chap 2

1. What is the key difference between computer organization and computer architecture?
- A) Organization refers to the physical implementation, while architecture refers to the conceptual
design.
-B) Organization is software-based, while architecture is hardware based.
- C) Organization deals with data flow, while architecture deals with data storage.
- D) Organization is about external components, while architecture is about internal components.
2. Which component of a computer system is responsible for data processing?
- A) Main Memory
-B) Control Unit
- C) CPU (Central Processing Unit)
-D) I/O Devices
3. What are the four basic functions that a computer can perform?
- A) Data input, Data output, Data processing, Data storage
-B) Data processing, Data storage, Data movement, Control
- C) Input, Output, Processing, Networking
-D) Arithmetic, Logic, Input, Output
4. What is the function of the Control Unit in a CPU?
- A) To perform arithmetic operations
-B) To control the operations of the CPU
- C) To store data temporarily
-D) To manage external devices
5. What is the role of the ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) within the CPU?
- A) To manage memory access
-B) To perform arithmetic and logical operations
- C) To control data movement
-D) To store instructions
6. Which of the following is an architectural attribute of a computer system?
- A) Control signals
-B) Instruction set
- C) Interfaces between components
-D) Memory technology used
7. What does the hierarchical nature of complex systems allow?
- A) Design and description at multiple levels
- B) Faster data processing
- C) Simplified user interfaces
- D) Increased memory capacity
8. What are the main structural components of the CPU?
- A) Cache, Registers, Bus, ALU
-B) Control Unit, ALU, Registers, CPU Interconnection
- C) RAM, ROM, ALU, Control Unit
-D) Input Unit, Output Unit, ALU, Control Unit
9. Which component provides communication among CPU, memory, and I/O devices?
- A) System Interconnection
-B) Cache
- C) Bus
-D) Control Unit
10. What is the primary function of Main Memory in a computer system?
- A) To control the operations of the CPU
-B) To store data and instructions for quick access by the CPU
- C) To manage input/output operations
-D) To connect the CPU with external devices
11. What is the significance of the IBM System/370 architecture?
- A) It introduced the first microprocessor
-B) It allowed software compatibility across different models
-C) It was the first system to use integrated circuits
-D) It introduced graphical user interfaces
### 12. What does the term "system interconnection" refer to in computer architecture?
- A) The physical layout of hardware components
-B) The logical design of the CPU
- C) The mechanism for communication between CPU, memory, and I/O devices
-D) The software that controls the operating system
### 13. What is an example of data movement within a computer system?
- A) Executing an instruction in the CPU
-B) Transferring data from RAM to a storage device
- C) Performing a calculation in the ALU
- D) Reading data from a peripheral device
### 14. What is the purpose of a hierarchical system in computer architecture?
- A) To reduce the size of the computer
-B) To make the system faster
- C) To simplify the design and understanding of complex systems
-D) To allow multiple users to access the system simultaneously
### 15. What does the term "computer structure" refer to?
- A) The physical hardware components of a computer
- B) The software applications installed on the computer
- C) The sequence of instructions executed by the CPU
-D) The network topology of connected computers
### 16. What is the main function of the CPU Interconnection?
- A) To perform arithmetic operations
-B) To provide communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers
-C) To store instructions temporarily
-D) To transfer data to peripheral devices
### 17. What is an example of a function performed by the Control Unit in the CPU?
- A) Storing data permanently
-B) Executing arithmetic operations
- C) Directing the flow of data and instructions within the CPU
-D) Handling external I/O devices
### 18. What is the role of Registers within the CPU?
- A) To manage input/output operations
-B) To store data temporarily during processing
- C) To connect the CPU to external devices
-D) To store the operating system
### 19. What is the significance of the ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) in the CPU?
- A) It handles the communication between the CPU and memory
-B) It performs the basic arithmetic and logic operations
- C) It controls the execution of programs
-D) It manages external device connections
### 20. Which of the following best describes the structure of a hierarchical system?
- A) A single level of interconnected components
-B) Multiple levels of interconnected subsystems
- C) A flat structure with no subsystems
-D) A system with no clear organization
### 21. What type of memory stores data and instructions for immediate use by the CPU?
- A) Cache Memory
-B) Main Memory
- C) Secondary Storage
-D) ROM (Read-Only Memory)
### 22. What is the relationship between structure and function in computer systems?
- A) Structure determines the software applications, while function determines the hardware layout.
-B) Structure is the way components relate to each other, while function is the operation of these
components.
- C) Structure is about data storage, while function is about data processing.
-D) Structure is the same as function in computer systems.
### 23. Which of the following is NOT a structural component of the CPU?
- A) ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
-B) Registers
- C) Cache Memory
-D) Control Unit
### 24. What does the term "data movement" refer to in computer systems?
- A) Processing data within the CPU
- B) Storing data in the main memory
- C) Transferring data between different parts of the system
-D) Executing instructions in sequence
### 25. What is the significance of the System Interconnection in a computer system?
- A) It stores data and instructions for the CPU
- B) It facilitates communication among the CPU, memory, and I/O devices
- C) It controls the execution of programs
-D) It manages external network connections
### 26. What is the primary purpose of the ALU in the CPU?
- A) To manage data movement between memory and storage
-B) To control the operations of the CPU
-C) To perform arithmetic and logical operations
-D) To store data temporarily
### 27. Which component is responsible for the control of operations within the CPU?
- A) Registers
-B) ALU
- C) Control Unit
-D) System Bus
### 28. What is the role of Main Memory in the computer's structure?
- A) To perform logical operations
-B) To control data flow within the CPU
- C) To store data and instructions for processing
-D) To manage external devices
### 29. Which of the following components is NOT typically found within the CPU?
- A) Control Unit
-B) ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit)
- C) Registers
-D) Hard Drive
### 30. What is the function of the CPU Interconnection in a computer system?
- A) To store data temporarily during processing
-B) To provide communication among the CPU's internal components
- C) To transfer data to peripheral devices
-D) To manage the system's memory hierarchy
### 31. What is a "system clock" in computing?
A) A timer for scheduling tasks
B) A device that generates pulses to synchronize computer operations
C) A counter for memory accesses
D) A clock for measuring time in the operating system
### 32. What does the term "pipeline" refer to in processor design?
A) A method of executing multiple instructions at once
B) A storage mechanism for instructions
C) A technique for data transfer between memory and CPU
D) A sequential processing of data

