Parul University

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

OPERATING SYSTEM LABORATORY

(303105252)

IV SEMESTER

Computer Science & Engineering Department

Laboratory Manual
Session 2024-25
Page 1
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that
Mr./Ms. Sk Arif Muhammad With enrolment no.2303051050904

has successfully completed his/her Laboratory experiments in

Operating System laboratory (303105252) From the department of

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING during the

academic year 2024 – 2025.

Date of Submission : ………………………. Staff In Charge: ……………………….

Head of department: ……………………….

Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th
ᴇɴɢɪɴᴇᴇʀ
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page No
Sr. Dateof Date of Marks(out
Experiment Title Sign
No Start Completion of 10)
From To

1. Study of Basic commands of

Linux.
2. Study thebasics of shell
programming.
3. Write a Shell script to print
given numbers sum of all digits.
Write a shell script to validate
4. the entered date. (eg. Date
format is: dd-mm-yyyy).
Write a shell script to check
5. entered string is palindrome or
not.
Write a Shell script to say Good
6. morning/Afternoon/Evening as
you log in to system.
7. Write a C program to create a
child process
Finding out biggest number from
8. given three numbers supplied as
command line arguments
9. Printing the patterns using for
loop
10. Shell script to determine whether
given file exist or not.
Write a program for process
11. creation using C. (Use of gcc
compiler).
12. Implementation of FCFS &
Round Robin Algorithm.
13. Implementation of Banker’s
Algorithm.
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

Enrolment no : 2303051050822 Page 3

 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th
PRACTICAL – 1

AIM: Study of Basic commands of Linux/UNIX.

Command shell:
A program that interprets commands is Command shell.
Shell Script: Allows a user to execute commands by typing them manually at a terminal, or automatically in
programs called shell scripts. A shell is not an operating system. It is a way to interface with the operating
system and run Commands.

BASH (Bourne Again Shell)

•Bash is a shell written as a free replacement to the standard Bourne Shell (/bin/sh) originally written by
Steve Bourne for UNIX systems.
• It has all of the features of the original Bourne Shell, plus additions that make it easier to program with and
use from the command line.
• Since it is Free Software, it has been adopted as the default shell on most Linux systems.

BASIC LINUX COMMANDS:

1. pwd :

Print Working Directory

DESCRIPTION:
pwd prints the full pathname of the current working directory.

SYNTAX:

pwd

EXAMPLE:

$ pwd

OUTPUT:

2. cd:
Change Directory
DESCRIPTION:
It allows you to change your working directory. You use it to move around within the hierarchy of your
file system.

SYNTAX:
cd directory_name
EXAMPLE: To change into “work directory” in “KALI”

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Enrolment no : 2303051050904
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th
OUTPUT:

3. cd ..

DESCRIPTION:
Move up one directory.

SYNTAX:
cd ..

EXAMPLE:
If you are in work directory and want to go to documents then write
OUTPUT:

4. ls :
list all the files and directories

DESCRIPTION:
List all files and folders in the current directory in the column format.

SYNTAX:
ls [options]

EXAMPLE:
Using various options
• Lists the total files in the directory and subdirectories, the names of the files in the current directory, their
permissions, the number of subdirectories in directories listed, the size of the file, and the date of last
modification. ls -l
• List all files including hidden files ls -a

OUTPUT:

Page 5
Enrolment no : 2303051050904
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

5. cat
DESCRIPTION:
cat stands for "catenate".
It reads data from files, and outputs their contents.
It is the simplest way to display the contents of a file at the command line.

SYNTAX:
cat filename

EXAMPLES:
• Print the contents of files mytext.txt and yourtext.txt cat mytext.txt yourtext.txt
• Print the cpu information using cat command cat /proc/cpuinfo
• Print the memory information using cat command cat /proc/meminfo

OUTPUT:

6. head
DESCRIPTION:
head, by default, prints the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. With more than one FILE, it precedes
each set of output with a header identifying the file name. If no FILE is specified, or when FILE is specified as a
dash ("-"), head reads from standard input.

SYNTAX:

head [option]…[file/directory]

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Enrolment no : 2303051050904
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

EXAMPLE:
Display the first ten lines of myfile.txt. head myfile.txt

OUTPUT:

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Enrolment no : 2303051050904
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

7. tail
DESCRIPTION:
tail is a command which prints the last few number of lines (10 lines by default) of a certain file, then
terminates.

VSYNTAX:
tail [option]…[file/directory]

EXAMPLE:
Output the last 100 lines of the file myfile.txt. tail myfile.txt -n 100

OUTPUT:

8. mv :
Moving (and Renaming) Files

DESCRIPTION:
The mv command lets you move a file from one directory location to another. It also lets you rename a file
(there is no separate rename command).

