View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.

uk brought to you by CORE

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE

O. M. BЕКЕTОV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

of URBAN ECONOMY in KHARKIV

Methodological guidelines
for practical classes,
self-dependent and calculator- graphical works
on the Subject

“STRENGTH of MATERIALS”
(CALCULATION of
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE FRAME
by FORCE METHOD)
(for the second year full-time students specialty
192 – Construction and civil engineering)

Kharkiv
O. M. Beketov NUUE
2020

1
 Methodological Guidelines for practical classes, self-dependent and calculator-
graphical works on the Subject “Strength of Materials” (Calculation of statically
indeterminate frame by force method) (for the second year full-time students of the
specialty 192 – Construction and civil engineering ) /О. M. Bеkеtоv National
University of Urban Economy in Kharkiv; com.: N. V. Sereda, A. O. Garbuz,
A.A. Chuprunin, T. A. Suprun. – Kharkiv : O. M. Beketov NUUE, 2020. – 17 p.

Compiler N. V. Sereda,
A.O. Garbuz,
A.A. Chuprunin,
T. A. Suprun

Reviewer Ph. D. in Philosophy N. A. Zasyadko,

Recommended by the department of theoretical and structural mechanics,

record № 8 on 19.05.2020.

2
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………… 4
1 THE FORCE METHOD FOR STATICAL INDETERMINATE FRAME.. 5
2 CALCULATION AND GRAPHICAL WORK…………………………… 10
3 EXAMPLE OF CALCULATION………………………………………… 13
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………. 16

3
 INTRODUCTION

Strength of Materials is one of the most important disciplines which makes the
foundations of the future specialist of the civil engineering in the field of structural
calculation and their elements for strength, stiffness and durability of machines and
structures.
The course of Strength of Materials is studied by students after learning the
courses of higher mathematics and theoretical mechanics.
For the design of structures, it is necessary to learn the theoretical and practical
methods of their calculation, which ensure the reliability of the structure, and its cost-
effectiveness. In the conditions of exploitation of structures there is a constant problem
of their calculation for high loads. Such calculations and knowledge can be obtained
by studying the course Strength of Materials.
When acquiring a course on Strength of Materials, the most effective method is
the students independent solving problems and control tasks. The Guidelines are used
for students independent work on the theme “Calculation of a statically indeterminate
frame by the force method”. It contain theoretical statements and variants of problems
for control work and an example of its application.
Each student is given out a problem to perform the calculation and graphical
work, and in order to eliminate possible questions when performing home control
work, practical classes are held to analyses the basic positions of homework.
After receiving a note on the supervisory work, the student must correct the
mistakes indicated by the teacher, make the necessary corrections, even if the work has
been approved.
If the work is not approved, correct the same or in a separate drawing and
resubmit the work for reconsideration. Independence in the execution of calculated and
graphical work is of paramount importance for mastering program material. Detailed
instructions for completing and design of the problem are given below.

4
 1 THE FORCE METHOD FOR STATICAL INDETERMINATE
FRAME

The work is executed in accordance with the personal code of the student, on
which from the table the output and the frame scheme are chosen. Works carried out
without following instructions, are not approved and returned without consideration.
It is recommended that you submit your work for review immediately after
completion so that the reviewer's comments can be taken into account and corrected.
Basic information of the Force Method
Statically indeterminate structures are the structures for which all reactions and
internal forces cannot be determined simply using equilibrium equations. Redundant
constraints (or excess) are constraints, which are not necessary for geometrical
unchangeability of a given structure.
Degree of redundancy, or statically indeterminacy, equals to the number of
redundant constraints which elimination leads to the new geometrically unchangeable
and statically determinate structure. Degree of statically redundancy is the difference
between the number of constraints and number of independent equilibrium equations
which can be written for a given structure.
Primary unknowns represent reactions (forces and/or moments), which arise in
redundant constraints. That method is called the Force Method. Unknown internal
forces also may be treated as primary unknowns. Primary system (principal or released
structure) is such structure, which is obtained from the given one by eliminating
redundant constraints and replacing them by primary unknowns.
The following procedure may be recommended for analysis of statically
indeterminate structures by the superposition principle:
1. Determine the degree of statical indeterminacy.
2. Choose the redundant unknowns; their number equals to degree of statical
indeterminacy.
3. Construct the statically determinate structure (primary structure) by
eliminating all redundant constraints.
5
 4. Replace the eliminated constraints by primary unknowns. These unknowns
present reactions of eliminated constraints.
5. Form the compatibility equations; their number is equal to degree of statical
indeterminacy.
Each compatibility equation should be presented in terms of given loads and
primary unknowns.
6. Solve the system of equations with respect to primary unknowns.
7. Since reactions of the redundant constraints are determined, then the
computation of all remaining reactions and analysis of the structure may be performed
as for the statically determinate structure.
Canonical equations of force method offer a unified procedure for analysis of
statically indeterminate structures of different types. The word “canonical” indicates
that these equations are presented in standard, or in an orderly fashion form. Very
important is that canonical equations of the force method may be presented in a matrix
form. Thus, this set of equations is a first bridge between classical analytical methods
and numerical ones.
The Concept of Unit Displacements
Analysis of any statically indeterminate structure by the force method begins
with determination of degree of statical indeterminacy. Primary system is obtained by
elimination of redundant constraints and replacing them by reactions of these
constrains. Primary unknowns Xi represent reactions (forces or moments) in eliminated
redundant constrains.
Let us consider a simple redundant structure, such as clamped-pinned beam. The
number of redundant constraints is n = 4 - 3 = 1. Assume that the right rolled support
is the redundant one. Thus the reaction of this constraint, X1, is a primary unknown.
Given and primary systems are shown in Figure 1.

