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ENRG 511 Turbomachinery, Sec 01, Term 2212 Instructor: Dr. Farooq Saeed

Assignment No. 2 SOLUTION Due Date: 16-02-2021

1. A supersonic plane is traveling at an altitude of 3000 m (T = -5oC, p = 70.14 kPa) in standard

atmosphere. What is the Mach number of the plane if an observer on the ground hears the engine
noise 20 s after it passes directly overhead? Assume the average temperature of 10oC. What are
the temperature and pressure at the stagnation point (on the aircraft at that altitude)?

Solution:


The distance covered by the sound wave due to
disturbance (airplane) at A is AB = ct,
where c is speed of sound and t is the time
interval. Then from the Mach cone geometry,
we can write

cos = 3 km/AB = 3000/ct = 3000/c(20) = 150/c

The speed of sound at the airplane altitude is: 𝑐 𝛾𝑅𝑇 1.4 287 10 273 337.2
m/s
Therefore, cos = 150/337.2 = 0.4448 or = 63.58°

and 𝑀 1/ sin 𝜇 1/ sin 63.58 1.116

Then
.
𝑇 1 𝑀 𝑇 1 1.116 5 273 1.249 268 334.75 K

.
. . .
𝑝 𝑝 70.14 1.249 70.14 2.176 70.14 152.73 kPa

2. An airplane is travelling at 1500 km/h at an altitude where the temperature is –60oC. What is the
Mach at which the airplane is flying?

Solution:
km m h
𝑉 𝑉 1500 1000 3600 s
𝑀 h km 1.4243
𝑐 𝛾𝑅𝑇 1.4 287 60 273

3. An aircraft is flying at a Mach number of 0.95 at an altitude where the pressure is 30 kPa and the
temperature is –50oC. The diffuser to the intake to the engine decreases the Mach number to 0.3
at the inlet to the engine.
a. Find the pressure and temperature at the inlet to the engine?
b. What is the stagnation pressure and temperature in the flow?

Given: M1 = 0.95, p1 = 30 kPa, T1 = -50 oC = 223 K and M2 = 0.3

To find: p2, T2, p02, and T02 (Note: for isentropic flow, p0 = p01 = p02 and T0 = T01 = T02)
Therefore, from the isentropic flow tables,
At M1 = 0.95: T0/T1 = 1.181 and p0/p1 = 1.787 and
At M2 = 0.3: T0/T2 = 1.018 and p0/p2 = 1.064
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Solution
a. The pressure and temperature at the inlet to the engine are:
.
𝑝 𝑝 30 50.39 kPa
.
.
𝑇 𝑇 223 258.7K 14.29°C
.

b. The stagnation conditions in the flow are:

𝑝 𝑝 1.787 30 53.61 kPa

𝑇 𝑇 1.181 223 263.36 K = 9.64°C

4. Air is discharged from a large reservoir, in which the pressure and temperature are 0.8 MPa and
25°C respectively, through a convergent nozzle with an exit diameter of 5 cm. The nozzle
discharges to the atmosphere. Find the mass flow rate through the nozzle, the pressure, the
temperature and the velocity at the exit plane of the nozzle.

Given: Reservoir conditions: air at 𝑝 0.8 MPa, 𝑇 25 273 298 K

Nozzle exit diameter = 5 cm, 𝑝 1 atm 101.325 kPa
Find: mass flow rate 𝑚, exit pressure, temperature and velocity: 𝑝 , 𝑇 , 𝑉

∗
Solution: Check for choked nozzle: 0.5283,
∗
Since 0.1267 0.5283, the nozzle is choked and the Mach
number at the exit is 1 and therefore critical conditions exist at the exit of the nozzle.

Thus,
∗
0.5283; → 𝑝 0.5283𝑝 0.42264 MPa

∗
0.8333; → 𝑇 0.8333𝑇 248.33 K 24.67℃

5. At a certain location in convergent nozzle, the area is A1 = 5 cm2, pressure is p1 = 240 kPa, and
temperature is T1 = 360K. Find the mass flow rate of air at this location if the Mach number is M1
= 0.4.
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6. Air flows through a circular duct 15 cm in diameter with a flow rate 2:25 kg/s. The stagnation
temperature and static pressure at a certain location in the duct are 30°C and 106 kPa,
respectively. Evaluate (a) the flow velocity, (b) the static temperature, (c) the stagnation pressure,
and (d) the density at this location.
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7. A convergent-divergent nozzle is designed to expand air from a chamber in which the pressure is
700 kPa and the temperature is 40°C to give a Mach number of 3. The throat area of the nozzle
is 0.0025 m2. Find:
a. The flow rate through the nozzle under design conditions
b. The exit area of the nozzle
c. The design back pressure and the temperature of the air leaving the nozzle with this back
pressure
d. The lowest back pressure for which there is only subsonic flow in the nozzle
e. The back pressure at which there is a normal shock wave on the exit plane of the nozzle
f. The back pressure below which there are no shock waves in the nozzle
g. The range of back pressures over which there are oblique shock waves in the exhaust from
the nozzle
h. The range of back pressures over which there are expansion waves in the exhaust from the
nozzle
i. The back pressure at which a normal shock wave occurs in the divergent section of the
nozzle at a point where the nozzle area is halfway between the throat and the exit plane
areas.