Chap3
1. Which architecture forms the basis of most contemporary computer designs?
• A) Harvard Architecture
• B) von Neumann Architecture
• C) ARM Architecture
• D) RISC Architecture
2. What is the role of the Program Counter (PC) in the instruction cycle?
• A) It stores the data being processed.
• B) It holds the address of the next instruction to fetch.
• C) It executes instructions directly.
• D) It handles input/output operations.

3. What is the primary function of the I/O module?

• A) Execute instructions.
• B) Perform arithmetic operations.
• C) Handle data exchange between the processor and peripherals.
• D) Control memory access.
4. Which register contains the data to be written to or read from memory?
• A) Program Counter (PC)
• B) Memory BuƯer Register (MBR)
• C) Instruction Register (IR)
• D) Memory Address Register (MAR)
5. What is Direct Memory Access (DMA)?
• A) Processor handles all memory transfers.
• B) I/O modules directly access memory without involving the processor.
• C) Memory is accessed sequentially by the processor.
• D) The processor controls all data transfers within the system.

6. In a synchronous bus, when can devices use the bus?

• A) Any time.
• B) Only when the bus is idle.
• C) At a scheduled time.
• D) During a specific cycle.
7. What defines the width of the data bus?
• A) The number of connected devices.
• B) The bus speed.
• C) The number of data lines.
• D) The bus length.