6
 Figure 1 – Simple redundant structure. The idea of the force method
and the concept of unit displacement

The compatibility condition may be written in the following form

y B = y B ( P ) + y B ( X1 )  0 , (1)

where y B ( P ) is displacement of point B in primary system due to given load P, and

y B ( X1 ) is displacement of point B in primary system due to primary unknown RB= X1.

Displacement y B ( X1 ) caused by unknown X1 may be presented as

yB ( X1 )  11  X 1 , (2)

where  11 is the displacement in direction 1 (first index) caused by the force X1 = 1

(second index). Coefficient  11 is the unit displacement since it is caused by unit
primary unknown X1 = 1. The term  11 X1 is the displacement in the direction of the
eliminated constraint 1 caused by the actual primary unknown X1. If displacement in
direction 1 caused by given load y B ( P ) is denoted as ∆1P , then (2) may be rewritten
in the following form
11 X 1  1 f  0 . (3)

General case of canonical equations. The canonical equations of the force

method for a statically indeterminate structure with n redundant constraints are written
as follows
11 X 1  12 X 2  ...  1n X n  1 f  0

 21 X 1   22 X 2  ...   2 n X n   2 f  0 (4)

…………………………………..
 n1 X 1   n 2 X 2  ...   nn X n   nf  0
7
 All coefficients  ik of canonical equations represent a displacement of the
primary structure due to unit primary unknowns; these coefficients are called the unit
displacements.
Physical meaning of the canonical equations. The left part of the i th equation
presents the total displacement along the direction of unknown Xi due to action of all
real unknowns Xk as well as applied load. Total displacement of the primary structure
in directions of eliminated restrictions caused by primary unknowns and applied load
equals zero. In this case, the difference between the given and primary structures is
vanished.
Calculation of Coefficients and Free Terms of Canonical Equations
Computation of coefficients and free terms of canonical equations presents
significant and very important part of analysis of any statically indeterminate structure.
For their calculation, any methods can be applied. The graph multiplication
method is best suited for beams and framed structures. For this, it is necessary in
primary system to construct bending moment diagrams M1, M 2 ,..., M n due to unit
primary unknowns Xi , i = 1,…, n and diagram MP due to given load. Unit
displacements and loaded terms are calculated by Mohr’s formula
Mi  Mk M M f
 ik    dx;  if    i dx , (5)
EI EI
where dik is a displacement of the primary structure due to unit primary unknowns (unit
displacements),
Δ is virtual deflection (horizontal, vertical, angle of rotation),
Mf is cross-sectional bending moment of load,
𝑀 is cross-sectional bending moment of unit load.
Mohr’s integral сan be calculated graphically- analytically on Vereshchagin’s
formula
  yC
 , (6)
EI
where ∆ is linear deflection or angle of rotation;
ω is non-linear diagram of bending moment area;
𝑦𝐶 is ordinate linear diagram under center of gravity area ω.
8
Simpson’s formula:

 M l M l  4M m M m  M r M r 
l
M M  (7)
6
where l is length of section
Construction of internal force diagrams. Solution of (4) is the primary unknowns
Xi , i = 1,…, n. After that the primary system may be loaded by determined primary
unknowns and given load. Internal forces may be computed as for usual statically
determinate structure. However, the following way allows once again an effective use
of the bending moment diagrams in primary system. The final bending moment
diagram MP may be constructed by formula:
M P  M1  X1  M 2  X 2  ...  M n  X n  M P . (8)
Procedure for analysis The following procedure provides analysis of statically
indeterminate beams and frames using the canonical equations of the force method:
1. Provide the kinematical analysis and define the degree of statically
indeterminacy n of a structure.
2. Choose the primary system and replace the eliminated redundant constraints by
corresponding primary unknowns Xi , i = 1,… n.
3. Formulate the canonical equations of the force method.
4. Apply the successive unit forces X1 = 1; X2 = 1; … ; Xn = 1 to primary system
and for each unit primary unknown construct corresponding bending moment diagrams
M1, M 2 ,..., M n .

5. Calculate the unit coefficients dik.

6. Construct the bending moment diagram MP due to applied load in primary
system and calculate the load terms ∆iP of (4).
7. Solve the system of equations with respect to primary unknowns X1, X2,…, Xn.
8. Construct the bending moment diagrams by (6), next compute the shear and
construct corresponding shear force diagram, and lastly compute axial forces and
construct the corresponding axial force diagram.
9. Having internal force diagrams, calculate the reactions of supports. Other way
is consider primary system subjected to determined primary unknowns and given load
and provide computation of all internal forces by definition; this way is less effective.
10. Provide the static control for all structure (or any its part).

9
 11. Provide the kinematical control (2) for displacements of an entire structure in
direction of primary unknowns.
Intermediate checking of computation These verifications are recommended to be
performed before solving canonical equations for determining primary unknowns Xi ,
i.e., on the steps 5 and 6 of the algorithm above. For control of unit displacements and
free terms, it is necessary to construct summary unit bending moment diagram

M  M 1  M 2  ...  M n .

The following types of controls are suggested as follows:

(a) Row verification of unit displacements: Multiply summary unit bending moment
diagram  M on a primary bending moment diagram  M i :

M  M i
   ( M 1 M 2  ...  M n )  M i
dx
  i1   i 2  ...   in .
EI EI
The result of this multiplication equals to the sum of unit displacements of the i-
equation.
2 CALCULATION AND GRAPHICAL WORK
Problem
Frame scheme chosen by figure 2, (for teacher’s instructions), numeric data – by
table 1, figure 2.
According to the table. 1 take only the load data which is shown in the given
scheme.
For a given frame, it is necessary to:
– find out the degree of static indeterminately;
– choose of the primary system;
– write down the canonical equations of the force method;
– draw unite and load moment diagrams for the primary system;
– calculate coefficients and free terms of canonical equations (unit and loaded
(term) displacement);
– solve system of canonical equations; draw internal forces diagram;
– perform static and kinematic verification of the solution obtained.

10
 Table 1 – Output data for problem
Number variants (schemes)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
a, m 4 5 6 6 8 5 6 4 6
P, kN 20 10 30 50 20 10 10 20 30
q, kN/m 10 15 10 5 20 5 10 10 5

Number variants (schemes)

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
a, m 5 3 4 6 6 8 5 6 4
P, kN 20 20 10 30 5 20 10 10 20
q, kN/m 10 10 2 5 1 1 2 5 10

11
Figure 2 – Frame schemes
12
 3 EXAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS
Problem
Static indeterminately are systems which reactions cannot be established by
equilibrium equations only.
Output data:
For the frame shown in Figure 3a to determine constrained reactions and to draw
a diagram Q and M, and longitudinal forces N.
Solution: The procedure for the calculation of frames by force is as follows:
1. Degree of redundancy, or statically indeterminacy.
Determine the degree of statically indeterminacy.
So, for the frame shown in fig. 3 a, by the formula:
п = 4-3 = 1.
The given frame is one statically indeterminate. Choose the redundant
unknowns; their number equals to degree of statically indeterminacy.
2. Choosing the primary system. Construct the statically determinate system
(primary structure) by eliminating all redundant constraints (Fig. 3b). Change the
eliminated constraints by primary unknowns. These unknowns present reactions of
eliminated constraints.

