‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

‫جامعة المشرق‬
‫قسم الهندسة الطبية‬
‫االسم‬
Ahmed Khalil
‫اسم المشرف‬
Suhaila mohieldin
‫ بحث مبدئي عن‬kidney

Kidney function ?
‫ماهي وظائف الكلى‬:
The renal tubular unit (Nephron) is the basic unit that makes up the kidney. One
kidney contains millions of renal tubules. It is possible for the kidney to
function at only 10% of its functional capacity without you feeling any problems or
symptoms. Through the following article, we will answer an important question
related to... With this organ, what are the functions of the kidneys?

-The primary function of the kidney is to maintain balance within the body
(Homeostasis) by controlling the amount of fluids, neutralizing salts within the
body, and ridding the blood of wastes. Here are the most prominent functions of the
kidneys in more detail

1-Getting rid of waste and excess fluids that the body needs
The kidney gets rid of waste, the most important of which is urea resulting from
the breakdown of proteins, and uric acid resulting from the breakdown of nucleic
acids. It also works to rid the body of drug residues to prevent their
accumulation, and these are the most prominent kidney

2-Reabsorption of nutrients from the blood

One of the most prominent benefits of the kidneys is that it works to return some
substances to the body, including: glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate, water, and
some minerals such as sodium, phosphate, and potassium, as well as chloride and
magnesium.
3-Maintain pH
The normal level of blood pH ranges between 7.38 - 7.42, and any imbalance in it
leads to increased acidity or alkalinity of the blood. Which leads to many
problems. Cooperation takes place between the kidney and the lung to maintain the
natural level of acidity. The role of the lungs is to control the level of carbon
dioxide. As for the kidney, it is the one that controls the percentage of
bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, and this is one of the kidney’s

4-Regulating osmolality in the body

Osmolality measures the ratio of water to electrolytes in the body or the ratio
between fluids and minerals in the body, so it must be maintained within normal
levels to prevent dehydration or fluid retention. The role of the kidney is to
cause changes in urine concentration and reabsorption of water, and regulation
occurs in the kidney in response to the inhibitor hormone. For diuresis (ADH -
Antidiuretic hormone), which is secreted from the hypothalamus.

5-Contributing to regulating blood pressure

The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System is a hormonal system that contributes to
regulating blood pressure, so that when blood pressure decreases, the kidney
secretes the Renin enzyme, which converts the angiotensin enzyme present in the
liver into the angiotensin I enzyme, and this is one of the kidneys’ functions. .
Angiotensin I enzyme, which later turns into angiotensin II enzyme in the lung,
which in turn constricts blood vessels and thus raises blood pressure. However, if
blood pressure is higher than its normal level, the kidney works to produce larger
amounts of urine and thus reduces blood volume and pressure.

6-Helping manufacture red blood cells

The kidneys secrete a hormone called erythropoietin, which is responsible for
manufacturing red blood cells in the bone marrow.

7-Maintaining bone health

The kidneys convert Vitamin D into its active form which plays a major role in
maintaining calcium and phosphate ratios, thus helping in bone growth and
maintenance.

Kidney (Anatomy:-

The kidney is a dual excretory and excretory organ that secretes urine, and forms a
part of the urinary system.

The kidneys extract water, excess salts, and protein waste from the blood,
maintaining electrolyte balance in the blood, which makes them essential for life.
The kidneys transfer metabolic products from the blood to the urine, which reaches
the kidney pelvis, then passes to the corresponding ureter, and from there to the
bladder.

The kidneys also have an endocrine function (endocrine glands); They produce
erythropoietin, which affects blood formation, renin, which affects blood pressure,
and 1-25-hydroxycholecalciferol, which participates in calcium metabolism.

The kidney is located on the back abdominal wall behind the peritoneum
(peritoneum), and is supplied with blood from the renal artery, which is followed
by a renal vein. The kidney has innervation that is evident when renal colic pain
occurs, and it also has lymphatic drainage.

the site

The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space and in front of the posterior
abdominal wall, on either side of the spine, and at the level of the vertebrae
(from the twelfth thoracic to the third lumbar); They occupy an intermediate
oblique position between the frontal and sagittal planes. The right kidney is
slightly lower in position than the left kidney, due to the larger size of the

Shape and size

The kidney resembles a bean in shape. Its surface is smooth, and its color is brown
to reddish. Its dimensions are about 10 cm in length, 5 cm in width, and 2.5 cm in
thickness. A man's kidney weighs 125 to 170 grams, and a woman's kidney weighs 115
to 155 grams.

