“Physics Formulae Highly usefull for various Engineering and Others Entrance ams. SE1,0 PRINCIPAL SYSTEM OF UNITS 1.15.1 System There are seven fundamental quantities and two supplementary quantities in this system shown below : Fundamental Quantity Ren Symbol 1. Mass Kilogram |g 2. Length Metre | om 3. Time |Second | 8 4. ‘Temperature Kelvin K 5. Luminous Intensity Candela ed 6. Electric Current ‘Ampere A 1. [Amount of Substance _|Mole il SUPPLEMENTARY QUANTITY 1. Plane angle Radian rad 2. Solid angle Steradian st 1.2 Standard in S.I System (i) 1 Kg : (a) A cylindrical proto type mass made of platinum and Iridium alloys of height 39 mm and diameter 39 mm. (b) It is mass of 5.0188 x 10° atoms of carbon-12. (ii) 1 Metre : It is the distance that contains 1650763.73 wavelength of orange-red light of Kr-86. (iii) 1 Second : 1 Second is the time in which cesium atom vibrates 9192631770 times in an atomic ee (iv) 1 Kelvin : 1 Kelvin is the part of the thermodynamic 7 16 temperature of the triple point of water. ——— «Physics Formulae was)(0) andela 1 Candela is 3 tuminous intensity ofan ideal source by anarea of em? when source is at melting point of platinum (1760°C). (i) L Ampere : 1 Ampere isthe electric current which is maintained in ‘wo straight parallel conductors of infinite lengths and of negligible ross section areas placed on metre apart in vacuum will produce ‘between them a force 2 10” newton per metre length (oi) 1 Mole ; [tis the amount of substance ofa system which contains as ‘many elementary entities (may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons or {group of particle) as there ar atom in 0.012 kg of carbon isotope gC 1.3 Other Units (ength) (9 Lmieron (1) 10% (i) 1 Angstrom unit =10°%m Gi) 1 Xray unit =10m (iv) 1 Fermi =10°%m (@) 1 Light year =9.46% 10% (WD 1 Par second (1 pa see) = 3.26 Light year (i) 1 astronomical unit = 1.496% 10m (Mass) (1 amu (atomic mass unit) =1.57 «10m G1 Quinta =100 kg (ii) 1 meteric tonne ~1000 kg = 10 Quintal (iv) 1 Slug =14.59 kg () kg we =98N 4 Physies Formulae 1.4 Other units oe (i) tore = pressure of | mm of Hig (ii) bar =10°N/m? Nautical mile -0512m/s tale 9 512m Go) Lenaut= o oy wi (vii) 1 fowh ilo ware hours) = 3.6 10° Gx) 1 Bam (6) =10%m? smber ~SPee# of aeroplane (3) Mack number Physical quantities, their $1. Units and Dimensional Formulae eed AO Sees Velocity or Speed v =5/t on 2. (Acceleration a =y/t ims? ry 2. ‘Momentum P= mv kem/s (ML) 4, Impulse 1 =F ‘Newton sec or (MLT-'] kgs 5. Force Fema Newoon ——(MLT~) 6, [Pressure P=F/A 'n/m? or Pascal [ML"*T"] 7. |WorkW =F S Joule (mer) 9 lrinicEnersy =m? pute nary 9. (Mer | 10, [Power =Ww Wwarcorars wer’) 11, [Density d = 177 kg/m? iM)12, [Relative Density {unitess | imemsioness ay, suace Tendon -£—|Wmorumt fer 13, Angular Displacement 0=S/r |Redian (Dimensionless) i : 4 re (ory 14 Angular Velo jrws ry 30, Surface Eneray S=-35 15. [Angular Acceleration ast [Rade? (82) 31, cess Pressure inside Liquid Nis? (on 15. Moment ofteria «mi? kgm? (MP Dep 17. Torque ¥ =F x # =a jem ower) 32. | Excess Pressure inside a Soap|Nim? (Met | “bubble 18. angular Momentum Js ery Ieee Fare Boto | 33, (Coefficient of Viscosity kg/m loa : : F 19, Radivs of Gyraton = JTF | wi oe re 20. [once Constant k=F/x (Nm or’) & | ims mvs ery paleo | lm 34, [Citi Velo ¥ Be nee cen et 35, [Terminal Velocity V=F/6enr [avs ory pare 36, |stress = Force/Area Nm? Mir?) ™ 37. |Strain \Unitless \(Dimensionless} 23. Acceleration due 10 Gravity|ms? "i — Sa 38. (Modulus of Easy Nit lotr) aaa E = Stress/Strain 24. mens of ravtatonal Field Ng ae oo Facts 29. rs mes Modul Nm? Mtr} 25, Gravitational Potential J/kg. Ei 40. | Bulk Modulus i. |Nm? (ML!) (26. Period of Revolution of s + Satellite “| ba |B Nohune Stain pean 4 Modal of Rigiy IW? (nat) (au? n= ze Shearing Strain 27, lori velo ofsaetite —|nvs ory Us I I 42. [Poisson's Ratio lunitess | fDimensionless} Neen | pers m/s ur) (8. Physics Formulae - Physics Formulae 744, Geometrical Moment of inertia |m* an \ ce. = \mvs lors Tp cbd!a2 (for Recangult 3 eaaneal a | roar foacewr 4 | Maximum Probable Speed ‘s wry \ortecertrt (For circu 5 Maximum Bobble Speed mv u | cross Section) | | (enV ae | 4, |Abwolute temperate ie) oo learcontant =, cy mex faa 46, |Meat @ Joule ory 61, Mean Pressure Constant of asm? 47. (Mechanical WorkW =@ - Joule ower} grace i | 48. [Mechanical Equivalent of Hea Joule/cal_—_| [Dimensions] ne a | 62 [Rotemann Conta K =6/7 UouleK unr *6* HW | 6, |Mean Molecular Energy of Gas Joule loner) 49, |specificHeat samt ——_|soulerhg. fered 50. ‘Thermal Gipaciy=@t —oulek M270") [Thermal capacity = pate a eee bu 51 [Laven Heat =@/at Jouleyhe (ET) 1 | 52, |work Done in an tabare Joule (MET) anon Vac | Process, I 6, |Vander Waal Constanta =PV? nt ower?y Woes =P - vn | ™ wr 53. [work Done in an Isothermal out ier) Process 66, |Molar Specific Heat Cy = 22.