Fluid Mechanics-I

Lecture slides by
Tahir Yavuz
General Informations about Fluid
Mechanics

Importance of Fluid Mechanics in the

Mechanical Engineering Education
Education of the Mechanical Engineering are devided into Seven Main
Divisions;

• Thermodynamics
• Materials
• Construction and Manufacturing
• Machine Theory and Dynamics
• Mechanics
• Energy
• Automotive
 There are sub-divisions under the main divisions;

THERMODYNAMICS CONSTRUCTION AND MANUFACTURING

MATERIALS
 Thermodynamics  Machine Elements
 Heat Transfer  Material Science  Machine Designs
 Fluid Mechanics  Composites  Technical Drawing
 Fuels and Burning  Production Technologies  Machine Tools
 Heat Technology  Production Methods
 Production Planning and Control
MACHINE THEORY AND DYNAMICS  Computer Aided Design and Production
 MechanismTechnics
 Machine Dynamics
MECHANICS
 System Dynamics and Control
 Mechanical Vibration and Noise  Mechanics of Solid Bodies
 Vehicle Technology  Strength of Materials
 Textile and Agricultural Machineries

ENERGY AUTOMOTİVE

 Conventional Power Systems Technology  Engines

 Energy Economy  Motor Vehicles
 Internal Cumbustion Engines
 Renewable Energy Systems
 Nuclear Technology
Total 30 sub-divisions

i) Education program of the Mechanical Engineering covers all these sub-

divisions
ii) There are also some courses on mathematics, physics, computer
sciences , chemistry and economy.
 Hence, Thermodynamics has five sub-divisions;

Thermodynamics
Heat Transfer
 Fluid Mechanics
 Fuels and Burning
 Heat Technologies

 The Fluid mechanics is a sub-division in the Main Division of the

Thermodynamics.

 Thermodynamics , Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics are strongly

dependent on each other.

 These three courses are un-separable from one to another.

5
GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT FLUID MECHANICS
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics

Ferries/ Boats/Cruises
Propulsion for Jet engines (Free surface flow) Wind Turbine (External flow)
(Internal Flow)

Aircraft in motions Industrial Applications (Internal flow)

6
(External flow)
Flow along channel with sarp bed Cooling Tower of Hot Power Plants
discontinuity

Aircraft in motions (External flow) Landing of aircraft 7

No flow separation Flow separation behind wings
 Flows about cars
CD2
CD1

CD3

CD1<CD2<C D3

As geometries are different the aerodynamics characteristics will be

different ( Flows around bluff bodies).
Biomedical fluids

Body Circulatory System Eye Flow

Fluid dynamics is used
Lung Circulatory-fluid is air
Blood Circulatory-fluid is blood
extensively in the design
of artificial hearts.
Air - Newtonion fluid
Blood-Non -newtonian fluid
CHEMICAL EMISSIONS
AIRCRAFT NOISE
AIRCRAFT AND ENGINE NOISE
Airbus Advanced Concept Aircraft

13
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-1315836/Boeing-takes-Airbus-invisible-planes-supersonic-scramjet-engines.html
EXAMPLE: SLATS AND FLAPS
 EXAMPLE: SWEPT WINGS
• All modern high-speed aircraft have swept wings: WHY?
SUPERSONIC FLOW
• Can you fly faster than the speed of sound, HOW?
• What can happen in supersonic flows?
• Supersonic flows (Mach Number > 1) are qualitatively and
quantitatively different from subsonic flows (Mach Number < 1)
 CROSS-SECTIONAL EXAMPLE: GE 90-115B
Compressor
Nozzle
Fan

Turbine

Inlet Combustor

• Why does this engine look the way that it does?

• How does this engine push an airplane forward, i.e. how does it
generate thrust?
• What are major components and design parameters?
 SUMMARY

Flow fields;

 Internal flows

 External flows

 Free surface flows

 Un-separated flows

 Separated flows

 Flows of bluff bodies

Each flow field needs different mathematical modelling

 CHAPTER - I

Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics
1–1 ■ Introduction
Some definitions:
Mechanics: Examines the behaviours of the statianary system (Statics)
and moving system (Dynamics) under the influences of forces.
Hence, mechanics is devided into two parts;
Mechanics

Statics Dynamics

Gx=? Ax=?
Gy =?
Cy=?
Ay=? 20
Moving support, Stationary suport
Fluid mechanics: Interested in;
i) the behavior of fluids at rest (FLUID STATICS ) or in motion (FLUID
DYNAMICS),
ii) the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries.

