TRIBHUVA.

N UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Examination Control Division j Programme BEL, BEX, BCT pass Marks 32
2080 Chaitrn i Year,/ Part II i II
a--- ---.-----_ _---
-_-_-
fi-" -*- 3 hrs.

FytiSt!:- Instrumentation I (EE sSZ)

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far
Attempt All questions.
Thefigures in the margin indicate Fu_ll Marks.
Assurne suitable data if necessary"
iWNCE
iKIHRARY
1. Define inskumentation system rvith example. Explain its dilferent components with the
help of a block diagram.
t6l
2. Explain the difference between static and dynamic characteristics of measurement
systern. Briefly explain following static performance parameter.
[6]
i) Accuracy (ii) Precision (iii) Sensitivity (iv) Resoluric;n (v) Linearity
3. An AC bridge circuit is working at 1000 Hz. Arnr AB has 0.2 pF pure capacitance, arnr
BC has 500f} pure resistance, arm CD contains an unknown impedance, and arm DA has
3000 resistance in parallel with 0.1 prF capacitor. Find the constants of arm CD
considering it as a series circuit,
t4]
4. What is piezo electric transducer? What are the materials used in such transducer? Define
voitage sensitivity, charge sensitivity and derir,e the expression for the output voltage
developed due to applied force.
tdl
5. Explain how magnitude and direction of displacement can be measured using linear
variable di fferential transformer^
I6l
6. A linear resistance potentiometer is 50 mm long and is uniforrnly r,'ound with a wire of
total resistance 5000Q" Under normal condition, the slider is at the centre of the
potentiometer. Determine the linear displacement when the resistance of the POT as
measured tly a u'heatstone bridge is 1850Q, if it is possible to measure a minirnum value
of 5Q resistance with the above arrangement determine the resolution of the POT in mm. t4]
. Explain the features of instrumentation ampiilier and derive the expression for its Gain.
"i
i6]
8. Explain the operation of sample and hc-'ld circr-rit .with the help of, circuit diagram. t6]
9. Design an Cp-Amp summer circuit to obtain output voltage as Vou6 = *(Vr + 10y2 +
25V3 ). Use minirnum value of resistance as 10kf).
i4]
10. Expiain how analog to digitai conversion is achieved try using Dual ramp ADC. t6l
1 1. What are the drawbacks of ,,n,eighted resistor network? With suitable <liagram expiain the
R-2R ladder digital io analog converler. ld]
12. Whai will be a 4-bit
successive approximation digilal output for an analog input of
4.287Y if full range of converter Enis 5V.
i4l
13. Describe the construction and working principle of a single phase incluction type energy
meter.
t8l
14. flxplain the operating priircipie of'electrical resonance type frequency meter in detail.
l8l
*lk'<
 TRIBHUVAN LNTVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGiNEERING BE Full Marks 80
Examination Control Division I Programme BEL, BEX, BCT Pass Marks 32
2019 Chaitra i Year 1 Part II I il Time 3 hrs.