8. What does an interrupt in a computer system do?

• A) It speeds up data processing.
• B) It temporarily halts the current processor activity.
• C) It clears all memory contents.
• D) It starts a new process.
9. Which component is responsible for interpreting instructions in a computer system?
• A) Memory
• B) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• C) Instruction interpreter
• D) Input module
10. What is the primary purpose of the address bus?
• A) To transport data.
• B) To connect multiple computers.
• C) To designate the source or destination of data on the data bus.
• D) To manage power supply distribution.

11. What happens during the fetch cycle of an instruction?

• A) The instruction is executed.
• B) Data is written to memory.
• C) The next instruction is loaded into the Instruction Register.
• D) The Program Counter is reset.
12. Which bus type is most commonly used to connect major computer components?
• A) Data bus
• B) Address bus
• C) Control bus
• D) System bus

13. What is the key characteristic of a bus?

• A) It provides a private connection between two devices.
• B) It acts as a shared transmission medium.
• C) It only connects memory and the processor.
• D) It is used only for power supply.
14. What is one advantage of multiple-bus architecture over a single-bus architecture?
• A) Lower cost.
• B) Simpler design.
• C) Improved performance by reducing bus contention.
• D) Easier to maintain.
15. What is a key feature of the Harvard Architecture compared to the von Neumann
Architecture?
• A) Single memory for data and instructions.
• B) Separate memories for data and instructions.
• C) Faster execution of instructions.
• D) Uses hardwired control units.

16. Which of the following is not a component of the CPU?

• A) Instruction Register (IR)
• B) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
• C) Program Counter (PC)
• D) Memory Address Register (MAR)
17. What is the purpose of control signals on the control bus?
• A) To transmit data between components.
• B) To manage the access and usage of the data and address lines.
• C) To provide power to the system components.
• D) To keep the system synchronized with the clock.

18. Which interrupt handling method deals with multiple interrupts by allowing the most
recent interrupt to preempt lower priority ones?
• A) Sequential processing
• B) Parallel processing
• C) Priority interrupt
• D) Interrupt masking
19. Which bus operation involves the processor sending data to an I/O device?
• A) Processor-memory
• B) Processor-I/O
• C) Memory-memory
• D) I/O to processor

20. What is the function of the Memory Address Register (MAR)?

• A) It stores data temporarily during processing.
• B) It holds the address for the next read or write operation.
• C) It directly executes instructions.
• D) It manages interrupt requests.

