Created by T.

Madas

MATRICES
PRACTICE

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

MATRIX
INTRODUCTION

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
The matrices A , B and C are given below in terms of the scalar constants a , b , c
and d , by

 −2 3   b −1  1 c
A = , B= , C= .
 1 a  2 −4  d 4

Given that A + B = C , find the value of a , b , c and d .

a = 8, b = 3, c = 2, d = 3

Question 2
The matrices A , B and C are given below in terms of the scalar constants a , b and
c , by

 a 2  2 4  −1 c 
A= , B= , C= .
 3 7 b 2  3 2

Given that 2 A − 3B = 4C , find the value of a , b and c .

a = 1, b = −2, c = −2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
Multiply each of the following matrices.

 4 51 2
a)   
 2 13 1

−4 2  1 −4 
b)   
 3 4  −2 7 

3 1
 2 −1 1 
c)  1 2   
 1 7   −1 2 −1 
 

 1 −1 
2 1 1  
d)    1 −1 
 4 6 5 
 −1 1 

 4 −1  5 
e)   
 2 −1  2 

 4 1  −1 0  1 3 
f)    
 1 2  1 4  3 −5 

 5 −1 2 
19 13   −8 30     2 −2  , 18  ,  9 −29 
 ,   ,  0 3 −1  ,      
 5 5   −5 16   −5 13 −6   5 −5   8   25 −37 
 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
Multiply each of the following matrices.

 1 2 3  1 2 1 
  
a)  0 1 2  1 0 1 
 2 1 3  2 1 0 
  

1 1 41 1 1
  
b)  0 1 2   1 4 2 
3 1 00 3 1
  

 4 1 −1  1 2 −1 
  
c)  0 −1 2   −1 0 2 
 3 −1 0   0 −1 −4 
  

 4 −1 −1 2 
  
d)  2 2 0  1 
1 7 −1 
  1 

 9 5 3   2 17 7   3 9 2  6
 5 2 1  ,  1 10 4  ,  1 −2 −10  ,  6 
       
 9 7 3   4 7 5   4 6 −5   8 
       

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
A matrix T represents the linear transformation

 x X
   
T y  :
 Y 
z  
  Z

so that

1  3 1 6  2  1

           
T  0  :
 4  , T  1  :
 1  , T  1 :
 1 .
0   0    −4   
   2   5    −1

Find the elements of T .

 3 3 2
 
T =  4 −3 1 
 2 3 2
 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

MATRIX
ROW
REDUCTION

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
Solve the following simultaneous equations by manipulating their augmented matrix
into reduced row echelon form.

 1 1 −3  x   6 
    
 2 1 4  y  =  3 
 5 2 16  z   4 
    

V , x = −10, y = 19, z = 1

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2

x + 5 y + 7 z = 41
5x − 4 y + 6z = 2
7 x + 9 y − 3z = 1

Solve the system of simultaneous equations by manipulating their augmented matrix

into reduced row echelon form.

x = −2, y = 3, z = 4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3

x + 3 y + 5z = 6
6x − 8 y + 4z = − 3
3 x + 11 y + 13 z = 17

Solve the system of simultaneous equations by manipulating their augmented matrix

into reduced row echelon form.

V , MM1A , x = − 1 , y = 1 , z = 1
2 2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4

4x + 2 y + 7 z = 2
10 x − 4 y − 5 z = 50
4x + 3 y + 9z = − 2

Solve the system of simultaneous equations by manipulating their augmented matrix

into reduced row echelon form.

x = 4, y = 0, z = −2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5

x + 3 y + 2 z = 14
2x + y + z = 7
3x + 2 y − z = 7

Solve the system simultaneous equations by manipulating their augmented matrix into
reduced row echelon form.

x = 1, y = 3, z = 2

Question 6

2 x + 5 y + 3z = 2
x + 2 y + 2z = 4
x + y + 4 z =11

Solve the above simultaneous equations by manipulating their augmented matrix into
reduced row echelon form.

x = 12, y = −5, z = 1

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7

2x + y − z = 3
x + 3y + z = 2
3x + 2 y − 3z = 1

Solve the system of simultaneous equations by manipulating their augmented matrix

into reduced row echelon form.

x = 3, y = −1, z = 2

Question 8
Solve the following simultaneous equations by manipulating their augmented matrix
into reduced row echelon form.