Subject: - Instrumentation I
Candidates are required to give their ansrvers in their orvn r.vords as far as practicable.
Attempt All questions.
Thefigures in the margin indieate Full Msrks.
Assume suitable data dnecessary. i&H'$€ffiHtl
lLBBffi4,ryYt
1. a) What is Instrumentation systerl' Describe the operation of the functional components
of Instrumentation system rvith ihe heip of block diagram.
[1+s]
b) What are the different parameters to def-rne the static pcrformance of an instrument?
Distinguish betrveen accLrrac\. and precision of an instrument with a suitabie example.
[3+3]
c) I)escribe the construction and u'orkin-e principle of permanent magnet moving coil
instrument rryith neat and clean diagrarn, \\/hat u,ili happen if we connect PMMC
instrument tbr the measurernent of -{C qr.rantin'?
14l
2. a) Show how "Loading effect "causcs a non-linear rclationship between the input and
output in a measuremetlt made 1rr a potentionteter -{1so q,rite the methods to reduce
loading effect.
l6l
b) Explain hor,v magnitude and direction of dispiacement can be measured u,ith the help
of inductive sensor.
t6l
c) An AC bridge working at 500 Hz has foliowing paramerers: l4l
Arm AB, R: 500 0 in paraliel with l-:30 mH,
Arm BC, R: tr000 f2 in parailel with C = 0.5 p F,
Arms CD, R: 800 Cl in series w'ith C = 0.9 pr F.
l)etermine the paranteters of the remaining arm for the bridge to be balanced
considering the possibility that the missing arm couid be either in series or parallel.
3. a) Expiain working principle of piezo-eiectric sensor and derive the expression for
out-put voltage. Also expiain its equiviilent circuit. t6l
b) Explain the working principle of hall- effect sensor, Also prove that this effect is more
pronounced in the case of semiconductor that metal. i6l
c) Determine the thermoelectric sensitivity and emf developed in a thennocouple made
of copper and constantan for a temperature of 50"C1 betrveen its junction, Given that
thermo electric emf of copper and constantan against platinum are 7.4 prr/ oC and
-34.4 ;wl oC respectivel,v. {41
4. a) Highlight the advantages of opticai fiber transmission over conventional data
transmission system. t6I
b) Describe the instrumentation ampiifier in detail q,ith a circuit diagram. I"low is it
better than other amplifiers? Also derive the expression lbr its gain. i1 0l
5. a) Desoribe the construction and working principle of a singie- phase induotion type"
energy meter. Show that the totai number of revclutions made by disc during
particular time is proportional to the energy consumeC. I8l
b) Show hor,v the instrument transformers are used to measrlre high voltage and current.
And also explain lvhy the secondary of current transibrmer shciuld not be kept open
circuited while primary is energized. i8l
i.**
 TRIBHWANI'NIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
i Level i BE Full Marls 80
Examination Control Division j Programme j BEL, BEX, BCT Pass
Marks 12
2078 Chaitra
IV,*lttlrt i Ui*ii j Time : t.s.
-
Subjeet: - Instrumentationl(mssz
Candidates are required to give their answers in
their
Attempt 4ll questions.
The figures in the margin indicate Futt
trfgrks
Assume suitabIe clata if neces,ory.- TIBRARY
I " a) Define measurement and measurement system. Draw the brock diagram
of
measurement system shor'ving each component
of measurement systenr ancl also
explain the flurciions of each block.
b) using statistical evaluation of random errors or data of measurement. L2+41
probable error in a measurement can be obtained.
errlain iro*.
Find out thc probabllerror of the observation gi t6l
beiori'
Current readings in ampere Number of readiss
9.97 i
9.98 J
9.99 13
10.00 23
10.01 l5
10.02 4
10"03 1

c) If a voltmcter having accurac)? of 1%o and full scalc range l00v is used to measur.
80v and 12v' calculate the possii-''le percentage error of both readings. comment iln
your ans\&.eI.
a) Explain how the nonlinear characteristics of a capacitive irl
transciucer used for rhe
measurement of displacement using thc principle of
change in distance between plates can be made linear.
.h*g" in capacitance due trl
b) Expiain the construction and working principle ol a linear
variabie differentiai
16l
transformer.
t) is used to measure stress on steel. The steel is stressed ro
gauge 16l
|j:jtt"n2ce
l4uuKg/m-. Assume Young's modulus^of elasticity of steei is 2.1x lOu [r;rr.
calculate tlte 96 change of resistance of a strain guig. *J poison,s
ratio assumino
gauge t"actor equal to 2"
lll
a) \\&y signal conditioning is done in instrumentation system? Derive
the expression tor
L

closed loop gain of op-amp in inverting mode. Also

explain ideal characteristics of an
operational amplifier.
b) Explain the features of instrumenlation ampli{ier and derive
the expression
t6I
gain,
for irs

c) Determine the thermoelectric sensitivitv t6l

of Cu and Const for a 1n! 9mf devcloped in a thermocouple made
temperature of 60"C between its junctions. Given thar
thermoelectric emf of cu and const against pt are 7 .4 pr\r/.c
and -34.4 py /oc
[4]
4" a) Using florvchart diagram, example the working of successive approximation ADC.
What s,i1l be 4-bit, digital output for the analog impute of 3.217 V if EF.:5V, using
successil'e approximaiion ADC?
t6l
b) What is data acquisition system'l Explain the function and objective of, each
component of a digital data acquisition system. t6l
c) An s-bit DAC has refurence voltage of 12V. F'ind the minimum value of resistance R
such that the output current doesn't exceed 10mA if it uses i) wRN DAC ii) R:2R
ladder network DAC. Also, find the smallest value of the quantized current iu both