SYNTAX: mv
[option] source directory

EXAMPLE:
• Moves the file myfile.txt to the directory destination-directory. mv myfile.txt destination_directory

OUTPUT:

9. mkdir :
Make Directory

DESCRIPTION:
If the specified directory does not already exist, mkdir creates it. More than one directory may be specified
when calling mkdir.

SYNTAX:
mkdir [option] directory

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Enrolment no : 2303051050904
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

EXAMPLE:
Create a directory named 210304124456. mkdir work

OUTPUT:

10. cp :
Copy Files

DESCRIPTION:
The cp command is used to make copy of files and directories.

SYNTAX:
cp [option] source directory

EXAMPLE:
Creates a copy of the file in the currently working directory named origfile. The copy will be named newfile, and
will be located in the working directory. cp origfile newfile

OUTPUT:

11. rmdir :
Romove Directory

DESCRIPTION:
The rmdir command is used to remove a directory that contains other files or directories.

SYNTAX:
rm directory_name

EXAMPLE:
Delete mydir directory along with all files and directories within that directory. Here, -r is for recursive and –f is
for forcefully. rmdir -rf mydir

OUTPUT:

12. echo
DESCRIPTION:
Display text on the screen.

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Enrolment no : 2303051050904
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

SYNTAX: echo yourtext

EXAMPLE: Print Hello World on the screen echo “Hello World”

OUTPUT:

13. clear
DESCRIPTION:
Used to clear the screen

SYNTAX: clear

EXAMPLE: Clear the entire screen

OUTPUT:

14. date :
DESCRIPTION:
display current date and time.

OUTPUT:

15. cal:
DESCRIPTION:
display current month calendar.

OUTPUT:

Page 10
Enrolment no : 2303051050904
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th
16. touch:
DESCRIPTION:
create a new file

OUTPUT:

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Enrolment no : 2303051050904
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 2

AIM: Study the basics of shell programming.

What is a Shell?

An Operating is made of many components, but its two prime components are -

• Kernel
• Shell

A Kernel is at the nucleus of a computer. It makes the communication between the hardware and
software possible. While the Kernel is the innermost part of an operating system, a shell is the
outermost one.

A shell in a Linux operating system takes input from you in the form of commands, processes it,
and then gives an output. It is the interface through which a user works on the programs,
commands, and scripts. A shell is accessed by a terminal which runs it.

When you run the terminal, the Shell issues a command prompt (usually $), where you can type
your input, which is then executed when you hit the Enter key. The output or the result is thereafter
displayed on the terminal.

The Shell wraps around the delicate interior of an Operating system protecting it from accidental
damage. Hence the name Shell.

What is Shell Scripting?

Shell scripting is writing a series of command for the shell to execute. It can combine lengthy and
repetitive sequences of commands into a single and simple script, which can be stored and
executed anytime. This reduces the effort required by the end user.

Let us understand the steps in creating a Shell Script

1. Create a file using a vi editor(or any other editor). Name script file with extension .sh
2. Start the script with #! /bin/sh
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Enrolment no : 2303051050904
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th
3. Write some code.
4. Save the script file as filename.sh
5. For executing the script type bash filename.sh

"#!" is an operator called shebang which directs the script to the interpreter location. So, if we use"#!
/bin/sh" the script gets directed to the bourne-shell.

PROGRAM TO UNDERSTAND BASIC OF SHELL PROGRAMING:

#!/bin/sh

x=10

y=11

if [ $x-ne $y ]

then

echo "Not equal"

fi

OUTPUT:

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Enrolment no : 2303051050904
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 3

AIM: Write a shell script to print given numbers sum of all digits

Flow chart :

CODE:

#!/bin/bash

echo "Enter a Number:"

read n
temp=$n
sd=0
sum=0
while [ $n-gt 0 ]
do
sd=$(($n % 10))
n=$(($n/10))
sum=$(($sum +$sd))
done
echo "Sum is $sum"

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 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 3

OUTPUT:

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 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 4

AIM: Write a shell script to validate the entered date. (eg. Date format is: dd-mm-yyyy).

Flow chart :

CODE:

echo "Enter Valid Date"

read date
echo "You have entered $date"
date -d $date
if [ $? -eq 0]
then
echo "Enter Date is Valid"
else
echo "Enter Date is Invalid"
fi

Page 16
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 4
OUTPUT:

Page 17
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 5

AIM: Write a shell script to check entered string is palindrome or not.

