Scribd
Upload
20 views25 pages

Elec351 1

The document outlines the course ELEC 351, focusing on Signals and Systems, covering topics such as continuous and discrete time signals, system properties, and signal energy and power. It introduces key concepts including signal classification, linear time invariant systems, and the importance of sampling theorem. The course includes laboratory experiments to reinforce the material and utilizes textbooks by Oppenheim and Lathi.

Uploaded by

Rayen Cherbib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
20 views25 pages

Elec351 1

The document outlines the course ELEC 351, focusing on Signals and Systems, covering topics such as continuous and discrete time signals, system properties, and signal energy and power. It introduces key concepts including signal classification, linear time invariant systems, and the importance of sampling theorem. The course includes laboratory experiments to reinforce the material and utilizes textbooks by Oppenheim and Lathi.

Uploaded by

Rayen Cherbib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

ELEC 351

Signals and Systems

Lecture 1
Introduction to Signals and Systems

Dr. Serkan Kiranyaz


Electrical Engineering Department
Qatar University

1
2
3
Course Information

• Continuous time representation of signals and


systems:
• Signal and system properties; Convolution and time
domain response of systems; Fourier series, Fourier
transform, and signal spectrum; Laplace transform:
Transfer functions; Analog filters; Nyquist Shannon
sampling theorem and discrete time signals.
• Several laboratory experiments to reinforce material
from the lectures will be conducted.
4
Course structure and
• Textbook(s):
administration
• Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Willsky, and S. Hamid, "Signals & Systems,"
Prentice-Hall, 2nd Edition, 1997.

• References:
• B. P. Lathi, “Signal Processing and Linear Systems,” Oxford University Press,
2nd Edition, 2009, ISBN 978-0195392579.

Course Objectives:
• To introduce students to the concepts of signal and system classification and
analysis both in time domain and frequency domain, to familiarize students with
the properties and importance of linear time invariant (LTI) systems, and to
expose students to the basics of sampling theorem.

5
6
7
Signals and Systems

8
The Signals and Systems Abstraction

Any time-varying physical phenomenon that is intended to convey


information is a signal:
• Human voice
• Morse code
• Traffic signal
• Voltage on telephone wires
• Electric fields emanating from radio or television transmitter
• Variation of light intensity in an optical fiber on a telephone or
computer network
• Daily closing prices of a stock market

Noise is like a signal n that it is a time-varying physical phenomenon, but if


usually does not carry useful information and is considered undesirable.
Signals are mathematical functions.
❑ independent variable: time, space
❑ dependent variable: voltage, velocity, flow rate, sound pressure
9
The Signals and Systems Abstraction

A system represents any process that transforms an input signal into an


output signal.
• Physical Systems
o Electrical Systems such as electrical circuit
o Mechanical Systems such as mass spring system
o Chemical Processes
• Computer program or algorithm

10
Example: Mass and Spring

11
Example: Tanks

12
Example: Communication Channel

Example: Cell Phone System

13
Signals and Systems: Widely Applicable
The Signals and Systems approach has broad application:
electrical, mechanical, optical, acoustic, biological, financial, ….

14
Signal Energy and Power

You all are familiar with the concept of “Size” for different quantities :
• Length
• Mass
• Cloth size
• Shoe size
What about size of signal? How we can define a “Size” notion for
signals?

How large should be the signal driving a set of headphones in order to


create a sound?
How much electricity can be used in a defibrillator without unpleasant
effects?
Defibrillation consists of delivering a therapeutic dose of
electrical energy to the affected heart with a device
called a defibrillator.

While both of these examples deal with electric signals, they are clearly
very different signals with very different tolerances. 16
Signal Energy and Power

We often think of signal is a function of varying amplitude through time.

Would a good measurement of the strength of a signal be the area under


the curve?

Negative part is as
important as the
positive part

17
Signal Energy and Power

Therefore, we first square the signal and then find the


area under that curve


E =  x(t ) dt
2
Total energy: −

Energy Signal 0  E  
18
Signal Energy and Power

What if the signal does not decay and has the infinite
duration? In this case we have infinite energy for any
such signal.

Does this mean that a sixty hertz sine wave feeding


into your headphones is as strong as the sixty hertz
sine wave coming out of your outlet?

How we can compare signals with infinite energy?


19
Signal Energy and Power
This is what leads us to the idea of signal power. Power is a time average of
energy (energy per unit time). This is useful when the energy of the signal
goes to infinity.
1 T /2
Average power: P = lim −T / 2 x(t ) dt
2

T → T

Power Signal 0  P  
E
P = lim
T → 2T

E   P = 0
P  0 E =  20
Type of Signals
Continuous-time (CT) and discrete-time (DT)

A continuous-time signal is a signal represented by a function of a continuous-time


variable. In other words, it is defined at every instant of time over some time interval.
Many physical systems operate in continuous time.
• mass and spring
• leaky tank
A discrete-time signal is a signal represented only at discrete values of time. Between
these instants, value of the signal may be zero, undefined, or of no interest. Digital
computations are done in discrete time.
• state machines: given the current input and current state, what is the next output
and next state
• stock market
22
Type of Signals
Analog (Continuous-value) and Digital (Discrete-value) signals
A analog signal is a signal whose amplitude can take any value in a continuous range.
• Temperature signal
• Velocity of a vehicle
• Voltage signal over a resistor
Analog, Discrete-time
Analog, Continuous-
Signal
time Signal

A digital signal is a one whose amplitude can take on only a finite number of values.

Digital, Discrete-time
Digital, Continuous- Signal
time Signal

23
A Familiar Signal and System Example
Sound: is a mechanical wave that is an oscillation of pressure
transmitted through a solid, liquid, or gas, composed of
frequencies within the range of hearing and of a level sufficiently
strong to be heard, or the sensation stimulated in organs of
hearing by such vibrations. (Wikipedia)
The human ear is sensitive to acoustic pressure waves
typically between 15 Hz and about 20 kHz with some
sensitivity variation in that range.

A sound recording system 24


Sound

s i a
• The variation of air pressure is generally faster for s than for the i or the a. In
signal analysis we would say that it has more “high-frequency content”
• In the blowup of the s the air pressure variation looks almost random.
• The i and a sounds vary more slowly and are more “regular” and they exhibit
an approximately oscillatory behavior. 25
Summary and Learning Outcomes

1. What phenomenon we call as a signal?


• convey information
2. What is the mathematical definition of a signal?
• Signal is a mathematical function of independent variable
3. What is a system?
• Processing unit that transform input signal to output signal
4. Signal Energy and Power
• Defining a size for signals
5. What are different type of Signals?
• Continuous-time versus discrete-time signals
• Analog versus Digital signals

26
• Reading Assignment
– Chapter 1, Section 1.1 and 1.2
– Exercises: 1.1-1,…,1.1-6

27

You might also like