5. a)
CASES.
Explain the rvorking principle of dynamometer t)?e rvattmeter and also prove that the
t4l \
deflection torque is directly proportion to power consumed by the load in both ac and
dc circuit.
18l
b) Explain the rvorking principle of instrument transformer. Also explain why the
secondary winding of current transformer should never be kept open circuited u.hile
primary is energizedl'
t8I
,k**
 1RIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Exam. Ileuular
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE Full Marks 80
Examination Control Division Programme BEL, BEX, BCT Pass Marks 32
2077 Chaitra Year I Part II/II Time 3 hrs,

Subjeet: - Instrumentation I (EE SS2)

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as t'ar as practicable.
Attempt All questions.
The figures in the margin indicale Full Marks_.
Assume suitable data if necessary.
l. a) Explain how probabie error can be calculated with the help of statistical analysis in a
measurement system. t6]
b) Explain the ditference between static and dynamic characteristics cf measurement
system. Also explain follou,ing static performance parameter. t6]
(i) Accuracy
(ii) Precision
(iii)Sensitivity
c) Following readling were obtained in respect of a capacitor: 1.003pt,, 0.998pF,
1.001pF, 1.009pF, 1.005pF, 0.991pF, 0.996pF, 0.997prF, 1.008pF, & 0,994pF.
Calculate:
(i) Arithmetic mean
(ii) Deviation from mean
(iii) Srandard deviation
t4l
2. a) Explain how the liquid level can be measured by using capacitive sensor. t6l
b) Define transducer rvith example. Explain the rvorking principle of strain gauge and
derive the expression for the gauge factor. t6l
c) A linear resistance potentiometer is 50mm iong and is uniforrnly wound with a wire
of total resistance of 20kf2. Under normal conditions, the slider is at the center of the
potentiometer. Determine the linear displacemeirt when the resistance of the
potentiometer, as tneasured by wheatstone bridge are 1550Q and 5600Q. Are the two
displacements in the same direction? If it is possible to measure a minimum valne of
l0kf) resistance u,ith the above arrangement. determine the resolution of the
potentiometer in mm. i4]
3. a) Explain how both direction & magnitude of the displacement can be measured with
heip ofi linear variable differential transformer. t6]
b) Describe the circuit of 3 amplifier configuration of an instrumentation amplifier. Also
derive the expression for output voltage in terms of two input voltage. t6l
c) Hall effect element is used for the measurement of magnetic flux of Q.8Wblm'. The
thickness of element is 2.5mm. If the current passed through the element is 54,
calculate the Hall emf developed. Given that Ks=Jx16'2. t4l
4. a) Explain how analog to digital conversion is achieved by using ramp ADC.
l6l
b) What are the drawbacks of weighted resistor network? With suitable diagram explain
the R-2R.ladder digital to analog converter.
t6l
c) Given l2-bits, 10v successive approximation ADC that has 20ps conversion time and
is used without sample and hold circuit. Find the maximum rate of change of input
signal and its maximum frequency that can be applied.
l4l
5 a) Explain the working principle of dynamometer type wattmeter and also prove that the
deflection torque is directly proportion to power consumed by the load in both a.c.
and d.c. circuit.
t8l
b) What is Data Acquisition system? Also explain the ditferent component of analog
data'acquisi tion system.
l8l
r**
 '' r '
TRIBI{UVAN TINIVERSITY Exam.
"'j Back
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level BE X'ull Marks 80

Examination Control Division lPtggr"rg-t BEL, BEX, Pass Marks )!

2076 Baisakh L-Y-g.sl-h*--, il/II Time 3 hrs.

Subject: - Instrumentation I (EE 552)