Water

Oil

Interacting two fluids at the boundary.

Fx=?
Fy=?
Hence, Fluid mechancs is also devided into
two parts;

Fluid Mechanics

Fluid Statics
Fluid Dynamics
 Some Examples in Applications

Lift Water
Air

V
Drag

Flows around non-symetric airfoil

fluid is air(Gas)
Forces acting on Curved Surface (
Fluid Statics ) Fluid is water( Liquid

Water
Oil

Forces acting on the Dam ( Interacting two fluids at the

Fluid Statics=Hydrostatics boundary.
Problem)
 Hence, fluid mechanics deals with liquids and gases in motion or at rest.

 Fluid Statics
 Fluid Dynamics,
 Hydrostatics (Fluid is liquid),
 Hydrodynamics (Fluid is liquid)
Fluid mechanics can be named as
 Hydraulics (Fluid is oil),
 Gas Dynamics (Fluid is gas),
 Aeodynamics (Fluid is air)
 Meteorology,
 Oceanography (fluid is sea water)
 Hydrology (Fluid is water)
 ………..
Hydrostatics : Study of the problems in liquids at rest.

Hydrodynamics: Study of the problems in liquids in motion.

Hydraulics: Study of the liquid flows in piping systems.

(Density is considered to be constant).

Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of gas ( Density is not constant and
it changes with pressure and temperature, =(P,T).
P  RT Equation of State
Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of air over bodies
such as aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high or low
speeds.
Meteorology, oceanography, and hydrology: Deal with naturally
occurring flows, such as flows in atmosphere, sea and
channel or riva respectively. 24
Summary:
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics;
 Biomechanics( Homan body),
 Meteorology ,
 Chemical Processes,
Aerodynamics,
 Internal Combustion and Jet Engines,
Turbine, Fan , Compresor and Pump,
Power Stations,
 Gas and Liquid Transportations,
Airconditioning systems,
Environmental engineering,
Irregation systems,
Hydroelectric power stations and dams

In solwing all these problems, fluid mechanics uses the
Basic Laws.
Basic Laws governing the flow motion are;
1. Conservation of mass:…………. …….Continuity Equation
2. Conservations of momentum;
i)Linear momentum:……………….Newton’s Second Law of Motion,
ii)Angular momentum………………Basic Law of Turbomachines
3. Conservation of energy:…………… ….First Law of Thermodynamics
4. Second Law of Thermodynamics
5. Equation of State: Any relation between density, pressure and temperature is
called the equation of state.
For ideal gas;

P=RT
26
 Forces in fluid mechanics problems;

In general, there are five forces in fluid motions;

These are;
1) Inertia force, Fi; related to acceleration…….V is needed.
2) Viscous force, Fvis; related to viscosity ……….V is needed.

3) Body force, Fm ; related to gravitational ac..  is needed.

4) Pressure force, FP ; related to the pres. change..P is needed.

5) Bouyancy forces, FB ; related to the temp change..T is needed.

All these variables, V, P,  and T are space variables and
may be time dependent,

V=V(x,y,z;t),
P=P(x,y,z;t),
=(x,y,z;t) 27
T=T(x,y,z;t)
 To fine these forces we need to know;
i) Velocity components; u = u( x,y,z;t)
v = v( x,y,z;t)
w = w(x,y,z;t)

ii) Pressure; P = P(x,y,z;t) u, v,w,P,  and T

( 6 unknown)
iii) Temperature; T = T(x,y,z;t)
Hence, 6 equations
iv) Density;  =  (x,y,z;t) are needed..

1. Conservation of Mass (continuity equation)…………. 1 equation,

2. Conservation of Momentum( Newton’s Second Law) … ..3 equations
3. Conservation of Energy(First Law of Thermodynamics)…1 equation
4. Equation of State ….1 equation

Total = 6 equations
28
 1.2. What is a Fluid?
Substances can be in three phasis;
Solid phase
Liquid phase
Gas phase
 Solid phase

Subs tan ce Liquid Phase
 Gas Phase

 Liquid Phase
Fluid  
 Gas Phase

There are two definitions about fluid;

i) Fluid is a substance in the liquid or gas phase ( Broad definition)

ii)A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the effect of a tangential
(shear )stress, no matter how small (Technical definition)
More details about solid, liquid and gas
A Solid;
 Intermolecular bonds are strong and keep molecules togeather .
 So, it has;
 certain geometry,
 shape,
 volume ,
 density

