UNIT- 1

NUMBER SYSTEMS
& CODES
Topic 1.1
Number System &
CONVERSION
1
Prepared By -Prof. Sonali B. Jadhav
 Introduction

Signals-
Types of signals
1.Analog Signals sinusoidal wave
2.Digital Signals square block wave where
there are always two levels

level 1 - 5V /
true / high

level 0 / 0V /
false / low
 Digital Systems

Digital Input Digital

Signal
Digital Circuit
Output
Signal
 2
HOW THE COMPUTER GETS
+1
THE ANSWER
=3
 0
0 1 1 0
1
0
1
1
0 0 1

▪A computer understands
information composed of only zeros and
ones.
▪ The decimal number system is
convenient for the programmer.
▪ The computer uses binary digits for its
operation.
Radix or base- 1
MSD /
0 0 1
LSD /
MSD (Most Significant Digit)- MSB LSB

LSD (Least Significant Digit)-

Base / Radix - The number of values a particular
digit can assume is called base/ the number of
unique digits, including the digit zero, used to
represent numbers
Example - For decimal, base is 10 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
DECIMAL
6, 7, 8, 9)
For binary , base is 2 (0, 1)
For octal , base is 8 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
For hexadecimal, base is 16 (0, 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A=10, B=11, C=12,
D=13, E=14, F=15)

BASIC HEXA
BINARY NUMBER
SYSTEM DECIMAL

OCTAL
6
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

DIGITS • 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.

BASE • 10

7
DECIMAL NUMBER 4598
4598 = 8 * 10^0 + 9 * 10^1 + 5 * 10^2 + 4 * 10^3

4*10 3

5*10 2

9*10 1

8*10 0 153 = 100 + 50 + 3

= 1 * 10^2 + 5 * 10^1 + 3 * 10^0

8
BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

DIGITS •0,1

BASE •2
9
BINARY NUMBER 1011
1011 = 1 * 2^0 + 1 * 2^1 + 0 * 2^2 + 1 * 2^3

1*2
3

0*2 2

1*2 1

1*2 0

1
0
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER
SYSTEM

• 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,
DIGITS • 8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.

BASE • 16

1
1
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER 1A5D
1A5D = 13 * 16^0 + 5 * 16^1 + 10 * 16^2 + 1 * 16^3
we know D = 13 and A = 10

1*16 3

A*16 2

5*16 1

D*16 0

12
OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

•0,1,2,3,4,
DIGITS
•5,6,7.

BASE •8

13
OCTAL NUMBER 5273
5273 = 3 * 8^0 + 7 * 8^1 + 2 * 8^2 + 5 * 8^3

5*8 3

2*8 2

7*8
1

3*8 0

14
CONVERSIONS IN BASIC 10 2 8 16
NUMBER SYSTEM ------------------------------
0 000 0 0
1 001 1 1
-----
2 010 2 2
3 011 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
-----
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
----
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
------
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
15
 BINARY TO DECIMAL

BIT
POSITION • 1*24+0*23+1*22 DECIMAL
• 10101 +0*21+1*20
• 54321 • 21

MUL WITH
BINARY
BASE

16
 BINARY TO DECIMAL

BIT
POSITION 1*24+1*23+0*22+1*2 DECIMAL
(11010.11)2 1+0*20 +1*2-1+1*2-2
5 4 3 2 1.12 26.75

MUL WITH
BINARY
BASE

17
 BINARY TO DECIMAL

BIT
POSITION 0 * 2^0 + 1 * 2^1 + DECIMAL
11100110 1 * 2^2 + 0 * 2^3 +
0 * 2^4 + 1 * 2^5 +
?? 1 * 2^6 + ?? 1 * 2^7 ??
87654321 230
MUL WITH
BINARY
BASE

18
 BINARY TO DECIMAL

BIT
POSITION DECIMAL
0 * 2^0 + 1 * 2^1 +
1010.010 0 * 2^2 + 1* 2^3 +
0 * 2^(-1) + 1 * 2^(-2)
?? ??
+ 0 * 2^(-2) ??
4321.123 12.25
MUL WITH
BINARY
BASE

