EEE 497 Telecommunication Networks

Dr. Md. Forkan Uddin

Professor
Department of EEE, BUET
 Why do you need to study this course?
 In recent years, the world has seen a
massive surge in use of various forms of
communication systems and networks
 Communication systems to be used in
power system (smart grid), homes,
campuses, industries, streets, cars as
Internet of things (IoT) etc.
 Fundamental knowledge of
communication networks are necessary

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 Why do you need to study this course?
The future electrical engineers must have
the background knowledge of
communication Networks to work with the
future systems
 This course will focus on the
fundamental knowledge of several
communication networks
 An Electrical Engineer must have the
basic concepts of communication
networking

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 Learning Outcomes
 Develop a solid background on the fundamental concepts of
communication networks
 The fundamental knowledge gathered from this course will help
the students
 to understand other networking courses, e.g., wireless
networking, vehicular networking, sensor networking, smart grid
networking, ad hoc networking, mesh networking in
postgraduate studies
 to pursue research in communication networking
 to work in networking and communication industries (Telco)

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 Books
Text Books:
1. “Telecommunication Switching and Netowks”, 2nd Edition, P.
Gnanasivam
2. “Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering”, 2nd
Edition, Tarmo Anttalainen
3. “Communication Networks,” 2nd Edition, Alberto Leon-Garcia Indra
Widjaja

Reference Books:
1. “Computer Networks” Andrew S. Tanenbaum and David. J. Wetherall
2. “Data Communications and Networking, 5th Edition, BEHROUZ A.
FOROUZAN
3. “Fundamentals of Telecommunications”, Roger L. Freeman
4. “Telecommunication System Engineering”, Roger L. Freeman
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 Marks Distribution
1. Attendance: 10%
2. Class Test and Assignments: 20% (Best 3 out of 4)
3. Final: 70%
 Course Overview
Introduction to telecommunication systems and networks
 Network architecture and topology: ring, bus, tree, star,
Telecommunication switching system
 TDM switching
 Space division switching
 Time-space switching,
Circuit switching and packet switching
 Switching fabrics
Layering architecture and protocol stacks
 Overview on Application layer and Transport layer protocols
(FTP, HTTP, TCP, UDP)
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 Course Overview
Access technologies
FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, Demand assignment multiple access
 CSMA, CSMA-CD, CSMA-CA
IP protocol and addressing
 Routing: principles, hot potato routing, deflection routing,
virtual path routing, shortest path routing, IP routing protocols
 Integrated service digital network (ISDN): switching and
signalling, signalling system-7, protocols and standards, B-ISDN
and Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
Voice over IP (VoIP)

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 Course Overview
WDM
Synchronous optical networks (SONET) and synchronous digital
hierarchy (SDH), IP over SONET
WDM access technologies: hybrid fiber coax (HFC), fiber to the
X (FTTX), Ethernet passive optical network (EPON), gigabit PON
(GPN)
Next generation networks (NGN)
Next generation SONET/SDH, Multiple Protocol Label Switching
(MPLS), MPLS over WDM

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 Elements in Telecommunication
System
• End system/instruments
• Transmission
• Switching
• Signalling

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 End System/Instruments
• End system or instruments are a transmitter or receiver
• Responsible for sending and receiving information

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 Transmission
• Signals generated by the end system or the instruments
should be transported to the destination
• The transmission on links conveys the information and control
signals between the end system or the instruments and
switching centers
• To maintain signal quality, the signal must be regenerated
after a certain distance

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 Transmission Medium
• The transmission links
include two-wire lines,
coaxial cables, microwave,
radio wave, optical fibers,
free-space optics
• A transmission link can be
characterized by its
bandwidth, link attenuation
and the propagation delay

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Transmission Medium Applications
• Two-wire lines, coaxial cables used in LANs and telephone
subscriber lines
• Optical fiber is used for high data-rate transmission in
telecommunications networks
• Microwave and radio waves, such as cellular telephones and
satellite transmission
• Free-space optics for infrared remote controllers