1. What is a characteristic feature of von Neumann architecture?

A) Parallel data processing
B) Use of multiple processors
C) Data and instructions stored in a single memory
D) Use of cloud storage for memory
2. What does the memory address register (MAR) specify?
A) Data to be written into memory
B) The address in memory for the next read or write
C) A particular I/O device
D) The operation to be performed
3. What role does the memory buffer register (MBR) play?
A) Stores the next instruction to execute
B) Contains data to be written into memory or receives data read from memory
C) Determines the next I/O operation
D) Holds the temporary data used by the CPU
4. What is the function of the control bus?
A) Transfers data among system modules
B) Specifies the source or destination of the data
C) Controls the access and use of the data and address lines
D) Increases the speed of data transfer
5. How does a synchronous bus differ from an asynchronous bus?
A) It allows multiple devices to transmit simultaneously
B) It requires devices to wait until the bus is idle before using it
C) It operates without a clock signal
D) It transmits data at irregular intervals
6. What is the benefit of having a multiple-bus architecture in a computer system?
A) Reduced complexity
B) Increased flexibility and performance
C) Single point of failure
D) Simpler design
7. What is the role of the program counter (PC) in a computer system?
A) It stores the address of the currently executing instruction
B) It holds the address of the instruction to be executed next
C) It stores the result of the last arithmetic operation
D) It directs the flow of data between I/O devices
8. What is Direct Memory Access (DMA)?
A) A process where the CPU directly accesses main memory
B) A technique that allows an I/O device to read or write to memory without CPU
intervention
C) A memory management technique that speeds up processing
D) A feature that allows peripheral devices to communicate directly with each other
9. What is the main function of an I/O module?
A) To perform arithmetic and logic operations
B) To store data temporarily
C) To manage direct communication between peripheral devices and the CPU
D) To increase the speed of data processing
10. Which component interprets and executes instructions?
A) Memory
B) Control unit
C) Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
D) I/O module
11. What is the function of the I/O address register (I/OAR)?
A) Specifies a particular I/O device
B) Contains data read from memory
C) Holds the next instruction to execute
D) Stores data before writing to the memory
12. How does the width of a data bus influence system performance
- A) It determines the type of data that can be transferred
- B) It has no impact on performance
- C) It affects how much data can be transferred at one time
- D) It controls the speed of the control signals
13. How does an interrupt affect the normal processing of a processor?
A) It speeds up the processing by bypassing the fetch cycle
B) It pauses the current process to address the interrupting signal
C) It prevents the processor from executing further instructions
D) It has no effect on the current processing cycle
14. What describes the function of the system bus in a computer architecture?
A) Connects major components such as processor, memory, and I/O devices
B) Only connects the processor to various I/O modules
C) Serves to provide power to the system components
D) Transfers data between the processor and external network systems
15. What is the significance of the address bus in a computer system?
A) It transfers actual data between components
B) It specifies the source or destination of data on the data bus
C) It supplies power to the memory units
D) It controls the output devices
16. What is the benefit of asynchronous bus operations in a computer system?
A) Increases the need for a central clock
B) Allows for simultaneous data transmissions
C) Reduces the flexibility in bus usage
D) Enhances the complexity of the bus design
17. What is the significance of the address bus in a computer system?
A) It transfers actual data between components
B) It specifies the source or destination of data on the data bus
C) It supplies power to the memory units
D) It controls the output devices
18. What describes the function of the system bus in a computer architecture?
A) Connects major components such as processor, memory, and I/O devices
B) Only connects the processor to various I/O modules
C) Serves to provide power to the system components
D) Transfers data between the processor and external network systems 19. What does the instruction
register (IR) do during the fetch cycle?
A) Holds the data to be written into memory
B) Specifies the address for the next read or write
C) Loads the fetched instruction from memory
D) Directly accesses the input/output devices
20. How does an I/O module communicate directly with the processor?
A) Through the control bus
B) By using direct memory access
C) Via dedicated I/O instructions
D) Through synchronous bus operations

**1. What is the basic element of semiconductor memory?**

A) Transistor
B) Capacitor
C) Memory cell
D) Logic gate

**2. Which type of memory requires periodic refreshing to maintain data storage?**
A) SRAM
B) ROM
C) DRAM
D) Flash memory

**3. What is a primary disadvantage of static RAM (SRAM)?**

A) High cost
B) Slower speed
C) Complexity
D) Requires refreshing

**4. What distinguishes dynamic RAM (DRAM) from static RAM (SRAM)?**
A) DRAM is more expensive
B) DRAM is faster
C) DRAM requires refreshing
D) DRAM is used for cache memory

**5. What does the term "volatile" mean in the context of memory?**
A) Data is permanently stored
B) Data is lost when power is turned oƯ
C) Data can be read but not written
D) Data requires error correction

**6. What type of memory contains a permanent pattern of data that cannot be changed?**
A) DRAM
B) ROM
C) SRAM
D) Flash memory
**7. Which type of memory is erasable and programmable?**
A) PROM
B) EEPROM
C) Flash memory
D) SRAM

**8. What is the primary use of SRAM?**

A) Main memory
B) Cache memory
C) ROM
D) Hard disk
**9. What is the primary characteristic of ROM?**
A) Data can be written multiple times
B) Data is volatile
C) Data is non-volatile
D) Data requires frequent refreshing

