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ENRG 511 Turbomachinery Instructor: Dr. Farooq Saeed

Assignment No. 1: Thermodynamics & Fluid Flow

Instructions:
1. Please show all your work, i.e., write down all the equations stepwise and show the
calculations. In case of multiple parts of same question, show calculations only once.
2. Use proper symbols and notations for variables as given in the text.
3. Attach your program or Excel worksheet if you used programming to arrive at the
solution.

Problem 2.3 Steam flows through a turbine at the rate of 𝑚 = 9000 kg/h. The rate at which power is
delivered by the turbine is 𝑊 = 440 hp. The inlet total pressure is p01 = 70 bar, and total temperature
is T01 = 420°C. For a reversible and adiabatic process, find the total pressure and temperature leaving
the turbine.

Problem 2.6 Water at temperature T1 = 20°C flows through a turbine with inlet velocity V1 = 3 m/s,
static pressure p1 = 780 kPa, and elevation z1 = 2 m. At the exit the conditions are V2 = 6 m/s, p2 =
100 kPa, and z2 = 1.2 m. Find the specific work delivered by the turbine.

Problem 2.7 Air at static pressure 2 bar and static temperature 300 K flows with velocity 60 m/s.
Find total temperature and pressure?

Problem 2.9 Air undergoes an increase of 1.75 kPa in total pressure through a blower. The inlet total
pressure is one atmosphere, and the inlet total temperature is 21°C. Evaluate the exit total
temperature assuming that the process is reversible adiabatic. Evaluate the energy added to the air
per unit mass flow.

Problem 2.12 Air has static pressure 2 bar and static temperature 300 K while flowing at speed 1000
m/s. (a) Assuming that air obeys the ideal gas law with constant specific heats, determine its
stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure, (b) Repeat part (a) using the air tables.

Problems 2.16 A fluid enters a turbine with total temperature of 330 K and total pressure of 700 kPa.
The outlet total pressure is 100 kPa and assume that the expansion process through the turbine is
isentropic. Evaluate (a) the work per unit mass flow assuming that the fluid is incompressible with a
density 1000 kg/m3, (b) and assuming that the fluid is air.

Problems 2.20 Gases from a combustion chamber enter a gas turbine at a total pressure of 700 kPa
and a total temperature of 1100 K. The total pressure and total temperature at the exit of the turbine
are 140 kPa and 780 K. Assuming that 𝛾 is used for the mixture of combustion gases, which has
a molecular mass of 28.97 kg/kmol, find the total-to-total efficiency and the total-to-static efficiency
of the turbine, for an exit velocity of 210 m/s.
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ENRG 511 Turbomachinery Instructor: Dr. Farooq Saeed
Assignment No. 2: Compressible Fluid Flow

1. A supersonic plane is traveling at an altitude of 3000 m (T = -5oC, p = 70.14 kPa) in standard

atmosphere. What is the Mach number of the plane if an observer on the ground hears the engine
noise 20 s after it passes directly overhead? Assume the average temperature of 10oC. What are
the temperature and pressure at the stagnation point (on the aircraft at that altitude)?

2. An airplane is travelling at 1500 km/h at an altitude where the temperature is –60oC. What is the
Mach at which the airplane is flying?

3. An aircraft is flying at a Mach number of 0.95 at an altitude where the pressure is 30 kPa and the
temperature is –50oC. The diffuser to the intake to the engine decreases the Mach number to 0.3
at the inlet to the engine.
a. Find the pressure and temperature at the inlet to the engine?
b. What is the stagnation pressure and temperature in the flow?

4. Air is discharged from a large reservoir, in which the pressure and temperature are 0.8 MPa and
25°C respectively, through a convergent nozzle with an exit diameter of 5 cm. The nozzle
discharges to the atmosphere. Find the mass flow rate through the nozzle, the pressure, the
temperature and the velocity at the exit plane of the nozzle.

5. At a certain location in convergent nozzle, the area is A1 = 5 cm2, pressure is p1 = 240 kPa, and
temperature is T1 = 360K. Find the mass flow rate of air at this location if the Mach number is M1
= 0.4.

6. Air flows through a circular duct 15 cm in diameter with a flow rate 2.25 kg/s. The stagnation
temperature and static pressure at a certain location in the duct are 30°C and 106 kPa,
respectively. Evaluate (a) the flow velocity, (b) the static temperature, (c) the stagnation pressure,
and (d) the density at this location.