The following features of the kidney are described: the two ends (poles): superior
and inferior, the medial and lateral borders, and the anterior and posterior sides.
The lateral edge is convex, while the medial edge is concave in its middle, thus
forming the hilus renalis, which constitutes an entrance for the renal artery and
renal nerves and an exit for the renal vein and ureter. The navel opens into a
narrow gap extending into the kidney, called the renal sinus.

Neighborhoods

Above: The adrenal gland covers the upper end of the kidney. This gland is
contained with the kidney within the renal fascia.

In the front: Relationships differ between the right and left sides. The right
kidney is adjacent to the liver, the second part of the duodenum, the right colic
angle, and the small intestine. The left kidney is adjacent to the stomach,
pancreas, left colic angle, spleen, and small intestine.

In the back: the kidney is adjacent to the diaphragm, the psoas major muscle, the
quadratus lumbar muscle, and the eleventh and twelfth ribs.

Structure

Structure

The kidney is embedded in a mass of adipose tissue called the adipose capsule.
Surrounding the kidney and the capsule is a specialized fascial plate, the renal
fascia. Kidney tissue consists of cortex and medulla. Sections of the kidney show
the presence of a cavity inside the kidney; It is a college pocket.
Microscopically, the functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.

The renal cortex forms the peripheral layer of kidney tissue, and is about 4 mm
thick. Sections of the cortex extend into the medulla between the renal pyramids.
They are known as renal columns. As for the renal medulla, it is the layer located
between the kidney cortex and its sinus. It consists of conical structures called
renal pyramids. The bases of the pyramids point toward the cortex, and their peaks
point toward the sinus, forming renal papillae through which the openings of the
urine collecting ducts open into the small calyces.

The renal sinus is a cavity that sinks into the kidney from its umbilicus, dragging
with it an extension of the renal capsule surrounding it. The renal sinus contains
the renal vessels and the renal pelvis, which represents the end of the dilated
superior ureter. A Greek term used to refer to the renal pelvis is pyelos, and it
is used in some uses such as pyelonephrite. The renal pelvis is divided within the
renal sinus into two or three large renal calyces, each of which is divided in
turn. To give small renal calyces renales minores, numbering 7 to 14 calyces. The
bottom of the small cup contains the openings of the urine collecting ducts.

The nephron is the structural and functional unit of the kidney. The number of
nephrons in each kidney is more than one million. The nephron contains a glomerulus
and a renal tubule. The glomerulus is made up of tortuous capillary blood vessels
grouped in a braid; It is collected by connective tissue, and an afferent arteriol
connects it, and an efferent arteriol leaves it. The proximal end of the renal
tubule collapses, forming the glomerular capsule that surrounds the glomerulus. The
sum of the capsule and the glomerulus is called the renal corpuscle. The particles
are located in the cortex and renal columns. The renal tubule has a long path that
is twisted in several parts of it, and it opens at its distal end into the urinary
collecting tubule. The renal tubule has three main sections:

The proximal section: It consists of the proximal convoluted tubule and a segment
next to it, the proximal straight tubule.

Henle's loop: It forms a continuation of the proximal straight tubule, and consists
of two ascending and descending branches.

The distal section: It forms a continuation of the hinge loop and consists of the
distal straight tubule and the distal convoluted tubule, which ends by opening into
a urinary collecting tubule.

Superficial anatomy of the kidneys

The umbilicus of the left kidney is located near the transpyloric plane, about 5 cm
from the midline. The transpyloric plane passes through the upper end (pole) of the
right kidney, which is lower in position than its left counterpart by about 2 to 5
cm. In the back, the upper sections of the kidneys are located in front of the ribs
(eleventh and twelfth). The levels of the kidneys change during breathing and with
changes in position. Each kidney moves about 3 cm in the vertical direction during
the diaphragmatic movement that occurs in deep breathing. Given that the usual
surgical entrance to the kidneys is through the posterior abdominal wall; It is
useful to know that the lower end of the right kidney is located approximately a
finger's width above the iliac crest (the upper edge of the ilium). In some adults,
the lower end of the right kidney can be palpated on bilateral manual examination
as a slightly hard, slightly rounded mass. The left kidney is not usually palpated
unless it is enlarged, prolapsed, or downwardly displaced by a mass located behind
the peritoneum.