|3/mobk = ML?T7e Wonks nt asm | ©. Temperaue Grade Xm lem 54 Work Done in ao Adiabatic ule ier © adattdy “ Temaymek far Process [Ween = FMB | | | 55, lenwopy saat a ier 6, heralResiancen, =A) lorry 56, MeansquireVelciy, as? ay ler Ghechnvce 70. |cocffciene of Absorption Unitless _fDimensionles) | : | a= 57, |Root Mean square Velocity. favs ur fon |oe2SEe 6 71, \coeffcient of | Refeton|niess (Dimensionless) (iar fp I | ati aie 8 Physics Formulae ee Physics Formulae 9)ent of Transmission Unitess , 7 fg mi eo ie a > ia 1 =2nenapv lye. \ yer ir 73. BmissvePowere=Q/A.t Uns energy Density = | 74, ‘Spectal Emissive Power Jim?.s.A > bs tu arecrer |ringe waa p= 2 1 78, (Energy Densityu=Q/V mi ngage win, =O Unies (Dimensionless) 76. (Spectral Energy Density|Jim?. A . |Radius of nth Half Period Zone|m tu Ws =Q0w reve | 7, |solarconsanes /Srg and T = 6 (d) Accelerated downward such that a> nm a oe a mg at lower point. (ii) Motion on frictionless pulleys a (6) Minimum velocity at upper pony = rg and T =O = (08) Athorzontal pons minimum veloc = rg and «3g cara (xii) For tension general eq” aie Tome peoso Tension T = 27S _ ss en equation in circular motion Gm+m) @onasor Reaction a base R=2T + Mg Oona +a wie mat or Fig. (2) Ac. (0) = (0 oF 08 +208 mend et (si) Vertical irelar moon in case of steng ra PE (mo amg Gm +m) o z For Fig. @) When m > aa epee me T (22, Physics Formulae = —— _ physies Formuloe 23.)T-T=ma / 6.0 WORK POWER AND ENERGY” 9 Rate of doing work = Power pW cpa a 7.0 ROTATORY MOTION AND CENTRE OF MASS Cat: Where whole mass maybe supposed to be concentrated ma may + maken Deke eee Je i181 m4 Potential energy 2 my +m + 19. Gravitational PE = mgh, (referred at earth surface P.E = 0) my. maya + Ma Mm (refered to zeto PE at infinity) my i My go nay (0)2 Pores (TE esa Gin Torque de (0) KE nse (bu PE mayb (-¥) 0+) gue 1 == ho Lae Forel clion Raat of gation K = TAT am ; eee ems en M1 moment ae (9) Patallel axes theorem I =1¢ 4 Mh? (b) Perpendicular axes theorem I, =, +1, (vi) Rolling down on an inclined plane (sit For inelastic eolison, colfcient of restitution ol food ‘Angular displacement “Angular velocity “Angular Acceleration alm +n {s) Units: For work Joule MKS), erg(C.G.8), 1S =10? Joule/se (watt) (MLK), eng/see (C.G.S) a oe i/sec(C.G) and in FPS, where 1 LP =550% 32.2 f.b/sec =746 watt J® Conservative and Non-conservative forces, a) Work done is path independent 140) ina closed path net work done is ze. le) Potential ees tnd onl fr sere “Wien coneraetane ae winger ee (~ energy should remain constant, eee eae 7 plete t (PEU ia tancion fenvone ener ; aR} oe Or) Ee y pad Physics Formulae 25 Torque ‘angular momentum |Rotational power Rotational KE KE langular impulse de SPE OFT graph (ONIEU is a function of three coord bles x, y and inate variables x, y and a ti 24 Physics Formulaegsin8 (e) re @isincination plane. roling body = Ln? + a? casas ai ing body = mv + 3 “i Angle cement aS radian jadias 7 ‘and Acceleration (a) 1 Angular velocity average angular velocity 92-6 40 rads 22 raass 22 rats instantaneous angular velocity 2a! o-2m -(F) (x) Angular acceleration average angular acceleration a ay? toh at {instantaneous angular acceleration In $11M, Acc a; displacement (y) and _, amplitude, (at + 6)=Phase and 4 = epoch of initial pk (i) Atmean point y =0, and attimet, y =a'sin wt Gi) Velocity v aw caster +§) =a Ja? y? Y= £6 ¥gg =awat y =0 (ab, Prvses Formate 8.0 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION AND PEN! a sin(ot + @)aty =O, Ace. (@ iy) Ace, aw? a=-oly,y “0, Ace.