A liquid;
 Intermolecular bonds(cohessive force) are not
strong and molecules can rotate and translate
freely.
 So, it has ;
 certain volume,
 no certain shape, it takes the shape of
container it is in,
 a free surface ,
 certain density 30
A gas;
 Intermolecular bonds are weak and the
molecules are far apart from each other.
It has;
 no certain volume, its volume is the
volume of the container it is in,
 no certain shape ,
 no cetain density,
 no free surface,

(a)Solid (b) Liquid (c) Gas

31
What is the difference between solid and fluid?

i) A solid can resist an applied shear stress.

: Deformation angle

F
    Cons tan t
A

For =1 =1=constant

=2  =2=Constant

Solid deforms when a shear stress is applied, but it does not deform continiously.

Examples: For 1 =100 N/m2  1 =5o (Remains constant)

2 =150 N/m2  1 =7o (Remains constant)

 ii) A fluid deforms continuously under the effect of a shear stress

Deformation of a fluid element

F
A F
F
1 2

Control
(a) t = 0 Volume (b) t = 1 s (c) t= 2 s

F
  Cons tan t    Cons tan t For =constant =(t) constant
A

Example: If  =100 N/m2=Constant  t=1s =5o , t=2s =7o ,t=3s=10o

As long as the shear stress is applied, the deformation of the

fluid element is taken place continuously.
Definitions of Stresses in Fluid
Stress is defined as the force acting per unit area in the fluid,

F
 (N / m2 )
A
Take a small surface element A and forces acting on F,
It has two components in normal and tangential directions, Fn and Ft.

Stress is devided into two parts;

i) Normal stress,
ii) Shear (tangential ) stress.

Normal Stress:
F Pressure= The normal stress in a fluid at rest
  lim A0 n (N / m ) 2

A
Shear( Tangential) Stress:
F
  lim A0 t ( N / m2 )
A
Clasifications of Fluid;
There are four different clasifications of the fluid;

a) Ideal (Theoretical) Fluid -(Inviscid fluid)

b) Real ( Viscous) Fluid.

or
a) Compressible Fluid ( Gas)

b) Incompressible Fluid (Liquid)

or
a) Liquid ( Incompressible fluid)

b) Gas ( Compressible fluid)

or
a) Newtonian Fluid

b) Non-Newtonian Fluid
a) Ideal Fluid : Viscosity is considered to be zero-No friction (viscous) force

b) Real (Viscous) Fluid: Real fluid has viscosity - Friction force important.

a) Compressible Fluid: Density is not constant and it changes with

pressure and temperature in general ( Exam; gas)

b) Incompressible Fluid: Density remains constant (Exam: liquid).

a) Liquid: Density is considered to be constant..Incompressible fluid.

b) Gas :Density is not constant…………………..Compresible fluid

a) Newtonian Fluid : Viscosity - constant.

b) Non-Newtonian Fluid: Viscosity - not constant.

36
 1–3 ■ Descriptions and Classifications of Fluid Motions
i) Viscous- Inviscid Regions of Flows

1. Inviscid flow: Viscosity assumed to be zero ( No friction)

2. Viscous flow: Viscosity important ( There is a friction)

Considering the flow around a plate:

Inviscid (ideal) flow

U region, U=Cons
U=Cons
No shear stress, =0
(Euler equation is applied)

y
u(y) Viscous (real) Shear stress, 0
flow region, u(y) (Navier-Stokes
eq. is applied)
x
Plate 37
 No shear stress, =0
(Euler equation is applied)
U=Cons Inviscid (ideal) flow region,
U=Cons

y
u(y) Viscous (real) Shear stress, 0
flow region, u(y) (Navier-Stokes eq.
is applied)

Shear stress, x
Plate
du du
  : Velocity gradient in the y direction
dy dy
Inviscid region: Hence; Flow region is devided into two regions;
As U is constant,
Viscous flow regions: Flows in which the
dU dU
 0    0 frictional effects( viscous effects=shear stress) are
dy dy significant (Regions close the solid surfaces)
Viscous region: Inviscid flow regions: Flows in which viscous
As u is not constant, u=u(y) forces are negligibly ( Regions not close to solid
surfaces).
du du 38
 0    0
dy dy
ii) External - Internal Flows

External flow: The flow is unbounded externally.

