improve global resource usage. This dilemma, i.e., managing a resource without ownership, is referred
to as “site autonomy” and “heterogeneous substrate” issues. Another requirement for grid resource
management comes from the fact that some grid applications, such as workflow, require resources to be
allocated based on the application execution patterns and coordinated allocations of multiple resources
simultaneously are necessary in order to deliver application-level quality of services.

Also, resource management should be able to adapt application requirements to resource availability,
particularly, when the requirements and resource characteristics change during execution. These issues
are referred to as resource co-allocation and online-control.[5]
• Information Services: Information services play an important role in grids. They indicate
the status and availability of grid entities, i.e., compute resources, software libraries, networks, etc.,
without which there would be little coordination in such a dynamic environment as a grid. A grid
information system should provide two types of services, the accounting service and the auditing
service. Grid accounting maintains historical information of resource status and job resource
consumption for the purpose of performance prediction, resource allotment, charging and application
performance tuning. Grid auditing provides runtime information of resource load status and application
resource consumption for the purpose of resource allocation and resource usage control.

• Data Management: Data-intensive, high performance computing applications require the

efficient management and transfer of terabytes or petabytes of information in wide-area, distributed
computing environments. Data management is concerned with how to provide secure, efficient and
transparent access to distributed, heterogeneous pools of data on wide-area grid resources. In providing
such services, grids should harness data, storage, and network resources located in distinct
administrative domains, respect local and global policies governing how data can be used, schedule
resources efficiently (again subject to local and global constraints), and provide high speed and reliable
accesses to data.

• Standardization: Grid computing is a highly integrated system and a grid is built from multi
purpose protocols and interfaces that address those fundamental issues described above. The grid
vision requires protocols (and interfaces and policies) that are not only open and general purpose but
also standard.
Benefits of grid computing

Exploiting under utilized resources : One of the basic uses of grid computing is to run an
existing application on a different machine. The machine on which the application is normally run might
be unusually busy due to a peak in activity. The job in question could be run on an idle machine
elsewhere on the grid. There are at least two prerequisites for this scenario. First, the application must
be executable remotely and without undue overhead. Second, the remote machine must meet any
special hardware, software, or resource requirements imposed by the application. For example, a batch
job that spends a significant amount of time processing a set of input data to produce an output data set
is perhaps the most ideal and simple use case for a grid. If the quantities of input and output are large,
more thought and planning might be required to efficiently use the grid for such a job. It would usually
not make sense to use a word processor remotely on a grid because there would probably be greater
delays and more potential points of failure.

Access to additional resources

As already stated, in addition to CPU and storage resources, a grid can provide access to other resources
as well. The additional resources can be provided in additional numbers and/or capacity. For example, if
a user needs to increase their total bandwidth to the Internet to implement a data mining search
engine, the work can be split among grid machines that have independent connections to the Internet.
In this way, total searching capability is multiplied, since each machine has a separate connection to the
Internet. If the machines had shared the connection to the Internet, there would not have been an
effective increase in bandwidth.

Reliability
High-end conventional computing systems use expensive hardware to increase reliability. They are built
using chips with redundant circuits that vote on results, and contain logic to achieve graceful recovery
from an assortment of hardware failures. The machines also use duplicate processors with hot
pluggability so that when they fail, one can be replaced without turning the other off. Power supplies
and cooling systems are duplicated. The systems are operated on special power sources that can start
generators if utility power is interrupted. All of this builds a reliable system, but at a great cost, due to
the duplication of expensive components. In the future, we will see a complement

Management
The goal to virtualize the resources on the grid and more uniformly handle heterogeneous systems will
create new opportunities to better manage a larger, more distributed IT infrastructure. It will be easier
to visualize capacity and utilization, making it easier for IT departments to control expenditures for
computing resources over a larger organization.
 Grid user roles

Enrolling and installing grid software

A user may first have to enroll in the grid and install the provided grid software on

his own machine. He may optionally enroll his machine as a donor on the grid. Enrolling in the grid may
require authentication for security purposes. The user positively establishes his identity with a
Certificate Authority. This should not be done solely via the Internet. The Certificate Authority must take
steps to assure that the user is in fact who he claims to be. The Certificate Authority makes a special
certificate available to software needing to check the true identity of a grid user and his grid requests.
Similar steps may be required to identify the donating machine. The user has the responsibility of
keeping his grid credentials secure.

Logging onto the grid

Most grid systems require the user to log on to a system using an ID that is enrolled in the grid. Other
grid systems may have their own grid login ID separate from the one on the operating system. A grid
login is usually more convenient for grid users. It eliminates the ID matching problems among different
machines. To the user, it makes the grid look more like one large virtual computer rather than a
collection of individual machines. Some grid environments may use a proxy login model that keeps the
user logged in for a specified amount of time, even if he logs off and back on the operating system and
even if the machine is rebooted.

Data configuration
The data accessed by the grid jobs may simply be staged in and out by the grid system. However,
depending on its size and the number of jobs, this can potentially add up to a large amount of data
traffic. For this reason, some thought is usually given on how to arrange to have the minimum of such
data movement on the grid.

Reserving resources
To improve the quality of a service, the user may arrange to reserve a set of

resources in advance for his exclusive or high-priority use. A calendaring system

analogy can be used here. Such a reservation system can also be used in

conjunction with planned hardware or software maintenance events, when the

affected resource might not be available for grid use.
 REFERENCES

- J. Joseph, M. Ernest, and C. Fellenstein, Evolution of grid computing architecture and grid adoption
models, IBM Systems Journal Vol 43, No 4, 2004.

- M. Baker, A. Apon, C. Ferner, and J. Brown, Emerging Grid Standards, page. 43-50, IEEE Computer, April
2005.

- I. Foster, J. Frey, S. Graham, S. Tuecke, K. Czajkowski, D. Ferguson, F

- What is the Grid? A Three Point Checklist” Ian Foster, Argonne National Laboratory & University of
Chicago

“A Review on Wireless Grid Computing” S. S. Manvi, Member, IACSIT and M. N. Birje, International
Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 3, June, 2010

http://www.techpdf.in/grid_computing.php

“A Study on Applications of Grid Computing in Bioinformatics”, Manjula K.A, Department of Information

Technology, Kannur University.

“Secure Grid Computing”,Jianmin Zhu and Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham, University of Texas at Dallas,
IJCSNS

International Journal of Computer 216 Science and Network Security, VOL.6 No.8B, August 2006.