**10. Which type of error is random and non-destructive?**

A) Hard failure
B) Soft error
C) Parity error
D) ECC error

**11. Which type of memory stores data as charge on capacitors?**

A) SRAM
B) DRAM
C) ROM
D) EEPROM

**12. Which of the following is non-volatile?**

A) DRAM
B) SRAM
C) ROM
D) SDRAM

**13. What is the primary use of DRAM?**

A) Cache memory
B) Main memory
C) Graphics memory
D) Secondary storage

**14. Which type of memory uses flip-flop logic gate configurations?**

A) DRAM
B) SRAM
C) ROM
D) Flash memory
**15. How is data stored in DRAM?**
A) Using flip-flop logic gates
B) As charge on capacitors
C) Permanently programmed into the chip
D) Magnetically encoded

**16. Which type of ROM can be erased using ultraviolet light?**

A) PROM
B) EEPROM
C) EPROM
D) Flash memory

**17. What is the function of a parity bit?**

A) Detects multiple errors
B) Corrects single-bit errors
C) Detects single-bit errors
D) Corrects multiple-bit errors

**18. What type of memory integrates a small SRAM cache onto a DRAM chip?**
A) SDRAM
B) Cache DRAM
C) Flash memory
D) DDR SDRAM

**19. Which technology allows DRAM to send data twice per clock cycle?**
A) SDRAM
B) DDR SDRAM
C) SRAM
D) Cache DRAM

**20. Which type of DRAM is designed to be synchronized with the system clock?**
A) SRAM
B) SDRAM
C) Cache DRAM
D) Flash memory

**21. What is the main diƯerence between DRAM and SRAM in terms of application?**
A) DRAM is used for cache memory
B) SRAM is used for main memory
C) SRAM is faster and used for cache
D) DRAM does not require refreshing

**22. What happens if there is a hard failure in memory?**

A) Data can still be read but not written
B) Memory becomes stuck at 0 or 1
C) Data is randomly corrupted
D) The entire memory chip is unusable

**23. What does ECC stand for?**

A) Error Code Checking
B) Error Checking Code
C) Error Correction Code
D) Enhanced Chip Configuration
**24. What is the primary disadvantage of ROM?**
A) High cost
B) Data cannot be altered
C) Data is volatile
D) Requires periodic refreshing

**25. What type of memory can be updated multiple times without erasing previous data?**
A) EPROM
B) EEPROM
C) PROM

D) Flash memory

**26. What is the primary advantage of Flash memory over EPROM?**

A) Faster erasure
B) Lower cost
C) Byte-level erasure
D) Non-volatility

**27. What type of memory is used for storing firmware in devices?**

A) DRAM
B) ROM
C) SRAM
D) Flash memory

**28. What error correction code was developed by Richard Hamming?**

A) Hamming code
B) Parity code
C) Checksum code
D) ECC

**29. What is a key property of DRAM cells?**

A) They do not require power to retain data
B) They can be written to multiple times
C) They store data as charge on capacitors
D) They are faster than SRAM

**30. How is data stored in SRAM?**

A) In a capacitor
B) In a permanent ROM chip
C) Using flip-flop logic
D) In flash cells