Example: flows around a sphere or a cylinder or a car.

Internal flow: The fluid is completely bounded externally,

Example: flow in pipe or duct.

39
Water flow in a pipe is an internal flow,
iii) Incompressible - Compressible Flow
Incompressible flow: If the density of flowing fluid remains nearly constant
throughout (e.g., liquid flow), flow is considered to be
incompresssible
Compressible flow: If the density of fluid changes during flow (e.g., high-speed
gas flow), flow is considered to be compressible.

Mach number defines the compressibility effect in the flow.

V Speed of flow
Mach Number: Ma  
c Speed of sound
Hence; Mach number
i) Defines the compressibility effect in the flow.
ii) Defines the types of flows.
Ma = 1 Sonic flow
Ma < 1 Subsonic flow
Ma > 1 Supersonic flow
Ma >> 1 Hypersonic flow
If Ma<0.3 density is considered to be constant
40
(=Constant Incompressible flow)
 iv) Laminar , Transitional and Turbulent Flows

Laminar flow( orderly flow): Turbulent flow( Dis-orderly flow):

 Molecules have parallel paths in Molecules do not have parallel paths in
the flow. the flow.
 Laminar flow is obtained at the  Turbulent flow is obtained at the high
low velocities. velocities.

Transitional flow:
A flow that has partly laminar and patly turbulent characteristics 41
 Flows about airfoils with different roughness;
Consider the turbulent flow
parallel to the x axis

u u’
__

_
u
u  u  u'
time
v
As the rughness increases the location at which the v=v’
flow change from laminar to turbulance comes
forward. time
Laminer flow has …..Shear stresses
Turbulent flow has… Shear stresses + Reynolds stresses

du
  la min ar Flow 
du
Shear Stress
dy dy
____
__
____   u ' v' Re ynolds Stress
du
    u ' v' turbulent Flow
dy 42
u ' , v' ; Turbulent velocity components
v) Natural - Forced Flows
Natural flow: A fluid is not forced to flow. The fluid moves
naturally (due to the buoyancy effect),

Forced flow: A fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a

pipe by external forces (by a pump or a fan).
vı)Steady , Unsteady and Uniform Flows
• Steady flow: Velocity does not depent on time. Local acceleration is

zero,  V
al  0 V(x) alocal =0
t aconv0
• Unsteady flow: Velocity depends on time, V=V(t),
 x
 V
al  0
t
• Uniform flow: Velocity does not change with location in the region.

Many devices such as turbines, compressors, boilers, condensers,

and heat exchangers are classified as steady-flow devices. 43
vıı) One, Two, and Three-Dimensional Flows
• A flow field is best characterized by its velocity distribution.

V=V(x)…1 D.
V=V(x,y)..2D
V=V(x,y,z)..3D

Two dimensions flow One dimension flow

The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe;

V = V(r, z) ..the flow is two-dimensional in the entrance region,

V=V(r) …….the flow becomes one-dimensional downstream in
the fully developed region..
44
1–4 ■ Dimentions and Units
Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.

The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units.

Physical quantity Dimensions Units
Mass M kg
Length L m
Time T s Seven fundamental (primary) dimensions

Dimension Unit
Some basic (fundamental)dimensions;
Length meter (m)
mass (kg), length(m), time(s), temperature (K) ,…
Mass kilogram(kg)
Some secondary(derived) dimensions;
velocity (m/s), volume(m3 ) ,pressure (Pa), Time second(s)

Temperature kelvin(K)
energy(Joule)
Electric Current amper(A)
Units:
Amount of light candela (cd)
There are two unit systems;
Amount of Mater mole (mol)
i)Metric SI system:
ii)English system: 45
 Some Relations Between units

The SI unit prefixes are used in all

branches of engineering.

Work = Force  Distance

1 J = 1 N∙m
1 cal = 4.1868 J
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ
Btu: British Thermal Unit

All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.

46
47
48
 1.5. Fluids in Continuum;
Definition: Density is the mass per unit volume of fluid,
m
 (kg / m 3 )


As molecules of fluid moves freely, it is not possible to define the number of

the moleculus in the unit volume. Therefore this definition is not correct.