 1 2 1  x   1 
    
 1 1 3  y  =  2 
 3 5 3  z   4 
    

x = 3, y = −1, z = 0

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9

x + 3 y + 2 z = 13
3x + 2 y − z = 4
2x + y + z = 7

Solve the system of simultaneous equations by manipulating their augmented matrix

into reduced row echelon form.

x = 1, y = 2, z = 3

Question 10
Solve the following simultaneous equations by manipulating their augmented matrix
into reduced row echelon form.

 1 1 1  x   5 
    
 2 4 2  y  =  8 
 1 2 2  z   8 
    

x = 2, y = −1, z = 4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 11

x + y + 2z = 2
2x − y + z = − 2
3x + y + 4 z = 2

Show, by reducing the augmented matrix of the above system of equations into row
echelon form, that the solution can be written as

x = −t , y = 2 − t , z = t

where t is a scalar parameter.

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 12

3 x − 2 y − 18 z = 6
2 x + y − 5 z = 25

Show, by reducing the above system of equations into row echelon form, that the
solution can be written as

r = 8i + 9 j + λ ( 4i − 3j + k ) ,

where λ is a scalar parameter.

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 13

x + y − 2z = 2
3x − y + 6 z = 2
6 x + 5 y − 9 z =11

Show, by reducing the above equation system into row echelon form, that the
consistent solution of the system can be written as

x = 1− t , y = 3t + 1 , z=t

where t is a scalar parameter.

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 14

3x − y − 5 z = 5
2 x + y − 5 z =10
x + y − 3z = 7

Show, by reducing the above system into row echelon form, that the consistent solution
of the system can be written as

x = 2t + 3 , y = t +4, z=t.

V , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

DETERMINANTS

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
The 2 × 2 matrix A is defined, in terms of a scalar constant a , by

4+ a a
A= .
 1 3

Given that A is singular, find the value of a .

a = −6

Question 2
The 2 × 2 matrix B is defined, in terms of a scalar constant b , by

 −1 b + 1 
B= .
 −3 b − 4 

Given that B is singular, determine the value of b .

b=−7
2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
Evaluate each of the following determinants to the answer given.

0 −7 1
a) 7 0 1 =0
−1 −1 0

3 0 2
b) 0 −1 0 = −4
1 1 2

3 0 1
c) 2 2 5 =6
3 0 2

14 1 3
d) 1 0 1 = −14
9 2 1

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
Evaluate each of the following determinants to the answer given.

2 3 −3
a) 1 1 0 = −9
−1 4 −6

−2 10 3
b) 1 6 4 =0
−1 2 0

2 −3 3
c) −2 4 9 = 29
−1 0 −5

1 2 −1
d) 2 2 −2 = 2
−4 2 3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
Evaluate the each of the following determinants to the answer given.

−3 1 3
a) 0 1 −2 = −36
3 3 1

7 9 4
b) 4 4 3 = −29
2 7 2

1 −1 4
c) 3 −3 10 = 0
3 −3 8

0 −4 3
d) 4 0 5 =0
−3 −5 0

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
The 3 × 3 matrix A is defined in terms of the scalar constant k by

 2 −1 3 
 
A= k 2 4  .
k −2 3 k + 7 


Given that A = 8 , find the possible values of k .

k = −2, k = −8

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7
A transformation in three dimensional space is defined by the following 3 × 3 matrix.

 1 3 −1 
 
A = 2 3 1.
 4 0 −5 
 

a) Find the value of det A .

A cone with a volume of 26 cm3 is transformed by the matrix composition AB 2 .