Kidney vessels and nerves

The renal arteries arise at the level of the disc between the first and second
lumbar vertebrae. Each artery divides into five branches that feed the kidney
departments.

The renal vein is formed from a collection of multiple veins that drain blood from
the kidney. The left renal vein is longer than its right counterpart. Both renal
veins drain into the inferior vena cava.

The renal lymphatic vessels follow the renal veins and drain into the lumbar
(aortic) lymph nodes.

Renal nerves arise from the renal nerve plexus and consist of sympathetic,
parasympathetic, and sensory fibers. Sensory fibers are the ones that sense tension
in the ureter, renal pelvis, or renal capsule. Renal colic is caused by an
obstruction to the flow of urine, for example as a result of a urinary stone.

Kidney Diseases

‫أمراض الكلى‬

Kidney diseases are defined as disorders that affect the renal units (nephrons),
causing the kidneys to lose their ability to get rid of waste and fluids and their
accumulation in the body. [1,2]
Delayed treatment of kidney diseases can cause the kidneys to completely lose their
physiological function, and thus the patient will need to undergo dialysis sessions
in order to remove toxins from his body. [2,3]

There are many types of kidney and urinary tract diseases, and they may differ
according to the causes or duration of infection. It is one of the most important
and famous kidney

1-Chronic kidney failure is one of the most common kidney diseases.

2-Kidney cysts, which is a hereditary kidney disease, can be serious if there are
multiple cysts in the kidneys.

3-Kidney stones, which are also a common kidney problem, cause severe pain in the
patient

4-Glomerulonephritis caused by infection or certain medications

5-Urinary tract infections.

Kidney disease and aging

The risk of developing chronic kidney disease increases with an individual's age,
especially in those who are 65 years of age or older. This is due to the decline in
the kidney filtration rate with age. Once an individual reaches the age of 40, the
kidney's ability to filter blood will begin to decline at a rate of 1. % annually.
[4]

This decrease in kidney function may occur due to several reasons, including: [5]

Decreased amount of kidney tissue.

Decreased number of filtering units (nephrons).
Hardening of the blood vessels that feed the kidneys.
Also, as one ages, an individual will become more susceptible to developing
diseases and other health problems that can lead to kidney damage. [4]

Causes of kidney disease

‫اسباب أمراض الكلى‬

There are many causes of kidney disease, which can vary depending on the type of
kidney disease. They generally include the following: [2,4]

Genetic disorders, which sometimes explains the occurrence of kidney disease in

children as soon as they are born.
Use of some drugs and medications, especially when taken in high doses.
Preeclampsia.
Decreased blood flow to the kidneys.
Blood poisoning.
Urinary tract obstruction, as a result of kidney stones or prostate enlargement.
Kidney infection.
Suffering from autoimmune disorders, such as lupus.
Severe dehydration.
Suffering from chronic diseases, the most important of which are diabetes and high
blood pressure.
Exposure to a severe injury that causes the loss of large amounts of

How is kidney disease diagnosed

‫كيف يتم تشخيص أمراض الكلى‬

Diagnosing kidney disease through blood tests

The most important tests for diagnosing kidney disease include measuring the levels
of compounds resulting from metabolism in the blood that accumulate inside the body
if the individual suffers from any of the diseases that affect the kidneys.
Examples of these tests include the following: [2,3,6]

(Creatinine test, if blood creatinine levels increase when kidney function begins
to deteriorate significantly)

1-(Blood urea nitrogen test, which detects the level of urea in the blood, which is
one of the substances resulting from the breakdown of proteins, and whose high
levels in the blood can indicate that the individual has kidney disease or other
health problems.)

2-Diagnosis of kidney disease through urine analysis

Urine tests can help evaluate the condition of the kidneys, by monitoring any sign
of damage to kidney tissue. One of the most important kidney disease tests is to
examine the level of albumin protein in the urine. When one of the glomeruli of the
kidney is damaged, it allows albumin, which is one of the types Blood proteins leak
into the urine. [

3-Diagnosis of kidney disease by imaging

Some imaging tests help to see the kidneys and urinary tract and determine whether
there is a defect in them. They can also help determine the size of the kidneys and
whether there are any stones or tumors in them. [3,5]

Imaging tests for diagnosing kidney disease include: [3,5]

Ultrasound imaging.
CT scan.
Magnetic resonance imaging.
X-ray imaging.