v2

17. Bending of cyclist  tan  =

rg
v2
18. Banking of road without friction  tan  =
rg

v2   tan 
19. 
Banking of road with friction 
rg 1   tan 
20. Maximum also minimum safe speed on a banked frictional road
1/ 2 1/ 2
 rg (   tan )   rg (tan   ) 
Vmax    Vmin   
 (1   tan  )   (1   tan ) 

21. Centrifugal force (pseudo force)  f = m2 r, acts outwards when the
particle itself is taken as a frame.

22. Effect of earths rotation on apparent weight  N = mg – mR2 cos2  ;

where  latitude at a place

23. Various quantities for a critical condition in a vertical loop at different

positions
C

O B
D
  P
N
A

×
(1) (2) (3)

Vmin  4gL Vmin  4gL Vmin  4gL

(for completing the circle) (for completing the circle) (for completing the circle)

Page # 13
24. Conical pendulum :

fixed pointor
suspension
O
/////////////


T cos  T L
h

r

mg

T cos  = mg
T sin  = m2 r

2
L cos 
 Time period = g
25. Relations amoung angular variables :
0  Initial ang. velocity  = 0 + t
d ,  or 

(Perpendicular
to plane of paper
r O directed outwards
 a for ACW rotation)
r

at or V

1 2
  Find angular velocity  = 0t + t
2
  Const. angular acceleration 2 = 02 + 2 
  Angular displacement

CENTRE OF MASS
 
Mass Moment : M = m r
CENTRE OF MASS OF A SYSTEM OF 'N' DISCRETE PARTICLES

  
 m1r1  m 2 r2  ........  m n rn 
rcm = ; rcm
m1  m 2  ........  mn

Page # 14
 n

m r i i n

 1
=
i 1
n rcm =
M
m r i i
i 1
m
i 1
i

CENTRE OF MASS OF A CONTINUOUS MASS DISTRIBUTION

x cm =
 x dm , y =
 y dm , z =
 z dm
cm cm
 dm  dm  dm
 dm = M (mass of the body)
CENTRE OF MASS OF SOME COMMON SYSTEMS
 A system of two point masses m1 r1 = m2 r2

The centre of mass lies closer to the heavier mass.

 Rectangular plate (By symmetry)

b L
xc = yc =
2 2

Page # 15
 A triangular plate (By qualitative argument)

h
at the centroid : yc =
3

2R
 A semi-circular ring yc = xc = O


4R
 A semi-circular disc yc = xc = O
3

R
 A hemispherical shell yc = xc = O
2

3R
 A solid hemisphere yc = xc = O
8

h
 A circular cone (solid) yc =
4

h
 A circular cone (hollow) yc =
3

Page # 16
 MOTION OF CENTRE OF MASS AND CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM:
Velocity of centre of mass of system

dr1 dr dr dr
m1  m2 2  m3 3 .......... ....  mn n
 dt dt dt dt
v cm =
M
   
m1 v1  m2 v 2  m3 v 3 ..........  mn v n
=
M

P System = M v cm
Acceleration of centre of mass of system

dv dv dv dv
 m1 1  m 2 2  m 3 3 ..............  mn n
a cm = dt dt dt dt
M
   
m1a1  m 2a 2  m3 a 3 ..........  mn an
=
M
Net force on system Net External Force  Net int ernal Force
= =
M M
Net External Force
=
M
 
Fext = M a cm
IMPULSE
Impulse of a force F action on a body is defined as :-
 tf  
J= ti
Fdt J  ΔP (impulse - momentum theorem)
Important points :
1. Gravitational force and spring force are always non-impulsive.
2. An impulsive force can only be balanced by another impulsive force.
COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION (e)

Im pulse of reformation  F dt
r
e = Im pulse of deformation =
 F dt
d

Velocity of separation along line of impact

= s Velocity of approach along line of impact

Page # 17
 (a) e=1  Impulse of Reformation = Impulse of Deformation
 Velocity of separation = Velocity of approach
 Kinetic Energy may be conserved
 Elastic collision.
(b) e=0  Impulse of Reformation = 0
 Velocity of separation = 0
 Kinetic Energy is not conserved
 Perfectly Inelastic collision.
(c) 0<e<1  Impulse of Reformation < Impulse of Deformation
 Velocity of separation < Velocity of approach

 Kinetic Energy is not conserved

 Inelastic collision.
VARIABLE MASS SYSTEM :
If a mass is added or ejected from a system, at rate  kg/s and relative

velocity v rel (w.r.t. the system), then the force exerted by this mass

on the system has magnitude  v rel .

Thrust Force ( Ft )
   dm 
Ft  v rel  
 dt 
Rocket propulsion :
If gravity is ignored and initial velocity of the rocket u = 0;
 m0 
v = v r ln  .
 m 

RIGID BODY DYNAMICS

1. RIGID BODY :

VAsin1
A
A VA VAcos1
1
B

VB 2 B
VBsin2
VBcos2

Page # 18