1
b) Given that det B = , calculate the volume of the transformed cone.
13

detA = 39 , volume = 6

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8
A transformation in three dimensional space is defined by the following 3 × 3 matrix,
where x is a scalar constant.

 2 −2 4
 
C= 5 x − 2 2 .
 −1 3 x 


Show that C is non singular for all values of x .

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9
A transformation in three dimensional space is defined by the following 3 × 3 matrix,
where k is a scalar constant.

 1 −2 k
 
A = k 2 0.
2 3 1 


Show that the transformation defined by A can be inverted for all values of k .

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 10
A transformation in three dimensional space is defined by the following 3 × 3 matrix,
where y is a scalar constant.

 y − 3 −2 0 
 
M= 1 y −2 
 −1 y − 1 y − 1


If M = 0 , find the possible values of y .

y = −1, y = 0, y = 3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 11
A non invertible transformation in three dimensional space is defined by the following
3 × 3 matrix, where a is a scalar constant.

a 1 2
 
A =  2 −1 a
3 a 4 


Determine the possible values of a .

a = 1, a = −2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 12
The 3 × 3 matrices A and B are defined in terms of a scalar constant k by

 k 9 2  1 −3 2 
   
A =  1 k 0 and B =  k 2 −1  .
 5 −1 1  4 1 1 
   

a) Find an expression for det A , in terms of k .

b) Find the possible values of k given that AB is singular.

det A = k 2 − 10k − 11 , k = −1, 11, 1

5

Question 13
Factorize fully the following 3 × 3 determinant.

1 x y+z
2 y z+x .
3 z x+ y

( x + y + z )( x − 2 y + z )

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 14
Factorize fully the following 3 × 3 determinant.

1 1 1
x y z .
yz zx xy

( x − y )( y − z )( z − x )

Question 15
Factorize fully the following 3 × 3 determinant.

1 1 1
a 2 b2 c 2 .
bc ca ab

( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )( a + b + c )

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 16
Factorize fully the following 3 × 3 determinant.

x y z
x2 y2 z2 .
yz zx xy

( x − y )( y − z )( z − x )( xy + yz + zx )

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

MATRIX
INVERSE

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
Find the inverse for each of the following 2 × 2 matrices.

 2 −1 
a) A= 
 3 −4 

 3 1
b) B= 
 1 1

 −2 2 
c) C= 
 −4 3 

 3 −4 
d) D= 
 2 −3 

1  4 −1  −1 1  1 −1  −1 1  3 −2  −1  3 −4 
A −1 =  , B =  , C =   , D = 
5  3 −2  2  −1 3  2  4 −2   2 −3 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
Find, in terms of k , the inverse of the following 2 × 2 matrix.

 k k +1 
M= .
 k +1 k + 2 

Verify your answer by multiplication.

 − k − 2 k + 1
M −1 =  
 k +1 −k 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
The 2 × 2 matrices A and B are given by

5 2  9 12 
A=  and B= .
2 1 4 5 

Find the 2 × 2 matrix X that satisfy the equation

AX = B .

1 2
X= 
2 1

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
The triangle T1 is mapped by the 2 × 2 matrix

 1 −2 
A= 
 3 −1 

onto the triangle T2 , whose vertices have coordinates A2 ( −1, 2 ) , B2 (10,15) and
C2 ( −18, −14 ) .

Find the coordinates of the vertices of T1 .

A1 (1,1) , B1 ( 4, −3) , C1 ( −2,8 )

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
The triangle T1 is mapped by the 2 × 2 matrix

 4 −1 
B= 
3 1 

onto the triangle T2 , whose vertices have coordinates A2 ( 4,3) , B2 ( 4,10 ) and
C2 (16,12 ) .

a) Find the coordinates of the vertices of T1 .

b) Determine the area of T2 .