Flow chart :

CODE:

Echo “enter a string”

Read name
name1=$(`echo”$name”|rev)

if [ "$name" == "$name1" ] then

echo "**$name is palindrome**"

else

echo "**$name is not a palindrome**"

fi

Page 18
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 5
OUTPUT:

Page 19
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 6

AIM: Write a Shell script to say Good morning/Afternoon/Evening as you log in to system.

Flow chart :

CODE:

#!/bin/bash
hour=`date +%H`
if [ $hour -lt 12 ] # if hour is less than 12
then
echo "GOOD MORNING WORLD"
elif [ $hour -le 16 ] # if hour is less than equal to 16
then
echo "GOOD AFTERNOON WORLD"
elif [ $hour -le 20 ] # if hour is less than equal to 20
then
echo "GOOD EVENING WORLD"
else
echo "GOOD NIGHT WORLD"
fi

Page 20
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 6

OUTPUT:

Page 21
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 7

AIM: Write a C program to create a child process

Flow chart :

CODE:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/wait.h> /* contains prototype for wait */
int main(void)
{
int pid;
int status;
printf("Hello World!\n");
pid = fork( );
if(pid == -1) /* check for error in fork */
{
perror("bad fork");
exit(1);
}
if (pid == 0)
printf("I am the child process.\n");
else
{
wait(&status); /* parent waits for child to finish */
printf("I am the parent process.\n");
}
}

Page 22
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 7
OUTPUT:

Page 23
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 8

AIM: Find out the biggest number from given three numbers supplied as command line
arguments.

Flow chart :

CODE:

#!/bin/bash
echo "enter number 1"
read n1
echo "enter number 2"
read n2
echo "enter number 3"
read n3
if [ $n1 -gt $n2 ] && [ $n1 -gt $n3 ]
then
echo "Number 1 is biggest: $n1"
elif [ $n2 -gt $n1 ] && [ $n2 -gt $n3 ]
then
echo "Number 2 is biggest: $n2"
else
echo "Number 3 is biggest: $n3"
fi

Page 24
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 8
OUTPUT:

Page 25
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 9

AIM: Printing patterns using loops.

Flow chart :

CODE:

#! /bin/sh
for ((i=1;i<=5;i++)); # Loop to create 5 lines of text
do
for((k=1;k<=(5-i);k++)); # Loop to padd prepending spaces
do
printf "%s" " ";
done;
for ((j=1;j<=i;j++)); # Loop to create asterix
do
printf "%s" "*";
done;
printf "\n"; # Print the carriage return
done

Page 26
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 9

OUTPUT:

Page 27
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 10
AIM: Shell script to determine whether given file exist or not.

CODE:

#!/bin/bash

if [ -f "File.txt" ];
then

# if file exist the it will be printed

echo "File is exist"
else

# is it is not exist then it will be printed

echo "File is not exist"
fi

OUTPUT:

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 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

PRACTICAL – 11
AIM: Write a program for process creation using C. (Use of gcc compiler)..

CODE:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/wait.h> /* contains prototype for wait */
int main(void)
{
int pid;
int status;
printf("PROCESS CREATION\n");
pid = fork( );
if(pid == -1) /* check for error in fork */
{
perror("bad fork");
exit(1);
}
if (pid == 0)
printf("I am the child process.\n");
else
{
wait(&status); /* parent waits for child to finish */
printf("I am the parent process.\n");
}
}

OUTPUT:

Page 29
 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th
PRACTICAL – 12

AIM: Implementation of FCFS & Round Robin Algorithm

CODE:

Practical 12.1: FCFS

#include<stdio.h>

int main(){

int bt[10]={0},at[10]={0},tat[10]={0},wt[10]={0},ct[10]={0};
int n,sum=0;
float totalTAT=0,totalWT=0;

printf("Enter number of processes");

scanf("%d",&n);

printf("Enter arrival time and burst time for each process\n\n");

for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{

printf("Arrival time of process[%d] ",i+1);

scanf("%d",&at[i]);

printf("Burst time of process[%d] ",i+1);

scanf("%d",&bt[i]);

printf("\n");
}

//calculate completion time of processes

for(int j=0;j<n;j++)
{
sum+=bt[j];
ct[j]+=sum;
}

//calculate turnaround time and waiting times

for(int k=0;k<n;k++)
{
tat[k]=ct[k]-at[k];
totalTAT+=tat[k];
}

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 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

for(int k=0;k<n;k++)
{
wt[k]=tat[k]-bt[k];
totalWT+=wt[k];
}

printf("Solution: \n\n");
printf("P#\t AT\t BT\t CT\t TAT\t WT\t\n\n");

for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("P%d\t %d\t %d\t %d\t %d\t %d\n",i+1,at[i],bt[i],ct[i],tat[i],wt[i]);
}

printf("\n\nAverage Turnaround Time = %f\n",totalTAT/n);

printf("Average WT = %f\n\n",totalWT/n);

return 0;
}

OUTPUT:

Practical 12.2: Round Robin Algorithm

#include<stdio.h>

int main()
{

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 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th

int count,j,n,time,remain,flag=0,time_quantum;
int wait_time=0,turnaround_time=0,at[10],bt[10],rt[10];
printf("Enter Total Process:\t ");
scanf("%d",&n);
remain=n;
for(count=0;count<n;count++)
{
printf("Enter Arrival Time and Burst Time for Process Process Number %d :",count+1);
scanf("%d",&at[count]);
scanf("%d",&bt[count]);
rt[count]=bt[count];
}
printf("Enter Time Quantum:\t");
scanf("%d",&time_quantum);
printf("\n\nProcess\t|Turnaround Time|Waiting Time\n\n");
for(time=0,count=0;remain!=0;)
{
if(rt[count]<=time_quantum && rt[count]>0)
{
time+=rt[count];
rt[count]=0;
flag=1;
}
else if(rt[count]>0)
{
rt[count]-=time_quantum;
time+=time_quantum;
}
if(rt[count]==0 && flag==1)
{
remain--;
printf("P[%d]\t|\t%d\t|\t%d\n",count+1,time-at[count],time-at[count]-bt[count]);
wait_time+=time-at[count]-bt[count];
turnaround_time+=time-at[count];
flag=0;
}
if(count==n-1)
count=0;
else if(at[count+1]<=time)
count++;
else
count=0;
}
printf("\nAverage Waiting Time= %f\n",wait_time*1.0/n);
printf("Avg Turnaround Time = %f",turnaround_time*1.0/n);

return 0;

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 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th
}

OUTPUT:

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 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th
PRACTICAL – 13
AIM: Implementation of Banker’s Algorithm.

CODE:

/*<--------------PREPROCESSING STATEMENTS --------------- >*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/*<--------------MAIN FUNCTION --------------->*/

int main()
{
int Max[10][10], need[10][10], alloc[10][10], avail[10], completed[10], safeSequence[10];
int p, r, i, j, process, count;
count = 0;

printf("Enter the no of processes : ");

scanf("%d", &p);

for(i = 0; i< p; i++)

completed[i] = 0;

printf("\n\nEnter the no of resources : ");

scanf("%d", &r);

printf("\n\nEnter the Max Matrix for each process : ");

for(i = 0; i < p; i++)
{
printf("\nFor process %d : ", i + 1);
for(j = 0; j < r; j++)
scanf("%d", &Max[i][j]);
}

printf("\n\nEnter the allocation for each process : ");

for(i = 0; i < p; i++)
{
printf("\nFor process %d : ",i + 1);
for(j = 0; j < r; j++)
scanf("%d", &alloc[i][j]);
}

printf("\n\nEnter the Available Resources : ");

for(i = 0; i < r; i++)
scanf("%d", &avail[i]);

for(i = 0; i < p; i++)

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 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th
for(j = 0; j < r; j++)
need[i][j] = Max[i][j] - alloc[i][j];

do
{
printf("\n Max matrix:\tAllocation matrix:\n");
for(i = 0; i < p; i++)
{
for( j = 0; j < r; j++)
printf("%d ", Max[i][j]);
printf("\t\t");
for( j = 0; j < r; j++)
printf("%d ", alloc[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}

process = -1;

for(i = 0; i < p; i++)

{
if(completed[i] == 0)//if not completed
{
process = i ;
for(j = 0; j < r; j++)
{
if(avail[j] < need[i][j])
{
process = -1;
break;
}
}
}
if(process != -1)
break;
}

if(process != -1)
{
printf("\nProcess %d runs to completion!", process + 1);
safeSequence[count] = process + 1;
count++;
for(j = 0; j < r; j++)
{
avail[j] += alloc[process][j];
alloc[process][j] = 0;
Max[process][j] = 0;
completed[process] = 1;
}
}

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 Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Subject Name : OS Laboratory
Subject Code : 303105252
B.Tech CSE Year 2nd Semester 4th
}while(count != p && process != -1);

if(count == p)
{
printf("\nThe system is in a safe state!!\n");
printf("Safe Sequence : < ");
for( i = 0; i < p; i++)
printf("%d ", safeSequence[i]);
printf(">\n");
}
else
printf("\nThe system is in an unsafe state!!");
}

OUTPUT:

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