Scribd
Upload
2 views

Controllers Notes

The document discusses controllers in control systems, detailing their role in producing control signals and modifying transient responses. It classifies controllers into analog, digital, and fuzzy types, with analog controllers further divided into various types including proportional, integral, derivative, and their combinations. Each type of controller has its advantages and disadvantages, affecting system stability, response time, and steady-state error.

Uploaded by

thiru2005v
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Controllers Notes

The document discusses controllers in control systems, detailing their role in producing control signals and modifying transient responses. It classifies controllers into analog, digital, and fuzzy types, with analog controllers further divided into various types including proportional, integral, derivative, and their combinations. Each type of controller has its advantages and disadvantages, affecting system stability, response time, and steady-state error.

Uploaded by

thiru2005v
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

Controllers

A controller is an important component in the control system that produces the control signal by
modifying the error signal. In addition, the controller modifies the transient response of the system.
The action taken up by the controller in the control system is known as control action

Types of Controllers

In general, controllers are classified as (i) analog controllers, (ii) digital controllers and (iii) fuzzy
controllers.

(i) Analog controllers are further classified as follows:

(a) ON–OFF controller

(b) Proportional controller

(c) Integral controller

(d) Derivative controller


(e) Proportional Derivative controller

(f) Proportional Integral controller

(g) Proportional Integral Derivative controller


Proportional controller
Advantages of P-controller The advantages of P-controller are: (i) It amplifies the error signal by
the gain value Kp . (ii) It increases the loop gain by Kp . (iii) It improves the steady-state accuracy,
disturbance signal rejection and relative stability. (iv) The use of controller makes the system less
sensitive to parameter variations. Disadvantages of P-controller The disadvantages of P-controller
are: (i) System becomes unstable if the gain of the controller increases by large value. (ii) P-
controller leads to a constant steady-state error.

Integral controller

Advantages of I-controller The advantages of I-controller are: (i) It reduces the steady-state error
without the help of manual reset. Hence, the con troller is also called as automatic reset. (ii) It
eliminates the error value. (iii) It eliminates the steady-state error. Disadvantages of I-controller
The disadvantages of I-controller are: (i) Action of this controller leads to oscillatory response with
increased or decreased amplitude, which is undesirable and the system becomes unstable. (ii) It
involves integral saturation or wind-up effect. (iii) There is poor transient response
Derivative Controller

The derivative controller (D-controller) is also known as a rate or anticipatory controller. The
controller output of the derivative controller is dependent and is proportional to the differentiation
of the error with respect to time. The output signal of the integral controller m(t). is proportional
to integral of the input error signal e(t)

Advantages of D-controller The advantages of D-controller are: (i) Feed forward control (ii)
Resists the change in the system (iii) Has faster response (iv) Anticipates the error and initiates an
early corrective action that increases the stability of the system (v) Effective during transient period
Disadvantages of D-controller The disadvantages of D-Controller are: (i) Steady-state error is not
recognized by the controller even when the error is too large. (ii) This controller cannot be used
separately in the system. (iii) It is mathematically more complex than P-control.

Proportional Integral Controller

The individual advantages of proportional and integral controller can be used by combin ing the
both in parallel, which results in the PI-controller. The output of the proportional integral controller
(PI-controller) consists of two terms: one proportional to error signal and the other proportional to
the integral of error signal
Advantages of PI-controller The advantages of PI-Controller are: (i) Eliminates the offset present
in the proportional controller (ii) Provides faster response than the integral controller due to the
presence of propor tional controller also. (iii) Fluctuation of the system around the set point is
minimum (iv) Has zero steady state error (v) Form of a feedback control (vi) Increases the loop
gain Disadvantages of PI-controller The disadvantages of PI-controller are: (i) It has maximum
overshoot. (ii) Settling time is more.

Proportional Derivative Controller

The proportional derivative (PD) controller is used in the system to have faster response from the
controller. It combines the proportional and derivative controller in parallel. The output of the
proportional derivative controller consists of two terms: one proportional to error signal and the
other proportional to the derivative of error signal
Advantages of PD-controller The advantages of PD-controller are: (i) It has smaller maximum
overshoot due to the faster derivative action. (ii) It eliminates excessive oscillations. (iii) Damping
is increased. (iv) Rise time in the transient response of the system is lower Disadvantages of PD-
controller The disadvantages of PD-Controller are: (i) It does not eliminate the offset. (ii) It is used
in slow systems
Proportional Integral Derivative Controller

The universally used controller in the control system is the proportional integral derivative (PID)
controller. The PID controller combines the advantages of PI- and PD-controllers. It is the parallel
combination of P I and D-controllers. By tuning the parameters in the PID-controller, the control
action for specific process could be obtained. The output of the PID-controller con sists of three
terms: first one proportional to error signal, second one proportional to the integral of error signal
and the third one proportional to the derivative of error signal
Advantages of PID-controller The advantages of PID-controller are: (i) It reduces maximum
overshoot (ii) (iii) Steady-state error is zero. It increases the stability of the system. (iv) It improves
the transient response of the system. (v) It is possible to tune the parameters in the controllers.
Disadvantages of PID-controller The disadvantages of PID-controller are: (i) It is difficult to use
in non-linear systems. (ii) It is difficult to implement in large industries where complex calculations
are required

You might also like