19
 HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

BIT POSITION 2 DECIMAL

5A9 • 5*16
321 +A*161 1449
+9*160
MUL WITH
HEX
BASE

20
 HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

BIT POSITION DECIMAL

(E5.A)16 14*161
H 2 1.1 +5*160+10* (229.625)10
16-1
MUL WITH
HEX
BASE

21
 HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

BIT POSITION DECIMAL

1DE 14 * 16^0 + 13 *
16^1 + 1 * 16^2
?? ??
??
321
478
HEX MUL WITH
BASE

22
 HEXADECIMAL TO DECIMAL

BIT POSITION DECIMAL

6A1.2 1 * 16^0 + 10 *
16^1 + 6 * 16^2
?? ??
??
+ 2 * 16^(-1)
321.1 1697.125
HEX MUL WITH
BASE

23
 OCTAL TO DECIMAL

BIT
POSITION 1 DECIMAL
2
645 6*8 +4*8
8
O
321 +5*8 0 421

MUL WITH
OCTAL BASE

24
 OCTAL TO DECIMAL

BIT
POSITION 0 DECIMAL
1
33.56 3*8 +3*8
2 1.1 2 +5*8 -1 + 6*8 -2 27.718

MUL WITH
OCTAL BASE

25
 OCTAL TO DECIMAL

BIT
POSITION DECIMAL
157 7 * 8^0 + 5 * 8^1
+ 1 * 8^2
?? ?? ??
321 111
MUL WITH
OCTAL BASE

26
 Base 5 TO DECIMAL

BIT
POSITION DECIMAL
4  53 + 0  52 + 2
(4021.2)5 4 3 2 1.1  51 +1 50 + 2  511.4
5−1
MUL WITH
OCTAL BASE

27
 Base 5 TO DECIMAL

BIT
POSITION DECIMAL
(231.3)5 ??
?? 1 * 5^0 + 3 * 5^1 + ??
321.1 2 * 5^2 + 3 * 5^(-1)
66.6
MUL WITH
OCTAL BASE

28
 CONVERSION IN DECIMAL
Note-NUMBER MULTIPLY WITH BASE VALUE

Binary

octal Decimal

Hexadecimal
 DECIMAL TO BINARY
DECIMAL = 34.625 convert into binary

LSB

write it from
up to down

MSB

BINARY = 100010.101
30
 DECIMAL TO BINARY

Divide through out by 2

39 • Q=19
• R=1 19 • Q=9
• R=1 9 • Q=4
• R=1 4 • Q=2
• R=0 2 • Q=1
• R=0 1 • Q=0
• R=1

LSB R value Write from MSB to LSB MSB

DECIMAL = 39 Q= Quotient
BINARY = 100111 R=Remainder

31
 DECIMAL TO BINARY

Divide through out by 2

10011100

156 ??

LSB MSB

DECIMAL = 156 Q= Quotient

BINARY = ?? R=Remainder

32
 DECIMAL TO HEX

DECIMAL = 3509
HEX = DB5 33
 DECIMAL TO HEX

Divide through out by 16

• Q=2 • Q=0
35 • R=3 2 • R=2

LSB MSB

DECIMAL = 35
HEX = 23

34
 DECIMAL TO HEX

Divide through out by 16

157 9D

LSB MSB

DECIMAL =157
HEX = ??

35
 DECIMAL TO OCTAL

Divide through out by 8

DECIMAL = 123
OCTAL = 173
36
 DECIMAL TO OCTAL

Divide through out by 8

DECIMAL = 2980
OCTAL = 5644
37
 DECIMAL TO OCTAL

Divide through out by 8

• Q=57 • Q=7 • Q=0

461 • R=5 57 • R=1 7 • R=7

LSB MSB

DECIMAL = 461
OCTAL = 715
38
 DECIMAL TO OCTAL

Divide through out by 8

945 1661

LSB MSB

DECIMAL = 945
OCTAL = ??
39
CONVERSION from DECIMAL
Note-DECIMAL NUMBER DIVIDE BY BASE VALUE

Binary

octal Decimal

Hexadecimal
 BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL

BINARY 4BITS DIV HEX

• (0101)(1101)(1001) • (5) (D) (9) =(5D9)16
• (010111011001)2

41
 BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL

BINARY 4BITS DIV HEX

(0100)(1001).(1000) (4) (9).(8) =(49.8)
• (1001001.10)

42
 BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL

BINARY 4BITS DIV HEX

?? ??
(1111001010.111101)2 (0011)(1100)(1010). 3CA.F4
(1111)(0100)

43
 BINARY TO HEXADECIMAL

BINARY 4BITS DIV HEX

?? ??
• (101010101)2
(0001)(0101)(0101) 155

44
 BINARY TO OCTAL

BINARY 3BIT DIV OCTAL

• (101111100) 2 • (101)(111)(100) • (5) (7) (4)
=(574)8

45
 BINARY TO OCTAL

BINARY 3BIT DIV OCTAL

• (11010101.1) 2 • (011)(010)(101).(
100) =(325.4)8

46
 BINARY TO OCTAL

BINARY 3BIT DIV OCTAL

• (101010101) 2 (101)(010)(101) 525
?? ??

47
 HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

HEX EXPANSION BINARY

• (5C) 16 • (0101)(1100) • (01011100)
2

48
 HEXADECIMAL TO BINARY

HEX EXPANSION BINARY

• (7E) 16 ??
??
(0111)(1110) 1111110

49
 OCTAL TO BINARY

OCTAL EXPANSION BINARY

• (436) • (100)(011)(110) (100011110)

8 2

50
 OCTAL TO BINARY

OCTAL EXPANSION BINARY

• (752) (111)(101)(010) • (??)

8 2
??
111101010

51
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL

HEX • (4DF)16

EXP • (0100)(1101)(1111)

BINARY • (010011011111)2

3BIT DIV • (010)(011)(011)(111)

OCTAL • (2337)8
52
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL

HEX • (1EA)16

EXP • (----)(----)(----) (0001)(1110)(1010)

BINARY • (-----)2 (000111101010)

3BIT DIV • (---)(---)(---)(---) (111)(101)(010)

OCTAL • (-----)8 752

53
HEXADECIMAL TO OCTAL

HEX • (9AE1)16

EXP • (----)(----)(----)(----) (1001)(1010)(1110)(0001)

BINARY • (----------)2 (1001101011100001

3BIT DIV • (---)(---)(---)(---) (001)(001)(101)(011)(100)(001)

OCTAL • (-----)8 115381

54
 OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL

OCTAL • (456) 8

EXP • (100)(101)(110)

BINARY • (100101110)2

4BIT DIV • (0001)(0010)(1110)

HEX • (12E) 16
55
 OCTAL TO HEXADECIMAL

OCTAL • (6371) 8

EXP • (---)(---)(---) (110)(011)(111)(001)

BINARY • (---------)2 (110011111001)

4BIT DIV • (----)(----)(----) (1100)(1111)(1001)

HEX • (---) 16 CF9

56