Assumption: The number of the molecules in the limit volume, V* is

considered to be constant. Hence, the definition of the density is formulated as
m
  lim V

*

1m3 air ≈ 2.5x1025 molecules V*=10-9 mm3 ---3x107 air molecules

Any substance in which this density definition is acceptable is called
continuum.
Therefore fluid is considered to be a continuum
Continuous medium means;

 There are no gaps (in the fluid) or empty spaces ,

 Each fluid property is assumed to have a definite value at each point in the
space,
ρ = ρ( x y z; t), T (x, y, z;t) ; V (x, y, z;t) ; p(x, y, z;t)

 Derivatives of properties are also continuous too,


 Knudsen number defines the continuum.

Kn=/L

:Mean free path of molecules

(Distance of the molecules without colliding each other)

L: Characteristics length
Kn describes the degree of departure from continuum.
50
 Usually when Kn> 0.01, the concept of continuum does not hold good

 K n is always less than 0.01 and it is usual to say that the fluid is a continuum.

51
 Density of the fluid changes with pressure and temperature, =(P,T);
i) Density changes with the pressure;

o o E = bulk modulus of fluid elasticity (N/m2)

   ρ (kg/m3)
P  Po P
1 1
E E ρ0 (kg/m3)
p (N/m2)
p0 (N/m2)
E=2.15109 (N/m2) ...Water
=1.06109(N/m2)..... Ethyl alcohol

ii) Density changes with the temperature;

ρ (kg/m3)
o o ρ0 (kg/m3)
 
1   T  To  1  T β Expansion coefficient(m3/m3 oC)
T (Co)
T0 (Co)
β = 0.0002 (m3/m3 Co) atT= 20Co .... Water
= 0.0011 (m3/m3Co) at T=20Co...... Ethyl alcohol
52
Density changes with temperature for water. It decreases with
temperature

1000
990  = 1000 kg/m3 at 4oC
 ( kg/m3) 980
970
960
950

0 20 40 60 80 100
T( Co)

(T  4) 2 (T  4 ) 2

  1000  (kg / m 3 ),   9800  ( N / m3 )

180 18
 : Density (kg/m3)
 =g: Specific weight (gravity) (N/m3 )

In the equations, the unit of the T has to be celcious ( oC ).

1–6 ■ Solving Engineering Problems
Thee are two methods to solve engineering problems;

i) Experimental Method,

ii) Analytical Method

i)Experimental Method :
 Establish the model of the problem in the laboratory conditions by applying
the similarity laws.
 Measure the desired quantities within the experimental errors.
Conduct nesessary calculations.
However, this approach is expensive, time-consuming, and often impractical.

ii)Analytical Method (including the numerical approach) :

Solve the mathematical model of the problems by means of differential or integral
methods.
Discuss ,analyse and validate the results.
This approach is fast and inexpensive,
The results obtained are subject to the accuracy of the assumptions, 54
1.7. Uncertanty Analysis
 Experimental work has to be concluded by the experimental uncertanty analysis.
 Without uncertanty analysis , the work can not be evaluated.

i) Accuracy, Precision and Significant Digids

Accuracy error (inaccuracy): The value of one reading
minus the true value.
Erac=Vone – V true
Accuracy is generally associated with repeatable, fixed
errors.
Precision error: The value of one reading minus the
average of readings.
Prer=Vone – V ave
Precision is generally associated with un-repeatable,
random errors.
Significant digits: Digits that are relevant and meaningful.

Shooter A: is more precise, but less accurate,

Shooter B: is more accurate, but less precise.

55
ii) Calculation of Error in Experimental Data:

Energy losses due to the friction in the pipe is defined by the equation,
8 fL
h 2 5Q 2

 gD
where;
h: Energy losses (meter fluid colum)
Q: Flow rate (m3 /s),
L: length of the pipe (m),
D: Diameter of the pipe (m),
f: Friction factor.
g: Gravitational acceleration

There are 5 variables, Q,L,D, g and f.

Hence, the energy losses depend on Q, L, D, g and f. We measure Q,
L,D and f in the laborotary. We made some error on each measurement.
Then, total error made on h can be calculated and then validate the result.
56
There are various ways to calculate the uncertanty or error.
Supposing the quantity P depends on a number of variables.

