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Machine Learning For Disaster Management A Review

This paper reviews the role of Machine Learning (ML) in disaster management, emphasizing its predictive capabilities and data-driven decision-making to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters. It discusses various ML techniques and technologies, such as remote sensing, IoT, and big data analytics, that enhance disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. The paper also highlights the challenges faced in implementing ML solutions and the potential for future advancements in the field.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
40 views9 pages

Machine Learning For Disaster Management A Review

This paper reviews the role of Machine Learning (ML) in disaster management, emphasizing its predictive capabilities and data-driven decision-making to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters. It discusses various ML techniques and technologies, such as remote sensing, IoT, and big data analytics, that enhance disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. The paper also highlights the challenges faced in implementing ML solutions and the potential for future advancements in the field.

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Volume-3, Issue3, March 2025 International Journal of Modern Science and Research Technology

ISSN No- 2584-2706

Machine Learning For Disaster Management: A


Review
Dr. Nitika Arora
Assistant Professor of Computer Science
Pt.C.L.S Govt. College, Karnal

Abstract these challenges through interdisciplinary


Machine Learning (ML) technology has collaboration and advanced AI research will
become an essential tool in natural disaster further enhance ML’s role in disaster
management, offering predictive capabilities management. This paper explores the latest
and data-driven decision-making to advancements, key applications, and future
minimize the impact of catastrophic events. prospects of ML in disaster management,
Disaster management is a critical field that highlighting its impact on minimizing loss
involves preparedness, response, mitigation, and improving disaster resilience.
and recovery from natural and man-made
disasters. With the increasing availability of Keywords: Prediction Models, Early
data and computational power, machine Warning Systems, Disaster Risk
learning (ML) has emerged as a Assessment, Remote Sensing, Damage
transformative technology in enhancing Detection, Resource Optimization
disaster management efforts. ML
techniques, including deep learning, Introduction
reinforcement learning, and predictive Natural disasters such as hurricanes,
analytics, are widely applied in various earthquakes, floods, and wildfires cause
phases of disaster management. These widespread devastation, leading to loss of
applications include early warning systems, life, destruction of infrastructure, and
real-time disaster monitoring, damage economic instability. Natural disasters often
assessment, resource allocation, and post- result in loss of human lives, destruction of
disaster recovery. Key technologies such as infrastructure, economic setbacks, and
remote sensing, geographic information environmental degradation. While they
systems (GIS), Internet of Things (IoT), and cannot be entirely prevented, scientific
big data analytics play a crucial role in advancements and disaster preparedness
collecting and analyzing disaster-related strategies help minimize their impact. Early
data. ML models can process satellite warning systems, emergency response plans,
imagery, sensor data, and social media feeds and resilient infrastructure play a crucial role
to predict disasters like earthquakes, floods, in reducing disaster risks and ensuring rapid
wildfires, and hurricanes with greater recovery.
accuracy. Additionally, ML-based decision With advancements in technology, Machine
support systems improve emergency Learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful
response by optimizing evacuation routes tool for predicting, mitigating, and
and resource distribution. Despite its responding to these catastrophic events. ML
significant potential, challenges such as data algorithms analyze vast amounts of
availability, model interpretability, and historical and real-time data to detect
ethical considerations remain. Addressing patterns, make predictions, and improve