Solution:
The design conditions are when the CD-nozzle is operating as a fully-expanded nozzle with
choked conditions at the throat. Thus,
a. The flow rate through the nozzle under design conditions suggests the nozzle is choked and
the mass flow rate is the same everywhere inside the CD-nozzle. The mass flow rate in
terms of reservoir condition and at the throat 𝐴 where 𝑀 1 is given by
𝑝 𝐴 𝑀𝛾 𝛾 1 𝑝 𝐴𝛾 𝛾 1
𝑚 1 𝑀
𝑐 𝛾 1 𝑇 2 𝑐 𝛾 1 𝑇 2

0.81𝑝 𝐴
𝑚 3.998 kg/s
𝑐 𝛾 1 𝑇

b. The exit area of the nozzle can be found from the exit area ratio Ae/A* for the full-expanded
flow Mach number M = 3. Thus, from the isentropic flow tables, at M = 3,
𝐴
4.2346 → 𝐴 4.2346𝐴∗ 4.2346 0.0025 0.0105865 m
𝐴∗

c. The design back pressure and the temperature of the air leaving the nozzle with this back
pressure correspond to the fully expanded flow Mach number M = 3. Thus, from the
isentropic flow tables, at M = 3,
𝑝 𝑝
0.0272 → 𝑝 0.0272𝑝 0.0272 700 19.04 kPa
𝑝 𝑝

𝑇 𝑇
0.3571 → 𝑇 0.3571𝑇 0.3571 40 273 111.77K 161.23℃
𝑇 𝑇

d. The lowest back pressure for which there is only subsonic flow in the nozzle is the case
where the exit area ratio is the same as for the fully expanded flow or design Mach number
but now corresponds to a subsonic Mach number. Thus, from the isentropic flow tables, for
the
𝐴 𝑝 𝑝
4.2346 → 𝑀 0.1382 and 0.98674
𝐴∗ 𝑝 𝑝
Thus,
𝑝 0.98674𝑝 0.98674 700 690.718 kPa
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e. The back pressure at which there is a normal shock wave on the exit plane of the nozzle
would be the pressure downstream of the normal shock wave. Since the normal shock wave
is at the exit plane of the nozzle, that means that the flow is fully-expanded all the way to
the exit and therefore the Mach number ahead or upstream of the normal shock is the design
Mach number, i.e., M = 3, and the pressure ratio ahead of the normal shock is the pressure
ratio that corresponds to the exit area ratio Ae/A*. Thus, the conditions upstream of the
normal shock at the exit plane are,
𝐴 𝑝 𝑝
∗
4.2346 → 𝑀 3, 0.0272
𝐴 𝑝 𝑝
Using the Normal shock relations or Tables, the flow properties downstream of the normal
shock are
𝑝 𝑝
𝑀 3→𝑀 0.4752, 0.3283, 10.3333
𝑝 𝑝
Thus, the back pressure downstream of the normal shock is

𝑝 𝑝
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 10.3333 0.0272 700 196.746 kPa
𝑝 𝑝

f. The back pressure below which there are no shock waves in the nozzle is when the back
pressure is further lowered below the value calculated in part e. That is,
𝑝 196.746 kPa

g. The range of back pressures over which there are oblique shock waves in the exhaust from
the nozzle is the range of back pressures between the case of normal shock at the exit plane
(part e) and the full-expanded flow conditions (part c). That is,
19.04 kPa 𝑝 196.746 kPa

h. The range of back pressures over which there are expansion waves in the exhaust from the
nozzle would be the case when the back pressure is less than that required for the full-
expanded flow (part c), that is:
𝑝 19.04 kPa

i. The back pressure at which a normal shock wave occurs in the divergent section of the
nozzle at a point where the nozzle area is halfway between the throat and the exit plane
areas indicates that the area ratio where the normal shock is located is:
𝐴 1 𝐴∗ 𝐴 1
∗ ∗ ∗
1 4.2346 2.6173
𝐴 2 𝐴 𝐴 2

The flow condition upstream of the normal shock then correspond to this area ratio Ax/A*.
Since the flow is isentropic upstream, the isentropic table can be used to get the conditions
just upstream of the normal shock. Thus, for supersonic flow the corresponding area ratio is
𝐴 𝑝 𝑝
∗
2.6173 → 𝑀 2.4921 and 0.05925
𝐴 𝑝 𝑝

The flow properties downstream of the normal shock are determined using the normal
shock relations or Tables or compressible flow calculator. This yields:
𝑝 𝑝
𝑀 2.4921 → 𝑀 0.5138, 0.5022, 7.079
𝑝 𝑝

The stagnation and static pressures downstream of the normal shock are
𝑝
𝑝 𝑝 0.5022 700 351.54 kPa
𝑝
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𝑝 𝑝
𝑝 𝑝 7.079 0.05925 700 293.60 kPa
𝑝 𝑝

To determine the conditions downstream of the normal shock, a new reference area is
needed which is obtained by equating the mass flow rates upstream and downstream of the
normal shock, that is, 𝑚 𝑚 . The result is, 𝑝 𝐴∗ 𝑝 𝐴∗ , where 𝑝 𝑝
∗ ∗
700 kPa, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 𝐴 0.0025 m2. Therefore,
∗
𝑝 𝐴∗ 700 0.0025
𝐴 0.0049781 m
𝑝 351.54

To determine the flow properties at the exit of the nozzle, the exit area ratio 𝐴 /𝐴∗ = is
used. That is,
𝐴 0.0105865
2.1266
𝐴∗ 0.0049781

Then from the isentropic flow tables for the subsonic flow case, we have
𝐴 𝑝
∗
2.1266 → 𝑀 0.2857, 0.94491
𝐴 𝑝

Finally, the back pressure at which a normal shock wave occurs in the mid-area location of
the divergent section of the nozzle, is
𝑝
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 0.94491 351.54 332.174 kPa
𝑝

The results of this problem are shown in the figure below

Reservoir
po = 700 kPa
To = 313 K
Vo = 0, o

Back pressure values

pb2 = 690.72 kPa
pb3 = 332.17 kPa
pb4 = 196.75 kPa

pb6 = 19.04 kPa