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 Switching
• What is switching?
 Dynamic connection between two wires
• Why is it needed in telecommunication?
 All telephones may be connected to each other by separate
cables
 As the number of telephones grew, the number of required
cables is huge
 It can be reduced by switching signals from one wire to
another
 Only a few cable connections were needed between
exchanges because the number of simultaneously ongoing
calls is much smaller than the number of telephones

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Switching

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 Switching
• The switching centers (exchange) receives the control signals,
messages or conversations
• Forwards to the required destination, after necessary
modification (link amplifications)
• In data communication, the switching technique used is
known as packet switching or message switch (store and
forward switching)
• In telephone network, the switching method used is called
circuit switching
• Some practical switching system are step-by-step, cross
barred relay system, digital switching systems, electronic
switching system etc

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 Circuit Switching
• There is a dedicated communication path between two
stations (end-to-end)
• There are three phases in circuit switching:
– Establish
– Transfer
– Disconnect

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 Circuit Switching
• The message is sent all together; it is not broken up
• The message arrives at the end in the same order that it
was originally sent
• The resources remain dedicated to the circuit during the
entire data transfer and the entire message follows the
same path
• Circuit switching can be analog or digital

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 Circuit Switching
Advantages:
• Circuit is dedicated to the call – no interference, no sharing
• Guaranteed the full bandwidth for the duration of the call
• Guaranteed quality of service
Disadvantages:
• Inefficient
Equipment may be unused for a lot of the call
If no data is being sent, the dedicated line still remains
occupied
• It takes a relatively long time to set up the circuit
• During a crisis or disaster, the network may become unstable
or unavailable

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 Packet Switching
• In packet-based networks, the message gets broken into
small data packets
• These packets are sent out from the source
• Packets travel around the network seeking out the most
efficient route to travel
• This does not necessarily mean that they seek out the
shortest route
• Each packet may go a different route from the others

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Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching
Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching
 Packet Switching
Advantages:
• Security
• Bandwidth used to full potential
• Devices of different speeds can communicate
• Not affected by line failure (redirects signal)
• Availability – no waiting for a direct connection to become
available
• During a crisis or disaster, when the public telephone
network might stop working, e-mails and texts can still be
sent via packet switching

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 Packet Switching
Disadvantages:
• Under heavy use there can be a delay
• Data packets can get lost or become corrupted
• Efficient protocols are needed for a reliable transfer
• Not so good for some types data streams (e.g. real-time
video streams)

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 Signalling
• There are three phases in circuit switching: Establish, Transfer
and Disconnect
• Signalling is the mechanism that allows network entities
(customer premises or network switches) to establish,
maintain, and terminate sessions in a network
• Signalling is carried out with the help of specific signals or
messages
• Each type of massage indicate a particular request

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 Signalling Examples
• Off-hook condition: The exchange notices that the subscriber
has raised the telephone hook (dc loop is connected) and
gives a dial tone to the subscriber
• Dial: The subscriber dials digits and they are received by the
exchange
• On-hook condition: The exchange notices that the subscriber
has finished the call (subscriber loop is disconnected), clears
the connection and stops billing

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 What is Communication Network?
 Interconnected communicating and computing devices form a
communication networks
 Collection of autonomous communicating and computing
devises interconnected by a single technology
 Two devices are said to be interconnected if they are able to
exchange information
 Networks come in many sizes, shapes and forms
 Networks are usually connected together to make larger
networks
 Internet being the most well-known example of a network of
networks

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Telecommunication Networks: Telephone network
 Huge number of wires are necessary if direct interconnection is given
Switching technique is used to reduce the wires by introducing the
concept of exchange

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Telecommunication Networks: Telephone network
 Network is build by connecting local exchanges with junction route
 A user of a local exchange connect to a user of another exchange by
junction route and routing

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Telecommunication Networks: Telephone network
 Telecommunication Networks: Telephone network