(@) ‘Total energy =KE + PE=1 maa (constand) a xe =} ma? (a? y®)and PE =1 may? ma? (a? 2) and PE mo? ) Time period of oscilating spring Tene mem Vea m= mass suspended ‘m, =mass of spring If springs are in series T [= A sping ate in parallel = 2 1) Simple pendulum 2 {E ooma i) Compound pendulum T 1 distance of 6 rom suppor ‘Conical pendulum T = 2x, pase fens 2) Torsional pendulum T =25 [-E ie ea i) Pots energy in SM veal latter + <2 hat =} mate? Bag = hte? =} = 2n'mna? PB gq <0 — Physics Formulae _27 |ease eral are ae ae eae Aenaieiariir re Tote Te) ' \e 0) Teeny ns one tB >!" (Pind fio ms edo pag 1-25) where fis pring constant, Naas (x) Spring constant (k) pe «jf spring cut two parts and fy then Leh, (ax) conical pendulum iets peeb bag bthy a i a b Ta 2e cand sia inon ean ashen - tapas Patt then spring constant oe (v) Spring in parallel fl ] =i a ® ty tot, Period in a reference frame moving with an acceleration ‘a’ in a horizontal plane tk jf identical springs r T= 5.1 ~ Time period due to one spring. .0 GRAVITATION, PLANET AND SATELLITE (009 Two ase connected by two end of spring Newton's Law of Gravitation F «G22 ou Reduced mas cham! ‘Atearth surface Acc, due to gravity, ¢ = tube [g' Svertical height of Liquid column evi) Oscillation ofa olindrcal body . ny sareeths'ad( 4) dons eosin scdepth'=6(1-2) ‘Due to rotation of earth =~ Ra cos2,;2.= Latitude of body, «= cath angular velocity, Difference of, Ag =p 8. =Ra? =0.34 m/s Graviationa eld seengh (Cravatonal nena) 1M. face Aoating body ‘on unit mass) & om avitational potential, V=-©M and Where, d-densiy oF tauig 2 cross sectional ance Physics Formulae 29 LaB8. Physics Formuiae(ix) Escape velocity, ¥. (4) Time period ofa satellite pe2RR (BAA, R (x) KE of a satelite = 3 where r= +h, Tra energy E = 2 (xi) Satelite revolving near earth surface v (xiii) Kepler's Law Ta R’ or cube or semi major axis. (ai) Variation of ¢ ase et etece’=e(18) (0) Bifee oF depen (©) Latinoe effect, due to rotation of earth ‘due to shape of earth ~Rp =2km fate (xiv) Orbital velocity of a satellite. a (30. Physics Fomulse ) Kepler’ Laws {(a)First law : Each planet moves in an elliptical orbit with the sun. at one focus of the ellipse. (b)Second law: The radius vector, drawn from the sum to planet, ‘sweeps our equal areas in equal time internal ie, areal velocity is ‘constant “This law isderived from law of conservation of angular momentum, HL cconstant dt 2m Here Lis angular momentum and m is mass of planet. (©) Third law : T? <3, where ris semi-major axis of elliptical path, 10. ELASTICITY N Change "Total measure ‘Stress =e Strain Longitudinal stress Longitudinal si Young's modulus, ¥ F Yohumesces 4 Bulk Modulus, x = Volume sess y ‘Volume strai Shear of Modulus of ity (9 = F axe Lateral strain Longitudinal strain _AD/D aL" i). Compressibilty B= Breaking stress Working stress Poisson's ratio, ,D =diameter of wire i) Safety facto . Physics Formulae 31.)(a) Pe soe or wai done = aes si une (©) Relation berween ¥, kn and o Y=3K(1-2c)and Y= 2n(1+ 0) (xi) By change of temp., 30. the compression or tension FY. Aaa@ and y=** 298g = coefficient of density, 3 = velocity of mechanical wave (ai) Interatomic force constant K = ¥rg r= distance between two atoms (sii) Modulus of Rigidity Suress Shear Strain (xiv) Poisson's Ratio (a) o~ Hansverse or lateral strain _ Longitudinal stain (©) The value ofc es between -1 and 0.5. (4)eth_2¥) (at) }"2|'~ aan] (=n mag arose mst orl a] » (o-H +2 930 2-3, kak (ev) Work done in setching a wire w =} 2 (einai emi oe @U-w= 4) af A xe (je (©) Energy density or clastic energy per unit volume (32. Physics Formutze (aii) Thermal stress Tension =A a(t, -t))=7Aa.St (aix) Torsion constant oF wire a al (y= (©) Torque required for twisting par (© Work done in twisting by an angle © welt 2 fa (0x) Frequency of vertical oscillations of loaded wire n = 2. 11, SURFACE TENSION =F unk oN (© Surface tension, T= F Unie» sewvot meme pea 1] For spPérical soap bubble r= 7, For liquid drop and air bubble p = (ii). Rise or fll of liquid ina capillary tube of radius , 2 cos (@ angle of contact, oh = (i) duster crane (tape sfeass Coif spn 0 90" Fae 0290" i (> *e, concave, 0< 90° Physics Formulae 33.)w i) (ei) Work done in blowing a bubble W’ = 8xP(q? + ¥3) wo, 9 o) ® ai wy ww) ” oa wi (3 Pres oman Radius of curvature of common surface of two bubbles in terminal velocity and Rodivs of bubble formed when to bubbles coalesce r = Yi? (vil) Stoke's law F = 6 xnav, y= 24HO=O8 where for diane stime taken alist a: 13, HYDROSTATICS Density of substance Density of water at 4°C “of boy in air joss of. we. of Body in water Apparent we, = Actual wt. ~Force of buoyancy . =mg = Vpg or =mg{ 1-2 fa ( ‘) (Relative density = B Breaking ofa big drop in n droplets vein me oP (2 ST (L_. Fallin temperature a = {2 Liquid film between parallel plates p' density of solid p = density of liquid = 28 raged pratt pes Prec wea ta ar st wand x ofby