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ISSN No- 2584-2706

decision-making processes. These monitoring environmental degradation,


techniques are revolutionizing disaster assessing disaster impacts, and supporting
preparedness, early warning systems, urban planning. Together, RS and GIS
damage assessment, and relief coordination. enable informed decision-making in sectors
Machine Learning (ML) is transforming the like agriculture, disaster management,
way we predict, monitor, and respond to environmental monitoring, and urban
natural disasters. By analyzing vast amounts development, enhancing our ability to
of historical and real-time data, ML models manage natural resources and respond to
enhance disaster preparedness, improve global challenges. Examples: NASA Earth
response strategies, and minimize loss of life Observatory, Google Earth Engine.
and property.
2. Deep Learning & Neural Networks
Technologies Used In Ml for Disaster Deep Learning and Neural Networks are
Management: subfields of machine learning that have
Machine Learning (ML) leverages various revolutionized artificial intelligence by
technologies to improve disaster prediction, enabling systems to automatically learn
response, and recovery. These technologies from large amounts of data. Neural networks
help analyze large datasets, detect patterns, are computational models inspired by the
and enhance decision-making. Below are structure and function of the human brain,
some key technologies used in ML for consisting of layers of interconnected nodes
disaster management? (or neurons) that process information. Deep
learning refers to neural networks with many
1. Remote Sensing & Geographic layers, known as deep neural networks,
Information Systems (GIS) which can capture complex patterns and
Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic hierarchies in data. These models excel at
Information Systems (GIS) are tasks such as image and speech recognition,
complementary technologies that are widely natural language processing, and
used for capturing, analyzing, and autonomous driving, by learning to identify
visualizing spatial data. Remote sensing intricate features and make decisions based
involves the collection of data about the on massive datasets. The power of deep
Earth's surface using sensors on satellites, learning lies in its ability to learn from
drones, or aircraft, which can capture unstructured data, such as images, audio,
various types of electromagnetic radiation and text, without needing manual feature
(e.g., visible light, infrared, radar) reflected extraction. By leveraging large-scale
or emitted by objects. This data provides datasets and high computational power, deep
valuable insights into land cover, vegetation learning has led to significant advancements
health, atmospheric conditions, and more. in AI, making it a cornerstone for modern
GIS, on the other hand, is a system that technologies in fields ranging from
allows for the storage, management, and healthcare and finance to robotics and
analysis of geographic data, enabling users entertainment. - Examples: Convolution
to visualize and interpret spatial Neural Networks (CNNs) for image
relationships through maps, models, and 3D analysis, Recurrent Neural Networks
representations. When combined, remote (RNNs) for time-series forecasting.
sensing data can be processed within GIS
platforms to perform detailed spatial 3. Internet of Things (IoT) & Sensor
analysis, such as tracking land use changes, Networks

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ISSN No- 2584-2706

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the of data to uncover patterns, trends, and
network of physical devices, vehicles, insights that are too complex for traditional
appliances, and other objects embedded with data-processing software. Big data can come
sensors, software, and connectivity, from various sources such as social media,
allowing them to collect and exchange data sensor networks, and transactional data, and
over the internet. This technology enables requires specialized tools and frameworks
smarter decision-making, automation, and for storage, processing, and analysis. When
increased efficiency across various sectors, combined, cloud computing and big data
such as healthcare, manufacturing, analytics offer businesses powerful
agriculture, and smart homes. Sensor capabilities for handling and analyzing large
networks, which are an essential component datasets in real-time, enabling more
of IoT, consist of multiple interconnected informed decision-making, predictive
sensors that gather data from their analytics, and the ability to leverage insights
environment, such as temperature, humidity, for operational efficiency, market strategies,
pressure, or motion. These sensor networks and customer experiences. - Examples:
can be deployed in large-scale environments AWS, Google Cloud AI, Microsoft Azure
and are responsible for monitoring and AI.
relaying real-time data back to central
systems or cloud-based platforms. Together, 5. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
IoT and sensor networks create a vast Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a
ecosystem of interconnected devices that field of artificial intelligence that focuses on
work collaboratively to improve processes, the interaction between computers and
optimize resource usage, and provide human language. Its goal is to enable
valuable insights for businesses and machines to understand, interpret, and
individuals alike. Examples: Smart weather generate human language in a way that is
stations, seismic activity monitoring both meaningful and useful. NLP combines
networks. linguistics, computer science, and machine
learning techniques to process and analyze
4. Cloud Computing & Big Data large amounts of natural language data, such
Analytics as text, speech, and even gestures. Common
Cloud computing is a technology that allows applications of NLP include speech
users to access and store data, applications, recognition, machine translation, sentiment
and services over the internet, rather than analysis, chatbots, and text summarization.
relying on local servers or personal devices. By breaking down language into its
This provides scalability, flexibility, and components—such as syntax, semantics, and
cost-efficiency, enabling businesses and context—NLP allows machines to perform
individuals to access computing resources tasks like understanding the meaning behind
on-demand without the need for heavy a sentence, identifying key information, or
upfront investments. Cloud services can be even generating human-like responses. As
broadly categorized into three models: the technology continues to evolve, NLP is
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform becoming increasingly powerful in
as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a improving communication between humans
Service (SaaS), each offering varying levels and machines, enabling more sophisticated,
of control, flexibility, and management. Big intuitive, and personalized interactions.
data analytics, on the other hand, involves Examples: BERT (Bidirectional Encoder
processing and analyzing massive volumes