Candidates are required to give their ansu,ers in their own w'ords as far as practicable.
, ttempt Atl ques t ions.
7'lte figure,s in fhe margin indicate {UU Msykg.
,4sswne suiiable data iJ' necessary.
t.
1
e.) Define instrumentation s.v-stem with example. Explain the main elernents of
measurement system with the help of block diagram. [C.j
b) Diffbrentiate between static and dynamic performance parameter with describing each
parameter in brief. t4l
c) A 1C00I{z bridge has the tbllou,ing constants: t6l
Ann AB: R:I000f) in parailel with C:0.5pF
Arrn RC: R-:1000f) in parallel with C:0.5pF
Arm CD: It:200Q in parallel with l.:3OmH
Find the constants of Arm DA te. balance the bridge express the result as a prire R in
paraliel u.ith a pure C or L.
2. a) Expiain hor.v tnagnitude & direction of displacernent can be measured using induotive
sensol'. I6l
b) Explain working principle c,f capacitive sensor. Also explain how linear relation
benveen output & input can be obtained in the case of capacitive sensorworkiug on
the principle of change in separation distaurce. I6l
c) A strain gauge is boncled to a bearr r.vhich is 12cri iong & has a cross-sectional area
of 3.Scrn2, The unstraineel resistance & gauge factor of the strain gauge are 220fJ &
2.2 respectively. On the application of lcad, the resistance of tire gauge changes by
0.015fi. Xf the modulus of elasticit.v for steel is 20? GNim2, calculate (i) tlie change in
iength af the steel beam. (ii) the amount of force applied to the beam. l'+l
.1. a) Explain the ideal characteristics of operationai ampiifier & cieiir.e the expression fcr
closed loop gain in ncn-inlerting moCe. I6j
b) Explain the "loading effect" on input-output relationship in measurement made by a
potentiometer. IIow can tire error due to loading be rninimized? 1"6.I
c) A capacitive transdttcer is made up of two concentric cylindrical electrodes" The nuter
iliarneter of inner cylindrical electrode is 3 mrn and the dielectric medium is air. The
inner radius of the oi.iter electrode is 3.lmm. Calculate the dielectric stress,*,hen a
voltage ol 100V is appiied across the electrodes. ls itlvithin safe limit? The length of
electrode is 20mm. Calculate the change in capacitance if the inner electrode is moved
through a distance of 2mnt. the breakdown strenglh of air is 3KVimm. [4i
4. a) Explain the method of Digital-Analeig conversion using R-2R ladder r"ietw,ork. Why
do we prefbr to use this DAC instead of WRN type, explain. t6l
b) What is data acquisition s,vstem. Explain function of the different components of
digital data acquisition system. t6]
c) Ari I bit DAC has nraximum supply voltage 12V. Find
i) What voltage change does l,SB represent?
ii) What voltage change does MSB represent?
iii)What voltage does 10111100 represent? i4]
5. a) State and explain Sampling theorem. What is aliasing? Define the terms analcg signal
and discrete signal. iRt
L_ l

b) Write short notes on: f?x al

i) Frequency meter
ii) Instrument transfonner
***
 INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING BE
-!sy-sl ."" " Full Marks 80
Examination Controt Division "

BEL, BEX, BCT PassMarks 3Z

2076 Bhadra -r:gg:,?1:Lt
Year / Part II/II Time 3 hrs.

"flQi: :.1:.:,.lHlrutp.e.-.Itation r 1r n s s zS
candiriates are required to give their answers in their orun *orJ,
Attenpt 4ll questians.
;fb;;#;;;;ffii;.
l.he figures in rhe margin indicate Fqtt Marks-.
Assume suitable dota if necessary.