inion sd teatime pach =2EE pent ripen ‘According to this principle when a body is immersed wholly or partly {na liquid ates, i losses some ofits weight. The loss in weight of the body inthe liquid is equal tothe weight of the liquid displaced by the ‘immersed part of the body. Let the true weight of the body be W%, then 12, FLOW OF LIQUIDS AND VISCOSITY Eqn. of continuity,» ¥, =a,» vp or a.v. = constant Bemoulis theorem, P+ 3p? + ggh constant wy ems =¥5 058 For toriceli’s theorem, velocity of efiux, v = (2g = ‘weight of the liquid displaced w, =myg =»,018 -wton's formula, viscous av Sa eee alae then observed weight ofthe body For tram ie fw, the body il sink to the bottom ofthe Hui iam of quid (oho, cor the body wil se above the surface of iid to sch an aR ‘xen thatthe weight of he Lgui displaced by immersed part ‘of the body becomes equal to the weight ofthe body. (©, =6; in this resultant acting on the body fully immersed in liquid is zero. The body is at rest anywhere within the liquid. (i) Temperature “The average KE, of molecule = heat potential in a body P+ Pressure, Difference + Difference across capillary of length {and St uid resistance For capillaries in series V, VPP, + P, and R=Ry + Ra For capillates in parallel, v=, 4 v, For Venturimeter,Q = a,y, =a, —_—--- Physics Formulae _35 |oti on any sale Lower Fed pone (©) Fundamental interval (Upper fixed point Lower fixed Sp. heat capacity or Sp. Heat. = Constant Unit =K.cal/lg. °C o R-0_X—278 Ra ‘Thermal capacity or Heat capacity =™s 10 180 Unit =/K or K Cal/"C a =Ranking sale R=Revmer sale CaF aR AK sR po 4 5 9 or div. -18dv. «08d. =. 8d (Gi) For constant volume gas thermo, ‘Water equivalent ims, 1 Unit =k Latent heat of fusion 2) = 0.cal/gm_ = 3.35 «10°s/kg (for ice) ~100 anche ofvperatin == 0am = 2260 10°J/ kg (water) PooR For platinum resistance thermo, ¢ = Ri —Ro_ bed (vi) Q-=ms40 =CA0, when temperature changes without change in state. (6 coneaion or essancehemomerer, {etd Ql when soe anges without change in temperature rr (Gs ~epeiicheat of ay substance = (55) “ih ‘Ror regued increase te emperarre of uitmassby PCor 1K [eugey 100. cs heat capacity of a body = ms Nc regaed to neve the temperature of whole body by 1°C 3 or ai rik (9 concen of expansion speatcheat of ateris cag! “Cetween, 145°C and 15.5. sent ef any subsance sc reqedte comer un mass at substance from one sae rect temp. by gas thermometer, (x). For isotropic sli (i) Density d, = 4, ya) (i) ante to another state ‘Water equivalent of a vessel is mass of equivalent water which takes Corficient of real expansion, ‘ame amount of heat as taken by the vessel for same rise of "te = Coeficient of apparent expansion Tea ee (x) For water volume coefficient below 4°C=-veand above 40 = + ve (© resure neta by am encod as (Thermocouple thermometer, ¢ = At » Be? enn © Uniottien, cos, = Calorie MKS. Koc, 42Jote 1 elo Sil = Joule, 4.2% 10°) <1 k calorie 2 BPS <8 THERM, CHU, 1 Br, «252 “H.U, '93.6cals, 1 THERM — 10° BT. . where p = density, n=no. of molecules, ‘m-=mass of one molecule, C= root mean square velocity, (i) Average KE of 1 gm mole of gas Ling? =3 R erage KE. of I molecule = 1c? = kr, where k= & Gi) Average Je? = kT, where k= oe Gv) Fora gasc = |287, soc? xr or (vy) Fora gs a (26, Phys Fue Pres Frmlae _ 37 )chm (For dierent gses =F (For ideal gas of 1 mol PY = RT form mole of gas PV = RT, orn molecule of as PY = nk (ii) or real gas, Vander waal aasean(P +S) -0 80 Ccitial Temp. 7, = 3S, ital Press, n= and ae Citic Volume, 1, =3b, Boyle's Temperature F, = (ii) Mayer's relation Cp ~Cy =R (Gx) For isothermal process of perfect gas PY = constant at given T, Foradlaati proces." re (0) Wor one inesansion rom 0 VW = [Rav (a or lecthermal process W nat og, {¥8Je2.909 at og f % on) =a.) or=nat og, () 2am nario o( #) For adh proces i WaT ORK) = constant, TV" = constant, ry (aid Slopes of process on Pv’ diagram a &r inom Isobar Process #2 voces (aan, Prsics Femutne (ai) Heat Engine efficiency fl -W A G=% 21 & Forcamar cyte 22 pa Copel Ong gays a Refrigerator, Coeicient of Performance, a Qs | Q_ Camot refrigerator 8 = = — Cop 0) =H = gon gerator = A (y= Heat extracted from cold reservoir, W = external work done, Qy =heat rejected (iv) (@) For monoatomic gases, 9103.0) 031 () For diatomic gases ee Cy =3R,Cp General properties of gases (@) Gases have low density () Gases are homogeneous (©) Gases are capable of indefinite to expansion and are also highly