Chap4

1. **What is the primary purpose of cache memory?**

- A) To increase storage capacity
-B) To reduce data retrieval speed
- C) To improve processing speed by storing frequently accessed data
-D) To decrease the cost of memory
2. **Which type of memory access has the fastest access time?**
-
A) Sequential access
-B) Direct access
- C) Random access
-D) Associative access
3. **Which mapping technique allows a block of main memory to be loaded into any line of the
cache?**
- A) Direct mapping
- B) Associative mapping
- C) Set-associative mapping
-D) Virtual mapping
4. **In direct mapping, how is the cache line determined for a given block?**
- A) Randomly
- B) Based on a modulus operation
- C) By sequential access
-D) Through a mapping table
5. **What is a key disadvantage of direct mapping?**
- A) Complexity
- B) High cost
- C) Conflict misses
-D) Slow access time
6. **Which of the following describes a set-associative cache?**
- A) Blocks can only map to one specific line.
-B) Each block can map to any line in a single set.
- C) Blocks can map anywhere in the cache.
-D) All blocks must be in the same set.
7. **What is the primary advantage of multilevel caches?**
- A) Increased capacity
-B) Reduced access speed
- C) Improved performance by reducing the average memory access time
-D) Simplified cache design
8. **Which write policy writes data immediately to main memory?**
-A) Write-back
-B) Write-through
- C) Write-around
-D) Write-combine
9. **What happens in a write-back policy when data in cache is modified?**
- A) Data is immediately written to main memory.
-B) Data is only written to main memory when it is replaced.
- C) Data is discarded.
-D) Data is written to another cache level.
10. **What is the main characteristic of virtual memory?**
- A) Provides larger physical memory
-B) Allows programs to access memory logically, not limited by physical memory size
- C) Increases access speed
- D) Reduces the need for cache
11. **What does the tag field in a cache line represent ?**
- A) The specific data stored
-B) The address of the data in main memory
- C) The size of the cache line
-D) The block number
12. **Which replacement algorithm is the most commonly used due to its effectiveness?**
- A) Least recently used (LRU)
- B) First-in-first-out (FIFO)
- C) Least frequently used (LFU)
-D) Random
13. **What is the purpose of a victim cache?**
- A) To increase cache capacity
-B) To reduce conflict misses in direct mapped caches
- C) To replace the L1 cache
-D) To store old data
14. **Which cache organization has the potential for the highest hit rate?**
- A) Direct mapping
-B) Associative mapping
- C) Set-associative mapping
-D) Virtual mapping
15. **How does increasing block size in a cache affect hit ratio initially?**
- A) Decreases hit ratio
- B) Has no effect on hit ratio
- C) Increases hit ratio due to spatial locality
-D) Decreases access speed
16. **Which of the following does not affect the design of cache memory?**
- A) Cache size
-B) Mapping function
- C) Replacement algorithm
- D) Processor clock speed
17. **What is the impact of a larger cache size on system performance?**
- A) Always improves performance
- B) Decreases access time
- C) Improves hit rate but may have diminishing returns
-D) No impact on performance
18. **Why are split caches (separate instruction and data caches) beneficial?**
- A) To reduce cache size
-B) To avoid contention between instruction fetch and data access
- C) To simplify cache design
-D) To decrease cost
19. **Which of the following is a disadvantage of larger cache line sizes?**
- A) Increased hit ratio
-B) Reduced hit ratio due to less efficient use of cache space
- C) Increased speed
-D) Decreased cost
20. **What is the main trade-off in the memory hierarchy?**
- A) Capacity, cost, and access time
- B) Size, power, and speed
- C) Cost, complexity, and design
-D) Security, reliability, and speed
21. **What is a multilevel cache?**
- A) A cache with multiple lines
-B) A hierarchy of caches, with smaller caches closer to the CPU
-C) A cache with virtual memory
-D) A single cache divided into levels
22. **What happens when a cache miss occurs?**
- A) The data is found in the cache
-B) The data must be fetched from the main memory
- C) The cache stops working
-D) The processor halts
23. **What does "hit ratio" refer to in cache memory?**
-
A) The percentage of times data is found in the cache
-B) The number of times data is replaced
- C) The speed of data access
-D) The cost of cache memory
24. **Which cache mapping technique uses the least hardware complexity?**
- A) Fully associative
-B) Set-associative
- C) Direct mapping
-D) Virtual mapping
25. **Why are replacement algorithms necessary in caches?**
-
A) To increase cache size
-B) To manage cache line replacement when it is full
- C) To reduce access time
-D) To improve write policies
26. **Which cache memory principle uses the concept of temporal and spatial locality?**
- A) Cache design
-B) Memory hierarchy
- C) Write policy
-D) Replacement algorithms
27. **What type of memory is typically used for cache?**
- A) Magnetic memory
-B) Semiconductor memory
- C) Optical memory
-D) Flash memory
28. **What is the main function of the Memory Management Unit (MMU)?**
- A) To control the processor
-B) To translate virtual addresses into physical addresses
- C) To increase cache speed
-D) To manage disk storage
29. **What does the term "cache hit" mean?**
- A) Data not found in the cache
-B) Data found in the cache
- C) Data fetched from main memory
-D) A cache line replacement
30. **Which of the following is true for a unified cache?**
- A) Separate caches for data and instructions
- B) A single cache used for both data and instructions
C) Only used in multilevel caches
- D) Inefficient for modern CPUs

