Scribd
Upload
14 views13 pages

Time Series & Streaming

Time series data is a sequence of data points indexed in time order, crucial for various industries such as finance, healthcare, and transportation. Time series analysis helps identify trends and patterns, enabling forecasting and informed decision-making. Key methods include statistical techniques, autocorrelation, and spectral analysis to extract meaningful insights from the data.

Uploaded by

SaMee KHan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views13 pages

Time Series & Streaming

Time series data is a sequence of data points indexed in time order, crucial for various industries such as finance, healthcare, and transportation. Time series analysis helps identify trends and patterns, enabling forecasting and informed decision-making. Key methods include statistical techniques, autocorrelation, and spectral analysis to extract meaningful insights from the data.

Uploaded by

SaMee KHan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Time Series & Streaming

12
Time Series

Time series data is a sequence of data points indexed or listed in time order. It's
crucially distinct because time is one of its axes when plotted. Time series metrics
are data tracked over time, like daily sales in a store.

It's pervasive as our world gets more instrumented; sensors and systems
constantly generate time series data. Its applications span various industries.
Examples
Finance: Stock prices, market indices.

Weather Forecasting: Temperature, humidity.

Healthcare: Patient vital signs, disease progression.

Manufacturing: Equipment performance, production rates.

Transportation: Traffic volume, vehicle speeds.


Types of time series data
Time series data can be classified into two types:

Measurements gathered at regular time intervals (metrics)

Measurements gathered at irregular time intervals (events)


Importance of time series analysis
Significance of Time Series Data Handling:

● Increasing importance due to connected devices, real-time data processing, IoT, and AI.
● Essential for managing data from billions of connected devices.

Internet of Things (IoT):

● Network of connected devices generating and sharing data continuously.


● Examples include smart home devices like thermostats, sensors, and hubs.

Role of Time Series Analysis:

● Identifies trends and patterns in data collected over time.


● Enhances understanding of past events to improve future predictions.

Applications:

● Used in economics, statistics, and other fields.


● Helps predict stock prices based on historical data and events.
● Enables informed decisions, like purchasing stocks during economic downturns.
What is time series analysis?
Definition: Time series analysis involves collecting data at specific intervals to identify trends, seasonality,
and residuals for forecasting.

Inference and Prediction: It infers past data trends and predicts future values based on collected
observations.

Meaningful Statistics: Allows extraction of meaningful statistics and data characteristics.

Data Collection: Time series data is created by repeating measurements over time.

Visualization: Data points are plotted on a graph for better understanding of trends.

Example: Tracking temperature hourly over a day provides insights into temperature fluctuations.

Forecasting: Future events can be forecasted based on observed patterns and trends.

Applicability: Applies to various fields regardless of the tracked phenomenon.


What is a time series graph?
Time series graphs are simply plots of time series data on one axis (typically Y)
against time on the other axis (typically X). Graphs of time series data points can
often illustrate trends or patterns in a more accessible, intuitive way.
What are time plot statistics?
Time Series Plot:
● X-axis represents time, while the y-axis represents the measured variable.
● Data points connected with straight lines, facilitating interpretation.
Visualization Tools:
● InfluxDB UI and Grafana aid in visualizing time series data.
Time Series Patterns:
● Describes long-term changes in the series.
● Patterns can be trend, seasonal, or cyclic.
● Correlation calculated through various methods (linear, exponential, etc.).
Time Series Analysis Methods

Statistical Methods: Using statistical techniques to extract meaningful statistics


and characteristics.

Identification of Patterns:

Trends: Long-term changes in data.

Cycles: Repeating up-and-down movements.

Seasonality: Periodic fluctuations due to seasonal factors.


Critical methods of analyzing time series data
Spectral Analysis:

Definition: Technique for discovering underlying periodicities in time series data.

Application: Widely used in various fields like geophysics, oceanography, astronomy, etc.

Periodogram: Estimates spectral density by measuring correlation between the time series and sine/cosine waves at
different frequencies.

Transformation: Data is transformed from time domain to frequency domain for analysis.

Wavelet Analysis:

Definition: Wavelets are localized functions in time and frequency used for decomposing signals.

Application: Mainly for time series and image analysis.

Characteristics: Zero mean, decomposes signal by location and frequency.

New Approach: Synthesizes new and old ideas, relatively new field since 1983.
Critical methods of analyzing time series data
Autocorrelation:

Serial dependence where a time series is linearly related to a lagged version of itself.

Importance:

● Assumption in regression analysis.


● Assumption in time series forecasting methods.
● Helps identify hidden patterns, seasonality, and trend in data.

Analysis Tools: Autocorrelation function (ACF) and partial autocorrelation function (PACF).

Model Selection: Aids in selecting appropriate ARIMA models for time series prediction.

Cross-correlation:

Definition: Measurement tracking movements of two variables relative to each other.

Application: Identifying relationships between variables.

Example: Positive correlation between independent variable X and dependent variables Y and Z.

Behavior: Variables Y and Z are cross-correlated due to their relationship with variable X

You might also like