compressible. (4) Gases are capable of undergoing spontaneous intermixing (©) Gases can liquefied at low temperature and high pressure, (evi) Gas laws 1 (2) Boyle's low Vat ow) ne PV @K, (RM = Fava) (©) Charles law ver VeKT Physies Formulae 39(6) Amontor’s law pon For natura convection 2° « K(@ =)" fae altitude , (0 ato alo emp. per nine Fax( Be) mrt ' HT, dh Ry eS (M = Molecular wt. of air, van ven (Kinetic theory of gases by Clausius Maxwell and Boltaman ny akin Ic is @ theoretical model which tries to explain the e: =. obsentions regarding the behaviour of gases. oc aE =(t* -1$), Kinetic theory is based upon two hypothesis— [AE =Rate of loss of heat per unit area by a black body at temp. (a) Mater const of molecules and atoms 1, ~Suruneing temperature (b) Heat i fom of ener and manifest as kinetic (od Wiens aw hy T = b = 2.98% 10° = K moles in hei rndom maion. ‘= Wavelength cocesponding to maximum intensity DEE (Heat conducted # =x. a {0.=82)%¢ (o> Tempe ofan 7 =${8),5 Sarcoma, é R-=Mean distance of earth from sun here d=Length of har, 4 = Cross sectional area, 0,8, = Temp. a wo ends of bar (i) Thermal resistance, R, = 4 ia ‘Thermal resistance in series R, = Ry + Rea + Reg ‘Thermal resistance in parallel = g 1, ROR” Ra” Ry Thermal conductivity, wy 7 9 Eek cnduiny. (6) Foriger tog expec =e MP Kit. ne ~ Constant, & © AB Surface charge density () AS sensy of rare o)=2 a — nn, - \ ame ee (E= Ek where k=Dlelen constant or pci lade capac, va Permiiiy of te ee ce nth Upto which candle melt Rapiy of Divi =F 5 -specc heat andp = density (© For fred conection Meno’ wf cain 5, KO 8,), : dt —— a> 40. Physics Formulae Physics Formulae 41ws26r10 Sort rae cha onucr fu Ra de oo - ole permiiviy of the lees of medium ca) 9x10 Nam?” mere Aves oxen energy = For a system of m charges wayne) ved ina t |i #ora nn conducig sphere cg contr of sR vet dyen Cast spew) ‘where (r > R) oats ast Lt gar ry Sansa 6. tect Dipole Diol omentum P= 2 ean) \-€@ Torque on dipole in uniform electric Bld, ti (© £R) same on surface) doe in song toh an ange ,W = pleas) si Potent energy of disleU = Pe cenb +4 airs 1 ivf pint chet = 4 Fora system of m charges E = B+ Ba+ Bs + Bs. Be At For charged conductor of radius Rat distance r Strom: sowien(e<®) reais Gor wn condcing worn sheicaee (Suid ig iS ae pnewe ) dea sie Conia) 4 (r>Ryand apt Ct) arg Kan ge hrem wv, Ken rea 5-8 coumery) (Ri "AG Fos nglne charge finer cage density ear) KE, gained by a charge qin a P.D.V volt; Ey =q.V BY coat 4 7 aL. 1 eN, (electron volt) «ener a ear Siar ©" sek AY esceLelearane vay) Mtv a8 stestona PD. of vr E20. eV Seara won contig tse of hae = 2 6x10 %¢u I 1.6010 Joe \_ oer a conduct of any shape, £ = & [ear 4 ‘Tejecory ofan electron pate in uniform elec ld Eq, yo gSig-# ths eqnisa parabola, etic poeta Y= im ela a ee y, tang = 1 =e Vv" mve mr fw js Vj 22 tetera ot pine Fora system of n charges V=V, + Vp +5 +...¥y Ve eh of plan [42 Physics Formulae Pyles Formulae _ 43°)11. Units of Electostaic Variables stat eoul. IC =3x10 2. Surface density of cou! satcoul lead yo (Charge (a) scala y? m 3. Imensity of VGN sa. volt At. volt eleemie field mC am m Vector v poste Electric potential yi oy JOUe 0) Scalar VO Stat. volt oF Sat. volt, col wot Sat coud Hleewie fx) Nem? stitvoltem Vem = Scalar eal pY 6. Bectosatic potential ene (Osea Vimjowe erg 1 seat volts cm x 1 Joule = 10ers 7 Dipole moment coulxm —sutcoul xem |1eoulx m. (Vecror ae i0 at cou em T2910" 8 Capaciy — (@) sual sat Fand | F295 10! come Farad or SM at Fond 1 F295 10" sr Farad Note — 1 oul =10" em, of charge 1 vok Nemu=— ese, pg 8H (Sa val 20" 05.4. of charge, 10. =10" ema 1 Se ygT 8. of estances 44 Physics Formulae ies V = Vi + Vy + Vn gh =a“ Se 768) parallel = Vy=Vn d= 0.4 + ie CUE 7% 4 jtance of any conductor ¢ = 4 ex * + ae stored in charge conductor Credtistattul ¢ ) ond? lay haere, 2 2673 ‘ tance fap lated sphere of raivsr, Ca — 8 mann tar GF conductors of een pote nV connected hen potential Mee MG, “tye Ghee, CeCe GAG sessing =) Yah =C¥ P Y-V, f \ in energy uring staring sb OAS 9,7 >/ Cx Gq Casctanein denice OE tei cnsant =£= it patecapcr: =H) sn parallel plate capacitor partly filled with dielectric of ness V neenee gta’ Epcos cmd, ‘When outer plate earthed ¢ =A outers, inners C=C, +0, +65 se “epacy of einicl condenser ¢» 2 Physics Formulae 45)fhination of cells - For n identical cells each of ems. E and internal resistance r 97s comin, _ oe hosenen ce the ple of