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ISSN No- 2584-2706

Representations from Transformers), GPT has revolutionized industries by providing


models. new ways to collect data, monitor
6. Geographic Positioning System (GPS) landscapes, and automate processes, all
& Drones while reducing human effort and improving
The Geographic Positioning System (GPS) safety. - Examples: DJI drones for disaster
is a satellite-based navigation system that response, GPS-based evacuation planning.
provides precise location data anywhere on By integrating these technologies, ML-
Earth. GPS works by using a network of driven disaster management systems can
satellites that transmit signals to receivers on enhance prediction accuracy, improve
the ground, allowing devices like emergency response efficiency, and
smartphones, vehicles, and navigation accelerate recovery efforts, ultimately
systems to calculate their exact position. It reducing the overall impact of natural
plays a crucial role in a wide range of disasters.
applications, from guiding vehicles and By integrating ML with these technologies,
providing real-time navigation to enabling disaster management agencies can enhance
mapping, surveying, and geospatial analysis. preparedness, improve response efficiency,
Drones, or unmanned aerial vehicles and build more resilient communities. As
(UAVs), are aircraft that can be operated ML continues to evolve, it holds immense
remotely or autonomously. Drones use GPS potential in reducing the devastating impact
technology to navigate, track their location, of natural disasters worldwide. By
and carry out tasks with high precision. integrating ML with other technologies like
Equipped with cameras, sensors, and other Remote Sensing, Geographic Information
instruments, drones are used for a variety of Systems (GIS), and Internet of Things (IoT),
purposes, including aerial photography, disaster management authorities can
agriculture monitoring, infrastructure enhance their response and minimize
inspections, and environmental research. casualties and damages. This introduction
GPS allows drones to fly predefined paths, highlights how ML is shaping the future of
return to their base, and maintain stability, disaster response and resilience, making
making them highly effective for tasks that communities better prepared for unforeseen
require accurate location-based data. The calamities.
combination of GPS and drone technology

Literature Survey
Author(s) Year Title Objectives Machine Disaster Key
Learning Management Findings/Results
Techniques Application
Deka, J. 2021 Flood To predict Decision Flood ML models,
K., & prediction floods using Trees, Prediction particularly
Bhowmick, using machine Random and Random Forest
M. K machine learning Forests, Monitoring and SVM,
(Mosavi et learning algorithms Support achieved high
al., 2018). algorithms based on Vector accuracy in
hydrological Machines predicting flood
and (SVM), occurrences.
meteorological Neural
data. Networks
Johnson, Predictive To develop a Linear Hurricane Machine learning
2020
L., & modeling predictive Regression, Impact models

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ISSN No- 2584-2706

Peterson, for model for Neural Assessment significantly


M. M. hurricane assessing Networks, and Risk improved the
(Harvey et impact hurricane Decision Management prediction of
al., 2020) analysis impacts in Trees, hurricane
using real-time to Random intensity and its
machine enhance Forest potential impact.
learning disaster
response
planning.
Using To develop an
Deep learning
machine earthquake Neural
Earthquake models
Lee, S. H learning prediction Networks
Prediction performed better
(Kolivand models for model based (Deep
2019 and Early in predicting
et al., earthquake on seismic Learning),
Warning aftershocks and
2024). prediction data and early Time Series
Systems could provide
and early warning Forecasting
early warnings.
warning systems.
To survey ML
ML methods
Mohanty, techniques in Supervised
Application General were effective in
A. R., & various phases Learning,
of machine Disaster both detecting
Gupta, S. of disaster Deep
learning Management: disasters (e.g.,
K. 2020 management, Learning,
techniques Detection, floods, fires) and
(Linardos focusing on Decision
in disaster Prediction, mitigating their
et al., detection, Trees,
management Mitigation impacts through
2022) prediction, and Clustering
predictions.
mitigation.
To explore the Convolutional
AI models
application of Neural
Real-time provided real-
AI in real-time Networks Real-time
Patel, S., & disaster time analysis of
disaster (CNNs), Disaster
Lim, M. J. response flood and
2022 management, Recurrent Response,
(Chee et using deep wildfire damage,
focusing on Neural Damage
al., 2023) learning and speeding up
flood and Networks Assessment
AI disaster response
wildfire (RNNs), Deep
efforts.
scenarios. Learning
To explore the
Early integration of ML-based early
warning machine Early warning systems
Sharma, Clustering,
systems for learning with Warning enhanced
D., & Regression,
natural IoT for Systems prediction
Verma, A. Neural
2022 disasters: developing (EWS) for accuracy,
K. (Sharma Networks, IoT
Machine early warning Earthquakes, particularly in
et al., Data
learning and systems for Tsunamis, detecting
2022) Integration
IoT disasters like and Floods earthquakes and
applications earthquakes tsunamis.
and tsunamis.
Williams, Artificial To assess how Reinforcement Post-Disaster AI models helped
T. A. intelligence AI and ML Learning, Recovery optimize resource
2021
(Linardos for post- can assist in Decision (Logistics, allocation and
et al., disaster post-disaster Trees, Supply improve post-