Chap3
### 1. What is the key benefit of a glass substrate in magnetic disks?
A. Lower production cost
B. Increased reliability and reduced errors
C. Higher data storage capacity
D. Faster read/write speed
### 2. What is the function of the write head in a magnetic disk?
A. It reads data from the disk
B. It stores data on the disk
C. It controls the disk's speed
D. It removes data from the disk
### 3. What is RAID?
A. A backup solution
B. A memory chip
C. Redundant Array of Independent Disks
D. A file system
### 4. Which RAID level uses data mirroring?
A. RAID O
B. RAID 1
C. RAID 5
D. RAID 6
### 5. How is data written to a magnetic disk?
A. Using lasers
B. Using magnetic fields
C. Using chemical etching
D. Using electrical signals
### 6. What is the major advantage of RAID 0?
A. Data redundancy
B. High data transfer rates
C. Fault tolerance
D. Cost-effectiveness
###7. Which of the following is NOT a type of flash memory?
A. NOR
B. NAND
C. SSD
D. RAID
### 8. What is the typical sector size on a magnetic disk?
A. 256 bytes
B. 512 bytes
C. 1 kilobyte
D. 4 kilobytes
### 9. How is redundancy achieved in RAID 5?
A. By mirroring all data
B. By using a dedicated parity disk
C. By distributing parity across all disks
D. By using error-correcting codes
### 10. Which RAID level offers no data redundancy?
A. RAID O
B. RAID 1
C. RAID 5
D. RAID 6
### 11. What is the advantage of SSD over HDD?
A. Longer lifespan
B. Lower power consumption
C. Faster access times
D. Larger storage capacity
### 12. What does "seek time" refer to in disk performance?
A. Time to transfer data to memory
B. Time to position the read/write head on the correct track
C. Time to rotate the disk
D. Time to process the I/O request
### 13. Which RAID level uses Hamming code for error correction?
A. RAID 1
B. RAID 2
C. RAID 3
D. RAID 4
### 14. What is the main disadvantage of CD-ROM?
A. High cost
B. It is read-only
C. Short lifespan
D. Slow production
### 15. What is the smallest unit of data access in NAND flash memory?
A. Bit
B. Byte
C. Block
D. Sector
### 16. Which of the following is a feature of Winchester heads?
A. They float above the disk
B. They are fixed in place
C. They do not need calibration
D. They use lasers to read data
### 17. What is the purpose of a "floating gate" in flash memory?
A. To protect data
B. To control electron flow
C. To increase speed
D. To enhance storage capacity
### 18. Which RAID level requires a minimum of three disks?
A. RAID O
B. RAID 5
C. RAID 1
D. RAID 2
### 19. Which optical disk has the highest storage capacity?
A. CD-ROM
B. DVD
C. HD DVD
D. Blu-ray
### 20. What is the key difference between RAID levels 4 and 5?
A. RAID 5 distributes parity across disks
B. RAID 4 is faster
C. RAID 4 uses mirroring
D. RAID 5 does not use parity
### 21. What happens in SSDs when a block is written?
A. The block is erased first
B. Data is appended
C. The block is rewritten without change
D. The block is moved to cache
### 22. What is "rotational latency"?
A. Time to move the read/write head
B. Time to access data in cache
C. Time for the correct sector to rotate under the head
D. Time to transfer data to memory
### 23. What is the typical capacity of a DVD?
A. 700 MB
B. 1.5 GB
C. 4.7 GB
D. 25 GB
### 24. How is data read from a magnetic disk?
A. By detecting magnetic patterns
B. By using electrical pulses
C. By using lasers
D. By inducing a magnetic field
### 25. What is the disadvantage of SSDs?
A. Low IOPS
B. Slow data transfer
C. High power consumption
D. Limited write lifespan
### 26. How does RAID 3 differ from RAID 5?
A. RAID 3 uses a single parity disk
B. RAID 3 uses mirroring
C. RAID 5 offers no redundancy
D. RAID 3 distributes parity across disks
### 27. Which type of disk is a "fixed-head" disk?
A. Removable disk
B. Non-removable disk
C. Solid-state drive
D. Optical disk
### 28. What is a benefit of using flash memory in mobile devices?
A. Higher cost
B. Slower read speeds
C. High-speed random access
D. Low durability
### 29. What is the smallest RAID level that provides data redundancy?
A. RAID O
B. RAID 1
C. RAID 5
D. RAID 6
### 30. What is the major disadvantage of magnetic tapes compared to disks?
A. High cost
B. Low data density
C. Sequential access
D. High power consumption