acapector pelt @ 10" 2 a2 a eos |e v — ‘when inner sphere is earthed aR, Om Ae RR eee For maximum cunedtRyy = Ry, and R 5 Sind cnr mae foweetiaed Fog.) en aR” ar 11. Drift velocity vy = x a GEE Gere =n pos. of age cri perm? pci 4-8 aca cane Way Jara wean Y= Poontsd tien, On si jo conductivity Jo So cof 8 = deore badorength i Reson oc R L=length of conductor; = cross-sectional area Y Relation bertcenp and, 0=2 “~ a A 6, Fora metallic conduetor M =aromic we, N sAvogado's no. lens of conductor, nos. of charge cartier available by each atom, (0 R=, a = (i) FR = (open circuit) is mi, ag =O PE J =Relaxation time, em = charge and mass of electron 7 ation of Resistance = ‘Series R =R, + Ry + By + Ry 1 valle += 141 yesame, RR ace So of unit consumed = POWET in watt times in Ge ° Powerman mB f+ V+ Vy andi = Gi) In any closed mesh EiR = ZE Physics Formulae Physics Formulae 1Band tare constantsi.e, 1 « i a Re 5. Heat produced H =i7Rr, Hoe Ls ifVande are constantsie. Hi — Ra x a 6 Hoe wie esmumens oth for AC snd DE) oF % G ute {LA where, neutral temperature = 7 pe 1, inversion temp, t, = temperature of cold Jn, GIMME 1. Faraday’s Law of electrolysis ' (i Ist Law, m =Zit ;m =mass of ion deposited (iptind Law, mms =) ‘current passed Z =electro chemical, equivalent vw, equivalent wt, of ions 2. Mass liberated at electrode = numberof ion liberated x mass of cn Fe. *NoNe a“? E neq, wt, F = Faraday’s constant E _ 2 (z =electro chemical equivalent, Unit kg/C. E era F Pee C Force on a current carrying conductor of length At F =ix Bix 8; =Magnetic field induction FI an LEE ars. “vis 18 path of charge partcies is circular i.e. ME B= 54 6,F is 4 to both v and B 23m angular speed w ye 1e Period oaue 8 C rarqve ona current loop J =NABsin0." (a Phys Formate = ~ LBsin6, is 1 toboth Aland eis angle between AE in nae mae fl Le (© A=Atea and N =no, of turns, n = unit vector Gi) Magnetic dipole moment M = NiA, Unit» Amp x m? Biot Savart Law: Magnetic field due toa current carrying element Al at distance ris ap =#o , sin ae {AB = Magnetic induction (in weber/m? or tesla) ‘where =small length of conductor, Ho = permeability of vacuum = 4nx 10" henry/metr. Magnetic induction in some cases (9 Due to a straight wire, 2 (sina + sinp) sand fare angles Bd P): a and pare angl Gi) For infinitely long wire, B = we a7 2 ee Bo, 2m an 4x GF Py” Gv) At contre of coil B = #2 x 21 (©) Due 108 solenoid aye =O, LN =Total no. of tums em ota220 0a Bam mee Tg Sau =H) moe ese sennoo Faq) of runs, r= radius of coil Pt pig? 2m 2m Force between two currents carrying parallel conductor per unit length KE of particle ~ (momentum P = Bar) alley Zid 9 197 1H Application of Galvanometer (@ Moving coil or suspended coil or D’Arsonval_ galvanometer a oe Physics Formulae _49© =couple per unit ewist (ip Tangent galvanometer :B = By tan0(B LBy) wt 2 cam ac Gi) Since galvanometer B =B, sin Hog, sin Gori = BH sin =x sino 2r rr 11. Conversion of Galvanomerer into Ammeter = ie “The working eqni, = 8. Xrays Continuous X-1995 nin i) Characteristic X-rays Ww = K(Z —0) v= frequency for K-series (Moseley’s Law) Z =atomic number of element k, = constant for, Kseries Brage’s Law 2dsin =m, 9. Mater Waves (i de Broglie's relation v =accelerating voltage © 54° Physics Formulae =~ hn =mass of particle (= Tyan _m=rest mass, ¢= charge on particle 10, Radioactivity Gam {) Rate of disintegration of radioactive substance decay constant - IN = numberof radio atoms present at tim i.e,N=Noe™ ; No =original number of atom at i) Tyq = 2923 =.6937, Tya= half life and T= mean life also, ha _ <0 Ge 1 Curie ~ 3.7 x 10°" disintegration/sec 1 Rutherfor 10° disintegration/sec Penny : sz} number of half-lives 1. Nuclear Energy (@ Binstein mass energy relation (i) kg mass = 9» 10" Joule 1 Git) 1 amu = 1 (mass of 1 C-atom) aii) Be ) =1.67 «107 kg=931 Mev (Binding energy per nucleon 8, a (7) Typical Nuclear Fusion reaction 1? + jH® = ,Het + 28 MeV. (i) Typical Nuclear Fission reaction aU" + ont > Bal + ke" 3 pn! + 200 MeV 2. Packing fraction = Mass defes an Mass number’ /~ "4 3. Nuclear fusion 4! +, He" + 29° + 27 +q = 247 Mev per cycle EE "where i, = Plate current 1 child Law i, = avs”, \ Physics Formulae 552. Richardson's Eqn,i, = Te", w = work function K =Boltamann constant, 7 = Absolute temp 3. Stopping Potential eV, =E, Fm * srt tes conn ay? Pre reanof ode sere ) a i) Trans conductance or Mutual conductance (%) Ouput voltage Input voltage "7 R 4 6. For Transistor current gain « =“! (common base rans gain a= ommon base) 5. Voltage amplification, A (24¢}common cote. - Conduetors do not have a forbidden energy gap between valence: conduction bands. ‘8. Conductivity i very high between 10° to 10% mha/ m. 9. The forbidden energy gap between valence and conduction very large (~ SeV) as compared to thermal energy (~ 0.025 eV). 