A1 (1,0 ) , B1 ( 2, 4 ) , C1 ( 4,0 ) , area = 42

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
The triangle T1 is mapped by the 2 × 2 matrix

 2 1
B= 
 1 3

onto the triangle T2 , whose vertices have coordinates A2 ( −7, −1) , B2 ( 5,5 ) and
C2 ( 7,16 ) .

a) Find the coordinates of the vertices of T1 .

b) Determine the area of T2 .

A1 ( −4,1) , B1 ( 2,1) , C1 (1,5 ) , area = 20

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7
Find the inverse of each the following 3 × 3 matrices.

 2 4 2
 
a) A = 1 2 2
1 1 1
 

 1 2 3
 
b) B =  2 3 1 
 3 5 2
 

1 2 3 
 
c) C =  1 1 −2 
2 1 1 
 

 0 −2 4   1 11 −7   −3 −1 7 
1  1  1 
A =  1 0 −2  , B −1 =
−1
 −1 −7 −1
5  , C =  5 5 −5 
2  2  10  
 −1 2 0   1 1 −1   1 −3 1 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8
Find the inverse of each the following 3 × 3 matrices.

0 1 −1
 
a) A = 1 2 −1
 2 −1 1 
 

 −3 4 3 
 
b) B =  −4 5 4 
 3 −3 −2 
 

1 2 1
 
c) C =  2 1 1 
1 4 2
 

 1 0 1  2 −1 1   2 0 −1 
1
−1  −1   −1  
A =  −3 2 −1  , B =  4 −3 0  , C =  3 −1 −1 
2   −3 3 1   −7 2
 −5 2 −1     3 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9
Find the inverse of each the following 3 × 3 matrices.

1 2 −1
 
a) A = 2 3 −1
 2 − 1 1
 

 −1 −1 1 
 
b) B =  6 2 −5 
 0 −2 1 
 

 5 −2 2 
 
c) C =  3 −4 −5 
 −2 3 4 


 2 −1 1  −8 −1 3   −1 14 18 
1  1   
A =  −4 3 −1 , B −1 =
−1

−1
−6 −1 1  , C =  −2 24 31 
2 2
 −8 5 −1 
 −12 −2 4 
 1 −11 −14 
 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 10
The 3 × 3 matrix A is given below.

 2 1 −1 
 
A =  0 2 −2  .
 3 4 −1 
 

a) Find the inverse of A .

The point P has been mapped by A onto the point Q ( 6, 0,12 ) .

b) Determine the coordinates of P .

 6 −3 0 
−1 1 
A =  −6 1 4  , P ( 3,1,1)
12  
 −6 −5 4 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 11
The 3 × 3 matrix M is given below.

 5 2 1
 
M =  0 1 1 .
 1 3 1
 

a) Find the inverse of M .

The point A has been transformed by M into the point B ( 5, 2, −1) .

b) Determine the coordinates of A .

 2 −1 −1 
1 
M =  −1 −4 5  , A (1, −2, 4 )
−1

9 
 1 13 −5 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 12
The 3 × 3 matrix A is given below.

1 2 1
 
A = 2 3 1 .
 3 4 2
 

a) Find the inverse of A .

b) Hence, or otherwise, solve the system of equations

x + 2y + z =1
2x + 3 y + z = 4
3x + 4 y + 2 z = 4

 −2 0 1 
A −1  
=  1 1 −1  , x = 2, y = 1, z = −3
 1 −2 1 
 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 13
The 3 × 3 matrix M is given below.

3 2 1 
 
M =  1 −2 −1  .
1 0 3 
 

a) Find the inverse of M .

b) Hence, or otherwise, solve the following system of equations.

3x + 2 y + z = 7
x − 2y − z =1
x + 3 z = 11

 3 3 0
−1 1 
M =  2 −4 −2  , x = 2, y = −1, z = 3
12  
 −1 −1 4 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 14
The 3 × 3 matrix A is given below.

 3 1 −3 
 
A =  2 4 3
 −4 2 −1 
 

The matrix A is non singular.

a) Evaluate A 2 − A .

b) Show clearly that

A −1 = 1 [ A − I ] .
20

20I

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

MATRIX
TRANSFORMATIONS

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
Describe fully the transformation given by the following 2 × 2 matrix.