• Unique identification of each subscriber socket or mobile phone

are used for connecting from calling subscriber to called subscriber
• The numbering is hierarchical, and it has an internationally
standardized country code at the highest level
• This makes national numbering schemes independent from each
other

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 Telecommunication Networks: Mobile network

• A mobile user can connect to another mobile user or PSTN number

• A telephone user can connect to any mobile user
• Two registers: home location register (HLR) and visitor location
register (VLR) are used for locating a mobile user

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 Telecommunication Networks: Cable TV network

• Multiplexer and demultiplexer are used to use the same

channel by variety of applications

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 Telecommunication Networks: Internet

The Internet is a super constellation of many networks around

the world – a network of networks
 Each of these networks is based on a special form of switching
designed specifically for handling data
Use standard way of packaging and addressing the data: the
so-called Internet protocol (IP)

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Telecommunication Networks: Internet
 Access to Internet: Dial-up via the PSTN and ISDN

 Computer is connected to telephone line

 A modem card in the computer makes it behave like a telephone
instrument, providing the equivalent of lifting the receiver (off-
hook), detecting dial tone and sending out the dialled digit tones.
 The ISP is connected to the PSTN over a standard/ ISDN local line

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 Access to Internet: Over xDSL broadband links
 Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) and very high-speed DSL (VDSL) use splitter to separate
voice and data
 Data is carried out by different carrier frequency than voice
 Digital subscriber line access module (DSLAM) is used at local exchange to
connect with data network

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Access to Internet: via cable Modem

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 Access to Internet: via LAN connection
 LANs provide high-data-rate communications between computers
Because of the high transmission capacity only short distances are
allowed (maximum a few hundred meters)
 With help of the switching devices (switches or bridges) or
routers, LANs can be interconnected to make up a wide-area
corporate network
 The bridges or switches interconnect separate LAN segments and
switch frames from one segment to another with the help of a local
hardware address that is stored in the interface unit of each
computer
 Routers are devices that use network layer addresses for the
routing of packets and they are used to connect LANs to other
networks, for example, to the Internet
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 Access to Internet: via LAN connection with Hub
The simplest way to interconnect LANs is to use a hub
 A hub is a simple device that takes an input of a frame's bits and
retransmits on the outgoing ports
 Hubs are essentially repeaters, operating on bits
 They are physical-layer devices

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Access to Internet: via LAN connection with Bridge and Hub
 Bridges operate on Ethernet frames which are layer-2 devices
 Bridges are full-fledged packet switches that forward and filter
frames using the LAN destination addresses
 When a frame comes into a bridge interface, it examines the
destination address of the frame and attempts to forward the
frame on the interface that leads to the destination
 Actually, bridges are used to interconnect several LANs

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Access to Internet: via LAN connection with Switch
 A switch does what a hub and bridge do, but more efficiently
 Switch is a sophisticated bridges with large number of interfaces
 Layer-2 device

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Access to Internet: via LAN connection with Router
The router connects the different network segments
 When a router receives a data packet on any of its interface, it
checks the destination address of that packet and based on that
destination address, it forwards that data packet from the interface
which is connected with the destination address
To forward a data packet to its destination, router keeps the records
of connected networks
 These records are maintained in a database table known as the
routing table. Routing table can be built statically or dynamically
 Access to Internet: via LAN connection
 The basic structures of the two most common LANs: Ethernet and
token ring using RJ45 cable (Cat5,Cat6)
 The original principle of all LAN networks is that all computers are
connected to the same physical cable and they use it in turn
 Information is sent in long frames that include the hardware
addresses of both the source and the destination
 These addresses are unique to each interface card plugged into a
computer

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 Access to Internet: Other main access methods

 Over optical fibre

Fiber to the home (FTTH)
Fiber to the office (FTTO)

Over leased line access

Leased lines are used to carry either voice or data traffic
privately
However, leased lines may also be used to provide Internet
access over high-capacity dedicated links from large business
premises (e.g. office block, university campus)