10. Conductivity is negligible between 10°” wo 10°** mho/m. 11. Curent density J =nq(5, + ¥4) 5 12, Conductivity ¢=2 ng, + Hy «i ty o= =a, +5) 13, There are ewo types of transistors @prp _e cb npa B 14, Common base configuration current gain, 4 a= Ze =1 (lightly less than aa lightly D 36 Physics Formulae ion current gain B= ‘common emitter configura {uct} ror Plane mirror deviation of F9¥ fection, a {9 On sing ee refecton, D = 2(8 -0) = 360 thomsen Oe ies Nos. of images formed by ¢ 0 _ even, then n ==5~— 1 y 0262 even, the face Refraction at plane su Cy he; =Refractive index of a medium Ones xual iy For diferent media ry 2 * aT (Gu) Apparent position or diferent media is given by (¥) Internal reflection “= sinC ; m, = RL. of rare medium, m2 = R. of denser medium 1 or vacuum n, =1(C =eritial angle) x ~ arc : h (Vision of a Fish or Diver, - Ve For a Prism () Dit’ ~Awherei ~angle of incidence, i =angle of emergence, ‘A refracting angle of prism. (i) A=r-41 Angle of refraction of both surfaces (ii For min, deviation = and r=r', Dy iv) Agu = 2C, where C = crtial angle (©) For thin prism D,, = A(n -1) (i) Angular dispersion (0) =, ~b, (n, -n) Physics Formulae 57 |oy) = Angular dispersion (oi Dispersive power (on ‘Lense (Refraction and defects of vision) (Refraction a a single spherical surface (a=) where my ng are RU. of medi (4) Focal length of lens in diferent media (amy —Detto (5, f,=Rocal lengths in air, media) (Gi) When two lenses are separated bya distance if’ apart Tet ld cepan + hye dRPy FR hhh (jv) For displacement method 1X displacement of lenses, 1D =distance between object and image (0) Axial chromatic aberration = wf, w = dispersive power (i) (a) When two lenses in contact E+ #2 <0 () Separated by distance? mg Ma om ich (Gi) To minimise spherical aberration, 6. Optical Instruments (0 Simple mioscopemagnising power M = + (istic vision) 1M = (normal vision) f (Compound microscope magnifying power (a) For distinc vision M Al 4, ~focal length of eyepiece, objec and image distances from objective lense “ =) M =p Lentk bl Length of Telescope tube Distinct vision, M = formal ison) 9) Gailean Telescope Mt ) aise vision) D Resolving limit ofa telescope 22 1.2204/d), = Wavelength of ight used, d=diameter rometry Solid angle dw -SACOS° - angle berween + ve direction of normal at spherieal surface. aF Luminous intensity |= SF, AF = Luminous fox iy Total lux F=4 lumen ) llumination or luminous fax density a im FE $F ax, 1 Phot =10* ux phot Jn.) cs ae cos Principle of Photometry 2 amber’ cosine Law, E fave nature of angle ‘Young's experiment tant intensity! =a? + a3 + 2a, e088 = Phase difterence (0, + 04)", 8= 2% Ian = (0h ~ 03), 5= (2M ~ 1D 1» inge-width w = AD 2d Physics Formulae 59°)D sano sen, 2d dans vee coee sores, Daplenen tings $= 2-1 'S=shift¢ = thickness and n = RI of plate iv) Brewster’ Law, n = tani, (4, ~angle of polarisation) am Wave, Motion, Velocity of Mechanical Waves 1 EF @ Speed of Transverse waves in stretched string, » T Tension and m =Linear mass density or mass per unit Ria & id Speed of tongicuainal wave,» =~ for sod v= SY, Ps gi aik a Y= Youngs modus, d= Density; for Liguidv lk ‘modulus for gases y «Et Nes where Vy, Vy (Gv) Ean of progressive Y= Asinfot =k) +4) fas, Vay velocity in moist and di ry air, wave, along(s ve) di Propagation constant = Asin] 28 0 — 394 6] R= wavelength son[ae(s ¢=Phas factor (0 Phase of wave [= 2)e4}t-nepe 60_ Physics Formulae ction of axis (wi) Excess pressure in longitudinal wave Ap BAY, where B= paaiiay SY strain Bulk modus, SF = (vid Relation of phase difference (49) and path difference (Ax) av bap an (il) Audible rang Ultrasone oF supersonic wave =20 kHz and above 20 Hz to 20 kite (at 20 kHz, 2.