 12 5 
 13 13  .
 − 5 12 
 13 13 

rotation, anticlockwise, by arcsin 5

13

Question 2
Describe fully the transformation given by the following 3 × 3 matrix.

 0.28 −0.96 0
 
 0.96 0.28 0 .
 0 0 1 


rotation in the z axis, anticlockwise, by arcsin 24

25

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
A plane transformation maps the general point ( x, y ) to the general point ( X , Y ) by

X  x
  = A  ,
Y   y

1 2
where A is the 2 × 2 matrix  .
0 1

a) Give a full geometrical description for the transformation represented by A ,

stating the equation of the line of invariant points under this transformation

b) Calculate A 2 and describe geometrically the transformation it represents.

shear parallel to y = 0, ( 0,1)
( 2,1) line of invariant points y = 0 ,

shear parallel to y = 0, ( 0,1)
( 4,1)

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
A plane transformation maps the points ( x, y ) to the points ( X , Y ) such that

 X   6.4 −7.2  x 
 =   .
 Y   −7.2 10.6  y 

a) Find the area scale factor of the transformation.

The points which lie on a straight line through the origin remain invariant under this
transformation.

b) Determine the equation of this straight line.

SF = 16 , y = 3 x
4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
The transformation represented by the 2 × 2 matrix A maps the point ( 3, 4 ) onto the
point (10, 4 ) , and the point ( 5, −2 ) onto the point ( 8, −2 ) .

Determine the elements of A .

 2 1
A= 
 0 1

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
The 2 × 2 matrices A and B are given below

2 1  1 0
A=  and B =  .
 2 0  −2 2 

The matrix C represents the combined effect of the transformation represented by the
B , followed by the transformation represented by A .

a) Determine the elements of C .

b) Describe geometrically the transformation represented by C .

0 2
C=  , enlargement by scale factor 2, reflection in the line y = x, in any order
2 0

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7
The 3 × 3 matrices A and B are given below.

 1 0 0 1 0 0
   
A =  0 0 −1 and B =  0 −1 0 .
 0 1 0 0 0 1 
  

a) Describe geometrically the transformations given by each of the two matrices.

The matrix C is defined as the transformation defined by the matrix A , followed by

the transformation defined by the matrix B .

b) Describe geometrically the transformation represented by C .

A : rotation about x axis, 90° anticlockwise , B : reflection in the xz plane ,

C : reflection in the plane y = z

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8
The 3 × 3 matrices A and B are given below.

1 0 0 1 0 0
   
A = 0 0 1 and B =  0 −1 0 .
0 1 0 0 0 1 
  

a) Describe geometrically the transformations given by each of the two matrices.

The matrix C is defined as the transformation defined by the matrix A , followed by

the transformation defined by the matrix B .

b) Describe geometrically the transformation represented by C .

A : reflection in the plane y = z , B : reflection in the xz plane ,

C : rotation in the x axis, 90°, clockwise

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9
The matrix A :  2
 2 and the matrix A :  2
 2 are defined as

1 0 0 
1 0  
A=  and B =  0 cos 45° − sin 45°  .
3 1  0 sin 45° cos 45° 
 

Describe geometrically the transformations given by each of these matrices.

State in each case the equation of the line of invariant points.

A : shear parallel to y axis, (1,0 )
( 3,1) ,

B : rotation in the x axis, 45°, anticlockwise , A : x = 0 , B : y = z = 0, i.e. x axis

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 10
The 2 × 2 matrix A is given below.

 −1 3
A= .
 3 −1 


Determine the elements of A3 and hence describe geometrically the transformation

represented by A .

 8 0  rotation of 120°, anticlockwise & enlargement of S.F. 2,

A3 =  ,
 0 8  both about the origin and in any order.