We can write the functional relation between P and variables such as,

P=P(x1,x2,x3,.....,xN) (I)
Using error made on each variable, total error on P is defined as
1/ 2
 P 2
  P 
2
 P  
2

P   x1    x2   ......   x N   ( II )


 1x   2 x  
 Nx  
Example:
PC x1n1 x2n 2 x3n 3 .... ( III )
P n11 n 2 n 3 x1n1 n 2 n 3 n1 n1 n 2 n 3 n1P
 C (n1) x1 x2 x3 ....  C (n1) x2 x3 ....  Cx1 x2 x3 .... 
x1 x1 x1    x1
P

P n1
 P
x1 x1

Likewise;

P n1 P P n2 P P n3 P
 ,  ,  ,..... ( IV )
x1 x1 x 2 x2 x3 x3
Putting eq(IV) into eq. (II) and deviding by P we get,

2 1/ 2
P  x 
2
 x 
2
 x  
  n1 1    n2 2   ......   nN N   (V )
P  x1   x2   xN  


gives percentage error on P/P.

P
 Percentage(? %) error on P
P

58
 Example 1: Energy loss in the pipe is given

8 fL
h  2 5 Q2
 gD

Experimental work conducted in the laboratory, error made on

measurement of each parameter is;

f… 2%,
L….07%
Q….3%
g….1%
D…2%
Calculade error made on the h?

Sol: As 8 /2 is constant, it has no effect on calculation of error.

8 fL 8 n1 n 2 n 3 n 4 n 5
h Q 2
 h  f L Q g D
 gD
2 5
 2

Variables: x1=f, x2=L , x3 =Q, x4=g and x5=D

n1=1, n2=1, n3=2,n4=-1,n5=-5 59
Error equation,
1/ 2
h  x1 
2
 
2
 x 2
  n1    n 2   .....
   
h

x1   x  
8 fL 8 n1 n 2 n 3 n 4 n 5
h Q 2
 h  f L Q g D
 gD
2 5
 2
f… 2%,
L….07%
Q….3%
Variables: x1=f, x2=L , x3 =Q, x4=g and x5=D g….1%
n1=1, n2=1, n3=2,n4=-1,n5=-5 D…2%

h
h

 1.0,02   1x0.007   (2 x0.03) 2  (1x0.01) 2  (5 x0.02 ) 2
2 2

1/ 2
 0.014

 1.4%

Error on the h is about 1.4%

60
 Example 2. Drag force coefficient is defined by the equation,
F
CD 
1
V 2D 2
8
Experiment is conducted in the laboratory. Error made on each
measurement is; 2% on F, 7% on  , 1 m/s error at 20 m/s on V and
4% on D . . Calculate error on the CD .

Sol: 1/ 2
f  2 2 2
 x1   x2   x3   x4 
2

  n1    n2    n3    n4   .....
f  x1   x2   x3   x2  
1/ 2
CD  F      V   D  
2 2 2 2

  n1    n2    n3    n4  
CD  F      V   D  
Error made on the velocity V can be converted to the percentage rate as,
Error;
1 m / s at 20 m/s
? at 100 m/s, 61
=100/20=5 5% error.
 Error made on each measurement is; 2% on F, 7% on  , 3% on
D and 1 m/s error at 20 m/s on V . Calculate error on the CD .
F
CD 
1
V 2D 2
8

1/ 2
CD  F      V   D 
2 2 2 2

  n1    n2    n3    n4  
CD  F      V   D  

CD
CD

 1.(0.02 )    1.(0.07 )   (2.(0.05)) 2  (1.(0.03)) 2
2 2

1/ 2
 0.127

 %12 .7

62
1–8 ■ Problem-Solving Technique
• Step 1: Problem Statement
• Step 2: Schematic diagrams and definitions of
parameters
• Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
• Step 4: Physical Laws
• Step 5: Properties
• Step 6: Calculations
• Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion

63
Q. The compressed air has a valume of 0.024 m3 in the tank. The tank
is filled with air at the gage pressure of 50 psi and a temperature of 20
oC. The Atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa ( absolute). Determine the

density of the air and weight of air in the tank.

Sol.
psi: pound force per square inch. (Pound force /inch2)

Conversion of units;

1 psi=6.8947 kPa , 1 atm=14.696 psi ,

50psi=50x6,8947=344.73 kPa

Atmospheric pressure: 1 atm=76 cm mercury column

P=g.h=13600x9.81x0.76=101398.16Pa=101.396kPa
Rair =286J/kgK

State equation P  RT

P 344.73  101.396
   5.30kg / m3
RT 286J / kgK(20  273)
64
W  gx(Volume)  (5.30 x9.81) x0.024)  1.25N