7. A convergent-divergent nozzle is designed to expand air from a chamber in which the pressure is
700 kPa and the temperature is 40°C to give a Mach number of 3. The throat area of the nozzle
is 0.0025 m2. Find:
a. The flow rate through the nozzle under design conditions
b. The exit area of the nozzle
c. The design back pressure and the temperature of the air leaving the nozzle with this back
pressure
d. The lowest back pressure for which there is only subsonic flow in the nozzle
e. The back pressure at which there is a normal shock wave on the exit plane of the nozzle
f. The back pressure below which there are no shock waves in the nozzle
g. The range of back pressures over which there are oblique shock waves in the exhaust from
the nozzle
h. The range of back pressures over which there are expansion waves in the exhaust from the
nozzle
i. The back pressure at which a normal shock wave occurs in the divergent section of the
nozzle at a point where the nozzle area is halfway between the throat and the exit plane
areas.
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ENRG 511 Turbomachinery Instructor: Dr. Farooq Saeed
Assignment No. 3: Compressible Fluid Flow

Problem 1 Air issues from a reservoir at conditions 260 kPa and 540K into a converging nozzle. The
nozzle efficiency is estimated to be N = 0:986. The back pressure is pb = 101.3kPa. Find (a) the exit
Mach number, (b) exit plane temperature, (c) exit plane pressure, and (d) exit velocity.

Problem 2 A normal shock wave occurs in air at a point where the velocity is 600 m/s and the
stagnation temperature and pressure are 200°C and 600 kPa, respectively. Find the Mach numbers,
pressures, and temperatures upstream and downstream of the shock wave.

Problem 3 The exhaust gases from a rocket engine have a molar mass of 14. They can be assumed to
behave as a perfect gas with a specific heat ratio of 1.25. These gases are accelerated through a
convergent-divergent nozzle. A normal shock wave occurs in the nozzle at a point in the flow where
the Mach number is 2, pressure is 40kPa and temperature is –20℃. Find the pressure, temperature,
density, and stagnation pressure downstream of this shock wave.

Problem 4 Consider a supersonic flow over a convex corner with angle 𝜃 10°, when the inflow
moves in the direction of 𝜃 0°. The upstream Mach number is M1 = 1.8, pressure is p1 = 130 kPa
and T1 = 310 K. After the first corner, the air flows over another convex corner, also 𝜃 10°. Find:
(a) Mach number, (b) temperature, (c) and pressure after the expansion is complete.

Problem 5 Consider the steam flow from a low-pressure nozzle at an angle 1 = 65°. At the inlet of
the nozzle steam is saturated vapor at pressure po = 18 kPa. Steam exhausts into the inter-blade
space, where pressure is 7 kPa. Find (a) the angle  by which the flow turns on leaving the nozzle,
(b) the far downstream velocity, and (c) its direction.

Problem 6: Example 3.7: MATLAB code and plot required

The nozzle is rectangular, 3 cm in height, and its width at the inlet is 5.12 cm. The nozzle walls are
made up of a circular arc of radius R = 2.85 cm and a straight section at the nozzle angle  = 75°. At
the inlet steam is dry and saturated with pressure 𝑝 275 kPa and 𝑀 0.1. The friction factor is
assumed to be 4𝑓 ̅ 0.032. Find the steam conditions through the nozzle, assuming that it remains
supersaturated as an ideal gas with  = 1.3.
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ENRG 511 Turbomachinery, Instructor: Dr. Farooq Saeed
Assignment No. 4: Gas Turbine Engines

Instructions:
1. It is recommended that you solve these problems in MS Excel or MATLAB since they are
numerically intensive.

Problem 5.7: Estimate the propulsion and thermal efficiencies of a turbojet engine during subsonic
cruise. The flight Mach number is 0.8, and the ambient temperature is 225 K. The compressor
pressure ratio is 12, and the turbine inlet temperature is 1300 K. The respective adiabatic efficiencies
of the diffuser, compressor, turbine, and the nozzle are 0.92, 0.85, 0.85, and 0.95. The burner
stagnation pressure ratio is 0.97, and the average specific heat during and after combustion is 1.1
kJ/kgꞏK, and the average molecular weight is 29.

Problem 5.11: Compare the takeoff thrusts of two engines operating with the same core engine
airflow rate, compressor exit pressure (12 atm), and turbine inlet temperature (1500 K), and at the
same ambient pressure and temperature. One of them is a turbojet (bypass ratio equals zero) and one
has bypass ratio equal to 10 and fan pressure ratio 1.6. For convenience, neglect the effect of losses
in the compressor, burner, and turbine and make approximations associated with fuel-air ratio f << 1
and constant specific heat of the working fluid (with  = 1.4). Find the ratio of thrusts at takeoff, with
flight velocity u << ue, the exhaust velocity.

Problem 5.13: Preliminary design calculations are being made for a turbofan engine with a bypass
ratio of 8:1.
Concept A has core engine exhaust and bypass streams separately expanding to different final
velocities. The bypass stream (after the fan) has stagnation pressure p0 = 0.16 MPa and stagnation
temperature T0 = 350 K. The core engine exhaust has stagnation temperature T0c = 700 K and the
same stagnation pressure as the bypass stream and f = 0.025.
Concept B would have the two streams mixing at constant pressure before expansion through
the same pressure ratio p0/pe, as in concept A.
Determine the ratio of takeoff thrusts (flight speed ≅ 0) of concepts B and A. Assume
ambient pressure of 0.1 MPa in the nozzle exhaust plane. The ratio of specific heats may be taken to
be 1.4 for both streams, as a first approximation.