Over mobile network

Wireless cellular networks
Wireless local area networks (WiFi)
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Switching in Different Networks
 Physical Topology
Two devices connect and from a link; two or more links form a
topology
 The topology of a network is the geometric representation of
the relationship of all the links and linking devices (usually called
nodes) to one another
There are four basic topologies possible:
 mesh
 star
 bus
 ring

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 Mesh Topology
Every device usually has a dedicated point-to-point link to
every other devices
A network with nodes n has n (n – 1) directed links or n (n – 1)
bi-directional links
 Practical example: Connection of telephone regional
offices in which each regional office needs to be connected to
every other regional office

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 Mesh Topology: Advantages
The use of dedicated links guarantees that each connection
can carry its own data load, thus eliminating the traffic problems
that can occur when links must be shared by multiple Devices
A mesh topology is robust and reliable because if one link
becomes unusable, it does not incapacitate the entire system
There is the advantage of privacy or security
 When every message travels along a dedicated line, only the intended
recipient sees it
Physical boundaries prevent other users from gaining access to messages
Point-to-point links make fault identification and fault isolation
easy
Traffic can be routed to avoid links with suspected problems
 Network manager can discover the precise location of the fault and aids in
finding its cause and solution
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 Mesh Topology: Disadvantages
Since every device must be connected to every other device,
installation and reconnection are difficult
Bulk of the wiring can be greater than the available space (in
walls, ceilings, or floors) can accommodate
Hardware required to connect each link (I/O ports and cable)
can be prohibitively expensive
 For these reasons a mesh topology is usually implemented in a
limited fashion, for example, as a backbone connecting the main
computers of a hybrid network that can include several other
topologies

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 Star Topology
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a
central controller, usually called a hub
 The devices are not directly linked to one another
 Does not allow direct traffic between devices
 The controller acts as an exchange
If one device wants to send data to another, it sends the data
to the controller, which then relays the data to the other
connected device
 Used in local-area networks (LANs)

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 Star Topology: Advantage
 A star topology is less expensive than a mesh topology
 Each device needs only one link and one I/O port to connect it
to any number of others which makes it easy to install and
reconfigure
Far less cabling needs to be housed
 It is robust since if one link fails, only that link is affected, all
other links remain active
 Easy fault identification and fault isolation -as long as the hub
is working, it can be used to monitor link problems and bypass
defective links

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 Star Topology: Disadvantage
 One big disadvantage of a star topology is the dependency of
the whole topology on one single point, the hub
If the hub goes down, the whole system is dead
Although a star requires far less cable than a mesh, each node
must be linked to a central hub
 More cabling is required in a star than ring or bus topology

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 Bus Topology
A bus topology is multipoint
 One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a
network
 Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps
 A drop line is a connection running between the device and the
main cable
 Due to attenuation, there is a limit on the number of taps a bus can
support and on the distance between those taps
 Bus topology was the one of the first topologies used in the design
of early local area networks
 Traditional Ethernet LANs can use a bus topology, but they are less
popular now

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 Bus Topology: Advantages and Disadvantages
 Ease of installation
 Backbone cable can be laid along the most efficient path, then
connected to the nodes by drop lines of various lengths
 Bus uses less cabling than mesh or star topologies
 Difficult to perform reconnection and fault isolation
 Difficult to add new devices since it designed with optimal
distance
 Signal reflection at the taps can cause degradation in quality
 Adding new devices may therefore require modification or
replacement of the backbone
 A fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission, even
between devices on the same side of the problem

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 Ring Topology
 Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with
only the two devices on either side of it
 A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device
to device, until it reaches its destination
 Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater
 When a device receives a signal intended for another device,
its repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along

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 Ring Topology: Advantages and Disadvantages
 Easy to install and reconfigure
To add or delete a device requires changing only two
connections
 Fault isolation is simplified
In a ring a signal is circulating at all times, thus, if one device does
not receive a signal within a specified period, it can issue an alarm
 The alarm alerts the network operator to the problem and its
location
 Due to unidirectional traffic, a break in the ring (such as a
disabled station) can disable the entire network.

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