### 1. What is the primary feature of RAID 1?

A. Data striping
B. Uses a single parity disk
C. Data mirroring across two drives
D. Increases write speed
### 2. How do magnetic disks store data?
A. Using electricity
B. Using magnetic fields
C. Using lasers
D. Using light pulses
### 3. Which device has the fastest data access speed?
A. Magnetic tape
B. HDD
C. SSD
D. CD-ROM
### 4. How does RAID 3 recover data?
A. By mirroring data
B. By storing parity on a single disk
C. By distributing parity across all disks
D. By striping data without parity
### 5. What is the key difference between NAND and NOR flash memory?
A. NAND has faster random access speed
B. NOR accesses data at the bit level
C. NAND does not support writing
D. NAND is not used in SSDs
### 6. What is a major drawback of SSDs?
A. Slow access speed
B. Limited write cycles
C. High power consumption
D. Susceptibility to mechanical shock
###7. Which storage device is commonly used for long-term data archiving in enterprises?
A. Hard disk
B. SSD
C. Magnetic tape
D. DVD
### 8. Why is RAID 5 popular in enterprise environments?
A. Low cost
B. Balanced performance and data protection
C. No need for parity
D. Requires fewer disks
### 9. What is a key feature of Winchester drives?
A. The read head is fixed on the disk
B. Uses lasers to read data
C. The read head floats near the disk surface when spinning
D. Requires no maintenance
### 10. What method extends the lifespan of flash memory?
A. Using backup disks
B. Using wear-leveling algorithms
C. Constant data writing
D. Avoiding parity data
### 11. Which technique does RAID 2 use to protect data?
A. Data mirroring
B. Parity storage
C. Hamming error correction code
D. Data striping
### 12. Why do SSDs consume less power than HDDs?
A. They use optical storage
B. They have no moving parts
C. They use larger storage capacities
D. They utilize magnetic fields
### 13. What is a common drawback of CD-ROMs compared to other storage media?
A. High cost
B. Slow access time
C. Short lifespan
D. Low reliability
### 14. What happens when the floating gate in flash memory is charged?
A. It stops the current flow between source and drain
B. It increases the data transfer speed
C. It allows random access
D. It deletes all stored data
### 15. How is data stored on a DVD?
A. Magnetic bits
B. Electrical pulses
C. Microscopic pits
D. Optical fibers
### 16. Which of the following RAID levels uses block-level striping without parity?
A. RAID O
B. RAID 1
C. RAID 3
D. RAID 5
### 17. What is the primary difference between SSDs and HDDs?
A. HDDs have faster access times
B. SSDs have no moving parts
C. SSDs are magnetic storage devices
D. HDDs consume less power
### 18. What is the key advantage of SSDs over HDDs in mobile devices?
A. Higher cost
B. Lower read speeds
C. Durability and shock resistance
D. Larger storage capacity
### 19. What does the term "striping" in RAID refer to?
A. Mirroring data on multiple disks
B. Distributing data across multiple disks
C. Storing parity information on a single disk
D. Using optical storage for redundancy
### 20. Which RAID level requires a minimum of four disks?
A. RAID 1
B. RAID 5
C. RAID 6
D. RAID 0