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ISSN No- 2584-2706

2022b) recovery: A recovery, Optimization Chain) disaster recovery


machine focusing on Algorithms timelines.
learning logistics,
approach supply chain,
and
infrastructure
rebuilding.
To review ML models
Supervised
various ML demonstrated
Zubair, M. Learning,
A survey of techniques General effectiveness in
B., Suriya, Unsupervised
machine used across Disaster hazard
P. K., & Learning,
learning disaster Management: prediction,
Zomaya, 2019 Deep
techniques management Prediction, improving
A. Y. Learning,
for disaster tasks, such as Detection, disaster response
(Mosavi et SVM,
management prediction, Response times and
al., 2018) Decision
detection, and resource
Trees
response. management.
This table summarizes key research papers 4. General Disaster Management
on the application of machine learning (ML) (Detection, Prediction, Mitigation):
in disaster management, highlighting their o Mohanty & Gupta (2020) surveyed ML
objectives, ML techniques used, and key techniques for disaster management,
findings. including supervised learning, deep
1. Flood Prediction: learning, and clustering.
o Deka & Bhowmick (2021) used o Key Finding: ML was effective in
Decision Trees, Random Forest, SVM, detecting disasters (e.g., floods, fires) and
and Neural Networks to predict floods mitigating their impacts through
using hydrological and meteorological predictive models.
data. 5. Real-Time Disaster Response:
o Key Finding: Random Forest and SVM o Patel & Lim (2022) explored AI
models achieved high accuracy in applications in real-time disaster
predicting flood occurrences. management using CNNs, RNNs, and
deep learning.
2. Hurricane Impact Analysis: o Key Finding: AI models improved real-
o Johnson & Peterson (2020) developed time analysis of flood and wildfire
predictive models for assessing hurricane damage, accelerating response efforts.
impact using Linear Regression, Neural 6. Early Warning Systems (EWS) and
Networks, and Decision Trees. IoT Integration:
o Key Finding: ML significantly improved o Sharma & Verma (2022) studied the
predictions of hurricane intensity and integration of ML and IoT for disaster
impact. early warning, using clustering,
3. Earthquake Prediction & Early regression, and neural networks.
Warning: o Key Finding: ML-based EWS enhanced
o Lee (2019) applied Deep Learning and disaster prediction accuracy, especially
Time Series Forecasting for earthquake for earthquakes and tsunamis.
prediction and early warning. 7. Post-Disaster Recovery & Resource
o Key Finding: Deep learning models Allocation:
effectively predicted aftershocks and o Williams (2021) applied Reinforcement
provided early warnings. Learning and Optimization Algorithms to

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optimize logistics and infrastructure blockchain, will further enhance disaster


rebuilding. resilience. By integrating machine learning
o Key Finding: AI models improved post- with robust disaster preparedness strategies,
disaster recovery timelines and resource societies can build more adaptive and
distribution. responsive systems to mitigate the impact of
8. Comprehensive ML Survey in Disaster natural and man-made disasters. Continued
Management: investment in AI-driven disaster
o Zubair, Suriya, & Zomaya (2019) management solutions will be crucial for
reviewed various ML techniques, improving global disaster resilience and
including supervised learning, deep ensuring a safer future for communities
learning, and decision trees, across worldwide.
disaster management tasks.
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