1. a) Explain the function of different stage of n'reasurin{I system rvith

the help 6f bloc}:
diagrarn.
io!
b) A voltmeter whose accuraey is Ta/o of the full scaie reacling is used gn its 0-150v
scale' lt is used to ineasure a voltage of 75V and 37.5V. Calcrilate
the maximu*a
possible enor of both readings. courment on your answer.
14l
o) How do you define enor in a measurement system? How the Gaussian
curr/cs can be
used to explain the norunal distribution of random errors in
a measurernent?
I6I
2. a) \!-hich bridge is used r the measurement of unknown inductance of a coil iraving
high quality fbctor? Explain how the measllrernent is done with the
help of selecterl
bridge and also explain the reasons behind the serection.
t6l
b) Define capacitive transducer. Explain how by using a differential ar.rangement
a
capacitive transducer which works on the principle o1 variation of
capacitance with
displacement betlveen two plates the response can be made linear.
c) A capacitive transducer is made up of two concentric cyiindrical electlodes. The outer t6l
diameter of the inner electrode is 3mm and the dielectric medium
is air." The inner
diameter of the'cuter electrode is 3.1 mm. calcuiate the dielectric
stress when ;t
vcltage of 100V is appiied across the electrode. Is it within the safe
limit? The length
of the electrode is 20mm. Calculate the chalge in capaeitance if the electrr:de
is
movecl through a distance of 2rnm. The breakdoirn stren[th of
air is 3K\rA1rn. .{Lt
LI
J. a) What is piezo elestric transclucer? What are
I
the materials used in sucli transdllcer?
l)efine voltage sensitivity, charge sensitivity and derive the expression
for the outpul
voltage developed due to applied force.
t6l
b) What are the ideal characteristies of an Op-amp? Derive the expression for close-ioop
gain in non-inveding mode of an Op,amp"
c) hi a resistive potenticrmeter the maximrim percentage error is t 5 R"p / Ro w-h.ere R.o and i{rl
Rn, are respectively the resistance cf the potentro.r,"t*, and the
lla,i iespectiveiy" A
positir:n measuremenr may have a rnaximun: non-linearity of
0,5% irhen driving a
load of 10 kQ resistance' Find out the tnaximum value of resistance
of potentiometer. 41
4" a) Draw the block diagram of optical fiber communication
system ancl write advantages
of it.
i6l
b) Consider a 5-bit DAC rvith a resistanee of 320 kfJ in LSB position.
The converter is
design with weighted resistor netu'ork. The reference voltage is i0V.
The output of
the resistive network is connected to an operationat amptiiier with a ltedback
resistance of 5 KQ. What is the analog output lbr a binary input
of 1 I i 0l 0,/ i4 j
c) Describe the working principle of Successive Approximation
ADC in detail with
florvchart and diagram
t6l
5' a) Expiain the working principle of dynamorneter type rvattmeter ancl prove that the
detlection torque s directly proportion to power consumed by the load ln
both ac ancl
dc circuit.
I6l
b) Show how the instrument transformers are used to measure high voltage
and cunent"
Also explain rvhy secondary winding of CT shoulcl nsver be kept open iircuited
whi.ie
prirnary is energized?
t6l
c) State and explain sampling theorem and define tenrr analog signal and
discrete signal. t4j
**!k
 ,2 TTTIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY Bxam. : : {:f i} :j:i ;i"' ;.. r ;, t R€p1ilar,f,'..*t*;.t *+tas.611ii
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Level _B-E , . .;rur]ry1ar]r<s 80
Examination Control Division Programme BEL, BEX, BCT , pass D,Iarks JI
2075 Bhadra Year /Part Ni II Time 3 hrs.

r' Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
{ Atrcmfi$lquestions.
{. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks.
/ Assume suitable dota if neeessary

1. a) Explain the difference between static and dynamic characteristics of measurement

system. Also explain following static performance parameter.
t6l
i) Accuracy
iii Precision
iii) Sensitivity
iv) Resolution
v) Linearity
b) Explain quality factor in Maxwell's bridge. Why Maxwell bridge cannot be used for
the measurement of inductance haviug quality factor less than and greater than l0 i
(l<=O<:10).
t6l
c) An iC bridge has following constants
Arm AB, R = 1000 O in parallel with C = 0.5 pF
Arm BC, R = 3000 Q
Arm CD, unknown capacitance C* in series with &
Arm DA, C:0.55 pF
Supply frequency l000HZ
Determine the unknown resistance Rx and capacitance Cx to make the bridge balance.
t4l
2. a) Discuss the methods to reduce loading effect in a Potentiometer. Also prove that
linearity and sensitivity of potentiometer is two conflicting requirements.
t6l
b) Explain how the nonlinear of a capacitive transducer used for the
characteristics
measurement of displacement using the principle of change in capacitance due to
change in distance between plates can be made linear.
t6l
c) A rotatory POT having 100 turns and total resistance of 1000 C) is made up of wire of
I rneter length. It has the power lirnit of I0 watt. Calculate the maximum excitation
voltage that can be applied to the POT. Also calculate the resolution (in volts) of the
polentiometer under that maximum excitation.
t4)
a) Explain flre working principle of Piezo-electric sensor and derive the expression for
the output voltage in the piezo-electric Sensor.
t6l
b) What are the characteristics of an ideal operational amplifier? Derive the expression
for close loop gain of operational amplifier in inverting and non-inverting mode.
l6l
c) Design an integrator circuit which will produce a ramp voltage of -20v/ms. I4l
4. a) I-.xplain how analog to digital conversior can be achieved b,v using dual Ramp ADC. t8]
b) A 6-bit DAC has 20 kO resistance in MSB position. The converter is designed with
iveighted resistor netvr,ork. The reference voltage is 12 V. The outptrt of the resistive
nctwork is connected to an op amp with a feedback resistance of 5 kCJ. What will be
the analog output for a binar,v input of 11 1010? t8l
5. a) State ald e.rplain Nl,quist criterion. Also cxplain the phenomenon a aliasing and the
way to eliminate it. t4l
b) Explain the function ol sample and hold circuit with the help of circuit diagram' t6]
c) Explain the construction and r.r'orking of single phase electrodynamometer wattmeter
wiih for ac operation. t6]
"xpression
**i<