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 11
Find the image of the straight line with equation

2 x + 3 y = 10 ,

under the transformation represented by the 2 × 2 matrix

1 2 
A= .
 3 −1 

11x + y = 70

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 12
Find in Cartesian form the image of the straight line with equation

x − 2 y + 2 1− z
= = ,
3 4 2

under the transformation represented by the 3 × 3 matrix A , shown below.

 1 0 1
 
A =  2 1 1 .
 0 0 1
 

y − 3 1− z
x−3 = =
8 2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 13

 −3 0 0
 
M =  0 −3 0
 0 0 3 


The 3 × 3 matrix M above, describes two consecutive geometrical transformations of

3 dimensional space, which can be carried out in any order.

Describe geometrically each these two transformations.

rotation about z axis,180° , uniform enlargement, S.F. = 3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 14
A plane transformation maps the general point ( x, y ) onto the general point ( X , Y ) , by

 X   2 −1 x 
 =   .
 Y   −1 2 y 

a) Find the area scale factor of the transformation.

b) Determine the equation of the straight line of invariant points under this
transformation.

c) Show that all the straight lines with equation of the form

x+ y =c,

where c is a constant, are invariant lines under this transformation.

d) Hence describe the transformation geometrically.

SF = 3 , y = x , stretch perpendicular to the line y = x, by area scale factor 3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 15
Describe fully the transformation given by the following 2 × 2 matrix

 3 4
− 5 5
 .
 4 3
 
 5 5

The description must be supported by mathematical calculations.

reflection in y = 2 x

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 16
The matrices A and B are defined as

 1 1
  1 0 1 
A =  −1 1 and B= ,
 1 1 2 2 k
 

where k is a scalar constant.

a) Without calculating AB , show that AB is singular for all values of k .

b) Show that BA is non singular for all values of k .

When k = −2 the matrix BA represents a combination of a uniform enlargement with

linear scale factor a and another transformation T .

c) Find the value of a and describe T geometrically.

a = 8 , rotation about O, clockwise, by 45°

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 17
The 2 × 2 matrix M is defined by

 0 3
M= .
3 0

Find, by calculation, the equations of the two lines which pass through the origin, that
remain invariant under the transformation represented by M .

y = ±x

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 18
The curve C has equation

5 x 2 − 16 xy + 13 y 2 = 25 .

This curve is to be transformed by the 2 × 2 matrix A , given below.

 −1 2 
A= .
 −2 3 

Show that, under this transformation matrix, the image of C is the circle with equation

x 2 + y 2 = 25 .

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 19
The 3 × 3 matrix A is defined by

 0 0 −1
 
A =  0 1 0 .
 1 0 0
 

a) Describe geometrically the transformation given by A .

The 3 × 3 matrix B represents a rotation of 180° about the line x = z , y = 0 .

b) Determine the elements of B .

The 3 × 3 matrix C is represents the transformation defined by B , followed by the

transformation defined by A .

c) Describe geometrically the transformation represented by C .

0 0 1
 
A : rotation about y axis, 90° clockwise , B =  0 −1 0 ,
1 0 0 

C : rotation about z axis, 180°

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 20
The 3 × 3 matrix R is defined by

 −1 0 0 
 
R =  0 1 0 .
 0 0 1
 

The image of the straight line L , when transformed by R , is the straight line with
Cartesian equation

x + 2 y −1 z −1
= = .
3 2 4

Find a Cartesian equation for L .

x − 2 y −1 z −1
= =
−3 2 4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 21
The 3 × 3 matrix C is defined by

1 2 0 
 
C = 1 0 1  .
1 1 1 
 

Find, in Cartesian form, the image of the plane with Cartesian equation

2 x + y − z = 12

under the transformation defined by C .

3 x + 4 y − 5 z = 12

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 22
A transformation T :  2
 2 is represented by the 2 × 2 matrix A below.

 −3 8 
A= .
 −1 3 

a) Find the determinant of A and explain its significance in sign and size.

b) Find the equation of the line of the invariant points of A .

c) Determine the entries of the 2 × 2 matrix B which represents a reflection about

the line found in part (b), giving all its entries as simple fractions.

