DCQ 50222
PRINCIPLE OF STRUCTURE
CHAPTER 1 – FORCE AND MOMENT
FORCES
• What is force ?
• How the force acts ?
• What is the effect of force on the
structure ?
All of the above questions will be answered, please follow
the further explanation.
FORCES
• Definition – that branch of applied science which
deals with the action of forces in producing motion or
equilibrium. (dictionary)
• The force is an important factor in the field of
engineering sciences. It is defined as an agent that
produces or tends to produce and tend to destroy the
movement.
FORCES
• External forces
External forces is the load that applied on the structure. It include the
weight of the structure itself and the external loads imposed on the
structure. At the same time, the external force action will produce
reaction to give balance the structure. Referring to Figure 1.2 (a), the
external force is applied to a rod AB with the magnitude P Newton (as
if being pulled outward at both ends).
Figure 1.2 (a) : External forces
FORCES
•Internal forces
• Internal force is the force that is in the material structure to carry the load
imposed. Internal forces are acting in opposite direction to the external forces.
Referring to Figure 1.2 (b), a frame structure has three members, there are AB,
BC and AC are acting by the external force of magnitude W Newton at point B.
When the external forces applied, the internal forces in the structure of AB, BC
and AC will oppose the external forces, W
• Internal forces are acting in opposite direction to the external forces. Thus,
external forces and internal forces is a action pairs and each can be formed
either as a compression force or tensile force. (See Figure 1.2 (c))
FORCES
Tensile force
Compression force
Figure 1.2(b) : Internal forces Figure 1.2(c): Direction of the force
FORCES
• Types of Internal and External forces
Generally divided into four types, namely : -
(i) Axial force
(ii) Shear force
(iii) Bending force
(iv) Torsion force
FORCES
i) Axial force
The forces are acting perpendicular/ 90
degree to the sectional area of the body.
These forces are acting either in direction inward(compression) or
outward(tension) and each;
- Resulting in shortening deformation (example: the column
subjected to load)
- Resulting in elongation deformation (example: wire spring
suspended to load)
FORCES
ii) Shear force
The forces are acting parallel to the surface
area of the section.
It causes a shear deformation (example: the connection bolt and rivet
sebjected to load)
FORCES
iii) Bending force
Two moments are equal value and opposite
direction on both ends.
It causes the bending deformation (example: the beams subjected
to load)
FORCES
iv) Torsion forces
• The force consists of two same value moments and
acting in same directions on both ends.
Or
• The force consists of two same value shear force and
acting in opposite directions on both ends.
It causes a rotation (example: rod rotates to the longitudinal axis)
FORCES
Category of Forces:
• 1) Co Planar Force
• 2) Resultant Force
• 3) Equilibrium Force
FORCES
1) Co Planar Force – all force act on the same plane
Q T
R Tcosx
x
R
P R
FORCES
2) Resultant Force – the result of summation of two or more
forces
𝐹𝑦 R
𝐹𝑦
x
𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑥
R= (∑𝐹𝑥)2 +(∑𝐹𝑦)2
FORCES
3) EQUILIBRIUM FORCE
A body is said to be in equilibrium under the
system of forces if there is no resulting
tendency for the body to move
• Note: equilibrium equations
• i) ∑Fx = ∑Fx
• ii) ∑Fy = ∑Fy
• iii) ∑M = ∑M
GRAVITY & CENTRE OF GRAVITY
• Gravity is a downward pull or force that the earth exerts
on your body/object
• Centre of gravity can be defined as the point in a body or
system around which its mass or weight is evenly
distributed or balanced and through which the force of
gravity acts.
FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM
RESULTANT OF FORCE/RESOLUTION
OF FORCE
FORCES
Resultant Force
• Example 1: Two forces act at a point at the
same time. Their magnitude and direction are
indicated in the force vector diagram. Find the
magnitude and direction of their resultant
30N
force
R
60˚
20N
FORCES
Resultant Force
• Example 2: Determine the magnitude and the
resultant force for below diagram
30N
30˚ 10N
40˚
20N 15N
FORCES
Equilibrium Force
• Example 1: Determine the P and ∂ in the
equilibrium system as shown in diagram below
15N
20N
30˚ 40N
30˚ 40˚
∂˚
P
FORCE
Equilibrium Force
• Example 2: The diagram shows an equilibrium force
system. Determine the magnitude and the resultant force.
8N
25N
30 0
600
55N
MOMENT
• Moment – The product of the force and the perpendicular distance
from a point of reference to the line of action of the force
• Moments cause a body to have the tendency to rotate
• Moment or turning effect/rotational effect (kesan putaran)
• Moment of a force (momen sesuatu daya) is a movement of a force –
‘turning effect of a force’
Force,F
Distance,d
• Turning effect or moment of the force is anticlockwise or
clockwise.
• Moments are always expressed in force-length units such as
Nmm.
• Turning effect of a force depends on distance as well as on the
magnitude of the force.
• The distance from the force to the turning point is often called the
lever arm of the force
• Equation: MA = F x d
MOMENT
• EXAMPLE
1. The diagram below shows a lever where an effort of 200 N balances a load of 600 N. The
effort force is 6 metres from the fulcrum. The load force is two metres from the fulcrum.
• Clockwise moment = 600 x 2 Nm
• Anti-clockwise moment = 200 x 6 Nm
• In a state of equilibrium,
• clockwise moments = anti-clockwise moments
• 600 X 2 Nm = 200 x 6 Nm
• 1200 = 1200
MOMENT
• Example 3- A plank of uniform cross-section 4m long and
weighing 300 N has a support placed under it at 1.3m from
one end as shown. Calculate the magnitude of the weight W
required to cause the plank to balance
1.2m 2.8m
0.8m
300N
W
Solution:
1.2W Nm = 300 N x 0.8m
W = 200 N
CENTER OF GRAVITY
MOMENT
• EXERCISE
• 2) Determine the forces P, Q, and angle of the
equilibrium system as shown in diagram below.
100N
A C
B
P Q
1m 1m
MOMENT
• Example 2- The 10N and P forces are acting
perpendicular to the rod as shown in diagram below. If
the rod is in equilibrium, determine the P and Q forces
10N 20N
A B C D
P Q
1m 2m 2m
MOMENT
• EXERCISE
• 1) The 50 N and Q N forces are acting perpendicular to
the rod as shown in diagram. If the rod is in equilibrium,
determine the P and Q forces
80N 60N
A
B C
2m 2m
FORCE AND MOMENT
• EXERCISE
• 1) Determine the forces P, Q, and angle of the
equilibrium system as shown in diagram below.
100N 50N
A
B C
Q
2m 1m 1m
FORCES AND MOMENT
• 2) Determine the P and T in the equilibrium system
as shown in diagram below
T
50N
70N
30˚
30˚ P
100N
• 3) What is equilibrium? To answer this question you
must complete the diagram below, clearly
demonstrating ‘equilibrium’ and add explanatory note
FORCES AND MOMENT
4) Explain why the diagram below shows state of
equilibrium, especially as there appears to be an
imbalance of two car on the right, to one car on the left.
You will need include the correct calculation and notes in
your answer.