= 1.8 om, 1 MHz, 2=0.035em Reflection and Superposition of waves G) qn of reflected wave, if incident wave is feesnad-?) correaanfar(t? + ees by sg boundary es,-a fae? | reflected by free boundary (id) For echo, s = "2 =time interval berween source and echo of sound at source (in For ituerference fy, = o,sinet, andy, -aysin(ut +) Resultant amplinide A = Yei-+ a+ 2a, 0; 056 GF + of + 2, oc) (In arbrary uns) 1m ROF AK= Mh, Imag = (@y + 2)? For Maxima, in = (03) For nina §=(2n-3)x ar =(0n 1) (0) For Bests, yy asinzeme and y Pee rosie meta and amplitude A sin 2renyt, then cose —ng)t No. of beat produced per se. =m ~ mz () For stationary waves : if yy =asin (ot ~kx) be incident and Ya=tasin(ot +kx) i reflected wave, then Y =Yi + y2=2acoskesin ot (reflected from free boundary) = 2ain kx cos.ot (reflected from rigid boundary) (Gu) Distance between successive nades or antinode = 3/2 Prysis Formule 61)Distance between a node and consecutive antinode = 1/4 (oi) At rigid boundary there are nodes, at free boundary anti (ii) Stationary wave in string clamped at both ends 5m) Frequency of P" harmonies or(P 1)" overtone, Fundamental frequency, 2 (T 2iy\m)”" aod end eve harmonic are presen (Gx) Stationary wave in organ pipes For open organ pipe: Fundamental frequency 2 where 1=(l, +, =06rr length of pipes and aus of pipes, For P* harmonic or (P ~1)" overtone n snd. correct all odd and lies hharmonies are present. For closed organ pipe Fundamental equeneyn = For 1 harmonic n, =(2r+D2, where r= 1, 2, 3 ODE, 1, 2, 3 only harmonies ae presen in lose organ pipe () Law of tranwverse vibration in aie, nad [Me 2rd ee ae nahn Fone ‘3. Doppler’ effect and Characteristics of musical sound- () Doppler’s effect in sound : {@) Source in motion only apparent frequency af a } approaching v, = (~ve, source receding v, = Ve) () Observer in motion only n’ (28), observer ap Yo =(+¥e), observer receding ¥, (62 Physics Formulae (© Source and obsewer both in motion w'=[2=22)n, source approaching and observer receding (Take dir*source o observer ass ve). wis wind velocity, fw in di of source velocity, then v + 1 if opposite (» —w) (i) Doppler’ effect in Light : depends upon relative velocity of source and observer, independent of individual velocity Ce) ‘SOME DISTANCES FROM EARTH ‘othe Moon. | 332.0% ‘The the Sun | 150% 108m ‘othe nearest (Proxima Centur) | 404% 10!%m To the centre of our galaxy 226108 ‘To the Andromeda Galaxy 210m ‘To the edge of the observable] ~10* m “THE SUN, EARTH AND THE MOON 1.99% 10" $98 10 7.36 102 m 696x108 637% 10° 174x108 kgm? 141055203340. free-fall acceleration at the ms? 274981167 |GREEK ALPHABET sia ota tho TJ 7 pew kappa sigma ale! le .| ‘gamma ‘lambda tau 2) |B)e| deta em vupsilon 22/283) | epson 7 phi 3/2/3/ 4/8! . | Geeta gai wechi | eta coomeron vest | | | theta si oromega sala NUMERICAL CONSTANTS AND APPROXIMATIO! a 8 | n= 3.1416 (ta)'sltne 2 < Zt é 29806 esiee 3| |= 3 2 fists naea=a 5 [|S] |e |@ |§ naw z aa cosa 1-0/2 rR af Mes PLANE ANGLE as 304810 1.609 Bohr s290«10" 1 yard 7 (0.3048 1609 ‘angstrom fermi =10-m 1 fathom |= 3.084% 101m riles|t parsee 1 Radian = 57.30.3438 2063. 108 |1 revolution =360 2.16% 10" 1.296% 10° (6.283 =1s1 S66 64 Physics Formulae7 } cel | eOrrtese] zero) wece ot xstet= joypunod 1] & “| jer) tars} avez] yo xsess| or xson9=,4ouspunod | & acventorr| | saree gorse] ol i sez oro) eet, ses) jor xeeet| i Hes, orneiys)—V6He 1 6, eorsisre= a3 | sain 100 01 s0rT jot xes0z ou! 01 «6996 -8/2UNP 1 T= anoydsoune 1 OF oF E101 ee nee er ee ane toy 1 =amowyonn oot) utd, | | eee pera sLez| viz) sui, 1 e1i6o= my/anawor | 19950031 svor. ais90 toe aaads 1 pOrsRes| OL x6 fOr OL OEE Pu IGTO T szut 1 zee 2 01 xZENZ = 200) 19991 ote 8 wr OL IESE 1 00 t i ot ez0r9 OL=UEse OT 000 1 jot~ansunupaam 1) B orzo test oot tronousam sr] B a ov 1 Hany 8ou gts ooce gol E197 gots 9 ot) seo, ir eo gol S59) oe tor 1550 1 square mete oo 1 gots bez oot fiz gt tes got Sut sot tore ots wes ot S859) 04850 144 1.076% 10° 1 sq, centimetre 1 sq foot = 92903107 1s, inch = 6452 104 2 sss 10 1459 1 slog = 1.459% 108 310810 5154 1 1000 slug perfor 1 p/n? =1.9405.10 1 gm perem® = 1980 1 nesston 10° sais 1 pound =4.448« 10° [1 poundal 1383.10" 0.1383 3) Physics Formulae 68 Physics FormulaeT ooo) eatzo, 00t, u onc sary) ott) rl esbe free vst, | ocezy 01 x0K67) 01 x8669 see] coveese| aed ‘ cOLsSI8T uso] care=nem | erve=newopt soe ccvi=29s/an09e 1 oss esc = smodesiou 1 1 sey pose a nao totzo, t= snoq 49d aun eusaka SBE E Physics Formulae 72 1 | 9) serve) L*9sre ol ose OL «SUE are 1 ” OL *9908 Or xoore=| 01 «£511 puonss 1 OL #469)» OF «106 | Or xseue = Sep | re aea6 1 (70. Physics FormulaeMagnetic field Magnetic flux | gauss ‘Tesla imilligauss maxwell 1 gauss = 1 10% = 1000 = max well =1 1 Tesla =10* 1 ne ly Weber = 10° 1 milligauss = 0.001 a QO