The 2 × 2 matrix A , consists of a shear represented by the matrix C , followed by a

reflection represented by the matrix B .

d) Determine the elements of C and describe the shear.

3 4   − 13 36 
det A = −1 , y = x , B =   , C= 5 5 
1 5 5
2 4 −3   − 9 23 
5 5   5 5 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 23
A transformation T , maps the general point ( x, y ) onto the general point ( X , Y ) , by

 X   −1 2  x 
 =   .
 Y   −2 3  y 

a) Find the area scale factor of the transformation.

b) Determine the equation of the line of invariant points under this transformation.

c) Show that all the straight lines of the form

y = x+c,

where c is a constant, are invariant lines under T .

d) Hence state the name of T .

e) Show that the acute angle formed by the straight line with equation y = − x and
its the image under T is

3π 5
− arctan   .
4 3

SF = 1 , y = x , shear

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

EIGENVALUES
&
EIGENVECTORS

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the following 2 × 2 matrix.

7 6
A= .
6 2

 2  3
λ = −2, u = α   , λ = 11, u = β  
 −3   2

Question 2
Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the following 2 × 2 matrix.

7 3 
C= .
 3 −1 

 1  3
λ = −2, u = α   , λ = 8, u = β  
 −3  1

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the following 2 × 2 matrix.

1 3 
M= .
 2 2

 3 1
λ = −1, u = α   , λ = 4, u = β  
 −2  1

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
Determine the eigenvalues and the corresponding equations of invariant lines of the
following 2 × 2 matrix.

 4 −5 
B= .
 6 −9 

λ = 1, y = 53 x , λ = −6, y = 2 x

Question 5
Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the following 2 × 2 matrix.

2 1
C= .
 2 3

 1 1
λ = 1, u = α   , λ = 4, u = β  
 −1   2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
The 3 × 3 matrix A is given below.

 −4 −4 4 
 
A =  −1 0 1  . .
 −7 −6 7 
 

Given that I is the 3 × 3 identity matrix, determine the values of the constant λ , so
that A + λ I is singular.

λ = 0, −1, −2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7
Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the following 3 × 3 matrix.

 3 −1 1
 
A = 2 0 2 .
 −1 1 1 


λ = 0, λ = 2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8
Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the following 3 × 3 matrix.

 6 1 −1 
 
M = 0 7 0  .
 3 −1 2 
 

1 1  3
λ1 = 3, u =  0  , λ2 = 5, v =  0  , λ3 = 7, w =  4 
   
 3 1 1
     

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9
Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the following 3 × 3 matrix.

1 1 0
 
A = 1 2 1 .
0 1 1
 

 1  1 1
λ1 = 0, u =  −1 , λ2 = 1, v =  0  , λ3 = 3, w =  2 
   
 1  −1  1
     

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 10
Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of the following 3 × 3 matrix.

1 2 4
 
A =  2 1 4 .
 2 3 2
 

 −3   4 1
λ1 = −1, u =  1  , λ2 = −2, v =  4  , λ3 = 7, w = 1
   
 1  −5  1
     

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 11
The 3 × 3 matrix A is given below.

 2 −5 0 
 
A =  −5 −1 3 .
 0 3 −6 


Since A is symmetric, determine an orthogonal 3 × 3 matrix P and a diagonal 3 × 3

matrix D such that P T AP = D .

 5 1 1 
− 
 42 3 14 
6 0 0
 4 1 2   
P=  , D =  0 −3 0 
 42 3 14   0 0 −8 
 
 1 1 3 
 − 
 42 3 14 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 12
The 3 × 3 matrix A is given below.

1 0 4
 
A = 0 5 4 .
 4 4 3
 

1
 
a) Verify that  2  is an eigenvector of A and state the corresponding eigenvalue.
 2
 

b) Show that −3 is an eigenvalue of A and find the corresponding eigenvector.

