L.EEC/M.

EEC
L.EEC025 - Fundamentals of Signal Processing
FIRST EXAM, FEBRUARY 22, 2022
Duration: 120 Minutes, closed book

NOTE: each question must be answered in a separate sheet; please provide complete answers

1. The zero-pole diagrams of three different causal discrete-time systems (A, B, C) are
illustrated next, as well as their frequency response magnitudes (FR1, FR2, FR3).

A B C
1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5
4 8
0 0 0
-0.5 -0.5 -0.5
-1 -1 -1

-1 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1
Real
FR1 FR2 FR3
6 8 8

6 6
4
4 4
2
2 2

0 0 0
0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
/
a) [2 pts] Match each zero-pole diagram (A, B, C) to the corresponding frequency
response magnitude (FR1, FR2, FR3), and present the main supporting arguments.
b) [1,5 pts] For each zero-pole diagram (A, B, C), indicate if the corresponding system is
linear-phase and/or if its impulse response is real-valued. Justify.
c) [1 pt] If the impulse responses of systems A, B, and C are represented by ℎ [ ],
ℎ [ ] and ℎ [ ], respectively, explain if some real-valued constant ≠ 1 exists such
that making ℎ [ ], ℎ [ ], and ℎ [ ], does not modify the original systems.

2. The illustrated signal processing chain includes a discrete-time system that is governed
by the difference equation [ ] = [ ] − [ − 2] + [ − 4]. The sampling frequency
is 600 Hz and the analog input is ( ) = 1 + sin(100 ) + sin(1050 ). Notice that
an anti-aliasing filter does not exist.

xc (t ) x[n] y[n] yc (t )
ideal ideal ideal
A/D
H(ej) D/A Nyquist Filter

Fs =600 Hz Fs =600 Hz

a) [1 pt] Find the frequencies of the discrete-time signal [ ] in the Nyquist range, i.e.
in the range       . Obtain a compact expression for xn  .

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 L.EEC/M.EEC
L.EEC025 - Fundamentals of Signal Processing
b) [2 pts] Obtain a compact expression for the frequency response of the discrete-time
system and sketch its magnitude and phase responses.
c) [1,5 pts] Obtain yn  and, presuming ideal reconstruction conditions, obtain ( ).

3. In one of the FPS Labs, the following code was used to service an interrupt-based routine
whose relevant C code is as follows (assume that w[] represents a vector of floating
point numbers that is defined and initialized outside the scope of this routine):

int16_t i;
float32_t w0, yn;
// r is a constant that is defined externally

w0 = (float32_t)(rx_sample_L);

w0 += ( (float32_t)(r) * w[1] - (float32_t)(r*r) * w[2] );

yn = (float32_t)(r*r) * w0 - (float32_t)(r) * w[1] + w[2];
tx_sample_L = (int16_t)(yn);

w[0] = w0;
for (i=2 ; i>0 ; i--) w[i] = w[i-1];
return;

a) [0,5 pts] Explain what is the length of vector w[] and what is the order of the
discrete-time system that this C code implements.
b) [1,5 pts] Sketch the realization structure of the discrete-time system that this C code
implements and write its transfer function (including the RoC).

4. The realization structure of a causal discrete-time system is depicted next.

a) [1 pt] Obtain the difference equation that the illustrated
realization structure implements and find the
corresponding transfer function (including the RoC).
b) [1,5 pts] Find the zeros and poles of the discrete-time
system and represent them on the Z plane.
c) [1 pt] Justify which of the following sentences is true:
the inverse system is obtained by: i) changing the sign
of just one coefficient in the realization structure, ii)
changing just one coefficient in the realization
structure, iii) changing more than one coefficient in the
realization structure.

5. Consider the following Matlab code.

x=[1j 2j 3j 4j]; N=length(x);
X=fft(x);
Y=real(j*conj(X));
ifft(Y)
W=X; W(2:N)=X(N:-1:2);
ifft(W.*Y)

a) [1,5 pts] Find and explain the result of ifft(Y) without computing any FFT/IFFT.
b) [2 pts] Find and explain the result of ifft(W.*Y) without computing any FFT/IFFT.
Note: You may assume here that ifft(Y) =[1 3 3 3].

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 L.EEC/M.EEC
L.EEC025 - Fundamentals of Signal Processing

6. A simplified SONAR system is illustrated next that transmits (Tx) an acoustic 30-sample
probe signal, [ℓ]. After hitting a target at distance d (in meters) from the transmission
point, the echo of that probe travels back and is captured by a receiver (Rx) that is co-
located with the transmitter, and is stored in vector [ℓ] whose length is 2030 samples.
The sampling frequency is 22050 Hz and we admit that the speed of sound is 340 m/s. To
simplify, we admit that the receiver starts listening to the echo of the probe when the
transmitter starts transmitting the probe, and we admit further that both probe and echo
travel horizontally (and not obliquely).

30 samples
d (meters)
… Tx

Rx
…
2030 samples
The following figure represents the probe signal, [ℓ], and its auto-correlation function
[ℓ], which consists of an impulse. In one experiment, when the transmitter starts
transmitting [ℓ], the receiver starts collecting 2030 samples of the noisy signal [ℓ], a
relevant region of which is illustrated next. The cross-correlation [ℓ], between [ℓ]
and [ℓ], is computed and a relevant peak is detected, as also illustrated next.

1 2

0.5 1

0 0

-0.5 -1

-1 -2
0 10 20 30 840 850 860

3 4

X: 843
2 Y: 3.483
2

1
0

0
-2
0 10 20 30 840 850 860

a) [1 pt] What is the maximum distance this basic SONAR is able to detect ? Justify.
b) [1 pt] Using the provided information, what is the distance of the detected target ?
Justify.

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