P. S.

a b
Figure 3 – Frame scheme: a – given scheme, b – primary system

13
 3 Canonical equations of force method.
The compatibility equation is called the canonical equation of the force method for any
structure with one redundant constraint; the free term ∆1F is called the loaded term (loaded
displacement, free term). The solution of the canonical equation allows us to calculate the primary
unknown X1.
11 X 1  1 f  0 .
4 To draw diagrams of bending moments in primary system from unit forces
and given loads. Bending moments diagram in primary system is shown on fig. 4.

a)

Figure 4 – Bending moments diagrams in primary system (a) from unit forces
and given loads (b)

5 Calculate unit and loaded displacements.

We determine the displacements of the equation by the method of Mohr using
the Vereshchagin rule:
1 55 2 41,67
 11    5  ;
EI 2 3 EI
1 100  5 2 55 1208,33
1 f   (  5   30)   .
EI 2 3 2 EI
Substituting the obtained displacements into canonical equation and reducing
them to EI, we obtain:
41,67 X 1  1208,33  0
Determine from this equation:

14
 1208,33
X1   28,99  29
41,67
When drawn the corrected diagrams M1 (Fig. 5a), we summarize with the
diagram Mf. obtained in this way is shown in Fig. 5b:
M  M 1  X1  M f

30
145
15
M

a
b

Figure 5 – The corrected diagrams M1 (a) and

the final diagram of moments M (b)

6. We draw diagrams of internal forces. Diagram Q is drawn in Figure 6 a

29
b
a

Figure 6 – Shear forces Q and longitudinal forces N diagrams in given system

Longitudinal forces: NI = 0; NΙI = - 29 kN. Draw the diagram N.

15
 REFERENCES

1. Чихладзе Е. Д. Опір матеріалів : навч. посібник / Е. Д. Чихладзе. –

Харків : УкрДАЗТ, 2002. – 362 с.
2. Шпачук В. П. Опір матеріалів. Опір матеріалів стержневих елементів
конструкцій при базових навантаженнях : (конспект лекцій з дисциплін «Опір
матеріалів», «Опір матеріалів та основи будівельної механіки», «Основи теорії
споруд» для студентів денної і заочної форм навчання бакалаврів за
спеціальностями 192 –Будівництво та цивільна інженерія, 191 –Архітектура та
містобудування, 185 – Нафтогазова інженерія та технології / В. П. Шпачук,
Н. В. Середа, О. О. Чупринін, В. О. Скляров ; Харків. нац. акад. міськ. госп-ва ім.
О. М. Бекетова. – Харків : ХНУМГ ім. О. М. Бекетова, 2018. – 138 с.
3. Сопротивление материалов / Под общ. ред. Г. С. Писаренко. – Київ : Вища
школа, 1979. – 696 с.
4. Опір матеріалів з основами теорії пружності й пластичності /
В. Г. Піскунов, Ю. М. Феодоренко , В. Ю. Шевченко та ін. – Київ : Вища школа,
1994. – 423 с.
5. Karnovsky I. Advanced Method of Structural Analysis (textbook)/
I. Karnovsky, O. Lebed. – Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010. – 618 p.

16
 Виробничо-практичне видання

Методичні рекомендації
для практичних занять, самостійної
та розрахунково-графічних робіт
з навчальної дисципліни

« ОПІР МАТЕРІАЛІВ »
(РОЗРАХУНОК СТАТИЧНО НЕВИЗНАЧЕНОЇ РАМИ
МЕТОДОМ СИЛ)

(для студентів-бакалаврів 2 курсу денної форми навчання

за спеціальністю 192 – Промислове та цивільне будівництво)

(Aнгл. мовою)

Укладачі: СЕРЕДА Наталя Василівна,

ГАРБУЗ Алла Олегівна,
ЧУПРИНІН Олександр Олексійович,
СУПРУН Тетяна Олександрівна

Відповідальний за випуск О. О. Чупринін

За авторською редакцією
Комп’ютерне верстання А. О. Гарбуз

План 2020, поз. 151 М

Підп. до друку 15.12.2020. Формат 60  84/16.
Друк на ризографі Ум. друк. арк. 1,3.
Тираж 50 пр. Зам. №

Видавець і виготовлювач:
Харківський національний університет
міського господарства імені О. М. Бекетова,
вул. Маршала Бажанова, 17, Харків, 61002
Електронна адреса: [email protected]
Свідоцтво суб’єкта видавничої справи:
ДК № 5328 від 11.04.2017.
17