 2 
 
c) Given further that −2  is another eigenvector of A , find the 3 × 3 matrices P
1 
 
and D such that

D = P T AP

 2  9 0 0 1 2 2 
λ = 9 ,  1    1 
 , D =  0 −3 0  , P =  2 1 −2 
3
−2  0 0 3   2 −2 1 
   

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 13
The 3 × 3 matrix A is given below.

 4 −1 1 
 
A =  −1 6 −1  .
 1 −1 4 
 

a) Show that λ = 7 is an eigenvalue of A and find the other two eigenvalues.

b) Find the eigenvector associated with the eigenvalue λ = 7 .

The other two eigenvectors of A are

u = i −k and v = i + j+ k ,

where the eigenvalue of v is greater than the eigenvalue of u .

c) Find a 3 × 3 matrix P and a diagonal 3 × 3 matrix D such that D = P T AP .

d) Show that P is an orthogonal matrix.

 1 1 1 
 
 2 3 6
 1 3 0 0
 2 
λ = 4,3 , α  −2  , P =   
1
0 −  , D = 0 4 0
 1  3 6 0 0 7
   1 1 1   
− 
 2 3 6

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 14
The 2 × 2 matrix A is given below.

7 6
A= .
6 2

A straight line with equation y = mx , where m is a constant, remains invariant under

the transformation represented by A .

a) Show that

7 + 6m = λ

6 + 2m = λ m

where λ is a constant.

b) Hence find the two possible equations of this straight line.

y = 2x , y =−3x
3 2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 15
The 3 × 3 matrix C represents a geometric transformation T :  3
 3 .

 3 −1 1
 
C =  −1 3 1
 1 1 3 


a) Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of C .

b) Describe the geometrical significance of the eigenvectors of C in relation to T .

 1  0   1
λ = 1, α  1 , λ = 4, β  1  , γ  −1 ,
 
 −1   1   0
     
λ = 1 ⇔ invariant line of points through the origin ,
λ = 4 ⇔ invariant plane through the origin

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 16
The 2 × 2 matrix A is defined in terms of a constant k .

2 7
A= 
4 k 

1
a) Given that   is an eigenvector of A , find …
1

i. … the corresponding eigenvalue to the eigenvector.

ii. … the value of k

b) Find another eigenvector and the corresponding eigenvalue of A .

It is further given that A can be written as A = PDP −1 , where D is a 2 × 2 diagonal

matrix and P is another 2 × 2 matrix.

c) Write down possible forms for the matrices D and P .

d) Hence show clearly that

1739180 3043789 
A7 =  .
 1739308 3043661 

 7 9 0  1 7 
λ = 9 , k = 5 , λ = −2, u =   , D=  , P= 
 −4   0 −2  1 −4 

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 17
The 3 × 3 matrix A is given below.

 1 −1 1 
 
A =  3 −3 1  .
 3 −5 3 
 

1
 
a) Given that u =  1  is an eigenvector of A , find the corresponding eigenvalue.
 2
 

b) Given that λ = −2 is an eigenvalue of A , find a corresponding eigenvector v .

The vector w is defined as w = u + v .

c) Determine the vector A 7 w .

0 128 
λ = 2 , v =  1  , A w =  0 
  7

1 128 
   

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 18
The 2 × 2 matrix C is defined as

 a b+ a
C= ,
 b − a −a 

where a and b are constants.

a) Determine the eigenvalues of C and their corresponding eigenvectors, giving

the answers in terms of a and b where appropriate.

It is further given that C = PDP −1 , where D is a diagonal matrix and P is another

2 × 2 matrix.

b) Write down the possible form of D and the possible form of P and hence
show that

C9 = b8C .

 1 
b + a  1 b 0 
λ1 = b, u =  b − a  or u =   , λ = − b, v =   , D =  ,
  b − a
2

 −1   0 −b 
b+a
b + a 1
P= 
 b − a −1 

Created by T. Madas