Problem 5.16. The performance results in Figs. 5.19 and 5.20 indicate that as the turbine inlet
temperature of a turbojet is raised (while its flight speed remains constant), the thrust specific fuel
consumption increases. Why should this be so? Consider the M = 0 case and assume that as the
turbine inlet temperature is raised from 1500 to 1700 K, the compressor pressure ratio remains at
20:1. Table 5.1 provides the component efficiencies. Estimate the change in TSFC for this change in
T04ꞏ

Problem 5.20. A turbofan engine with bypass ratio B = 5 is to operate at the same core engine
pressure ratio and maximum temperature as prescribed in the previous problem. Determine the
specific thrust, the thrust specific fuel consumption, and the efficiencies for a fan pressure ratio prf =
1.5. The component efficiencies and ambient conditions are as given in Tables 5.1 and 5.2. If you
are using a spreadsheet for your calculations, explore the possibility of finding a combination of
bypass ratio and fan pressure ratio that maximizes the overall efficiency.
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ENRG 511 Turbomachinery Instructor: Dr. Farooq Saeed
Assignment No. 5: Principles of Turbomachinery Analysis

Problem 4.1 Steam enters a rotor of an axial turbine with an absolute velocity V2 = 320 m/s at an
angle 2 = 73°. The axial velocity remains constant. The blade speed is U = 165 m/s. The rotor
blades are equiangular so that 3 = –2, and the magnitude of the relative velocity remains constant
across the rotor. Draw the velocity triangles. Find (a) the relative flow angle 2, (b) the magnitude of
the velocity V3 after the flow leaves the rotor, and (c) the flow angle 3 that V3 makes with the axial
direction.

Problem 4.2 Water with density 1000 kg/m3 flows in centrifugal pump at the rate of 22 L/s. The
impeller radius is r2 = 7.7 cm, and the blade width at the impeller exit is b2 = 0.8 cm. If the flow
angles at the impeller exit are 2 = 67° and 2 = –40°, what is the rotational speed of the shaft in
rpm.

Problem 4.5 The exit flow angle of stator in an axial steam turbine is 68°. The flow angle of the
relative velocity leaving the rotor is –67°. Steam leaves the stator at V2 = 120 m/s, and the axial
velocity is Vx2 = 0.41U. At the exit of the rotor, blades the axial steam velocity is Vx3 = 0.42U. The
mass flow rate is 𝑚 2.2 kg/s. Find (a) the flow angle entering the stator assuming it to be the same
as the absolute flow angle leaving the rotor, (b) the flow angle of the relative velocity entering the
rotor, (c) the reaction, and (d) the power delivered by the stage.

Problem 4.6 The axial component of air flow leaving a stator in an axial flow turbine is Vx2 = 175
m/s, and its flow angle is 64°. The axial velocity is constant, the reaction of the stage is R = 0.5, and
the blade speed is U = 140 m/s. Since the reaction is 50%, the relationships between the flow angles
are 2 = –3 and 2 = –3. Find the flow angle of the velocity entering the stator.

Problem 4.7 The airflow leaving the rotor of an axial-flow turbine is Vx2 = 140 m/s and its flow
angle is 0°. The axial velocity is constant and equal to the blade speed. The inlet flow angle to the
rotor is 2 = 60°. Find the reaction.
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ENRG 511 Turbomachinery Instructor: Dr. Farooq Saeed
Assignment No. 6: Steam Turbines

Problem 5.6: Steam flows from a set of nozzles of a single-stage impulse turbine at 2 = 78° with
the velocity V2 = 305 m/s. The blade speed is U = 146 m/s. The outlet flow angle of the relative
velocity is 3° greater than its inlet angle, and the velocity coefficient is cR = 0.84. The nozzle velocity
coefficient is cN = 1. The power delivered by the wheel is 1000 kW. Draw the velocity diagrams at
the inlet and outlet of the blades. Calculate the mass flow rate of steam.

Problem 5.11: A two-row velocity-compounded impulse wheel is part of a steam turbine with many
other stages. The steam velocity from the nozzles is V2 = 580 m/s, and the mean speed of the blades
is U = 116 m/s. The flow angle leaving the nozzle is 2 = 74°, and the flow angle of the relative
velocity leaving the first set of rotor blades is 3 = –72°. The absolute velocity of the flow as it leaves
the stator vanes between the two rotors is 4 = 68°, and the outlet angle of the relative velocity
leaving the second rotor is 5 = –54°. The steam flow rate is 𝑚 = 2.4 kg/s. The velocity coefficient is
cv = 0.84 for both the stator and the rotor row. (a) Find the axial thrust from each wheel, (b) Find the
tangential thrust from each wheel, (c) Find the total-to-static efficiency of the rotors defined as the
work out divided by the kinetic energy available from the nozzles

Problem 5.13: Steam flows from the nozzles of a 0% repeating stage at an angle2 = 69° and speed
V2 = 450 m/s and enters the rotor with blade speed moving at U = 200 m/s. Find (a) its efficiency
when the loss coefficients are calculated from Soderberg's correlation and (b) the work delivered by
the stage