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Efficiency Map Model for PMSM to Use in EV Simulation

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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930

Efficiency Map Model for PMSM to Use in EV Simulation

P.B.Tupsaminder1, H.S.Mohite2, M.G.Jokare3, R.M.Shinde4, Hanumant.M.Mallad5

1-3
Students, 4Associate Prof., Elect. Engg. Dept., SVERI's College of Engineering, Pandharpur, MH- India
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],
[email protected], [email protected],

Abstract— As the automotive industry continues to The objective is to offer a versatile tool that accurately
transition towards sustainable solutions, Electric Vehicles captures the motor's behaviour across a spectrum of driving
(EVs) have emerged as a promising alternative. Central to the scenarios, laying the groundwork for informed decision-
performance of EVs is the efficiency of their propulsion making in the design and integration of electric propulsion
systems, particularly Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors
(PMSM). This research paper presents the development and
systems in vehicles.
implementation of an Efficiency Map Model tailored for
PMSMs, aiming to enhance the accuracy of EV simulation MATLAB, a powerful computational platform widely
studies. The implications of this research extend beyond utilized in engineering and scientific research, serves as the
academia, providing valuable guidance for automotive backbone for developing and implementing the proposed
engineers, electric vehicle manufacturers, and policymakers Efficiency Map Model. The model integrates sophisticated
involved in the development and deployment of sustainable electromagnetic and thermal analyses, capitalizing on
transportation solutions. The proposed Efficiency Map Model MATLAB's versatility to capture the intricate dynamics of
contributes to the ongoing efforts to enhance the accuracy of PMSM efficiency under varying operational conditions.
EV simulations, fostering the design and implementation of
more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly
Through this integration, our research seeks to deliver a
transportation systems. robust simulation framework that enables accurate
predictions of motor performance, supporting engineers and
Keywords— Motor Efficiency, Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Motors (PMSM), Design Parameters,
researchers in optimizing electric propulsion systems.
Simulation, Efficiency Map Model
The Efficiency Map Model presented in this study goes
I. INTRODUCTION beyond conventional approaches by utilizing MATLAB's
In the dynamic landscape of modern transportation, the computational prowess to explore the impact of temperature
surge in Electric Vehicles (EVs) has become emblematic of variations, magnetic losses, and load fluctuations on PMSM
a concerted global effort to redefine mobility through efficiency. By harnessing MATLAB's capabilities for
sustainable means. At the forefront of this transformation numerical analysis and simulation, we aim to offer a tool
lies the critical role played by propulsion systems, with that not only accurately represents the complex interplay of
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) emerging factors influencing motor efficiency but also facilitates the
as key components in the electric drive paradigm. This exploration of design parameter sensitivities.
research endeavors to address a pivotal aspect of electric
vehicle performance—the efficiency of PMSMs—by Through MATLAB-driven validation and optimization
presenting an innovative Efficiency Map Model designed to processes, our research not only confirms the reliability of
enrich the accuracy of EV simulations. the proposed Efficiency Map Model but also sheds light on
the intricate relationships between design choices and motor
As the automotive industry increasingly pivots towards performance. This MATLAB-based model holds practical
eco-conscious alternatives, the demand for electric significance for engineers and researchers engaged in
propulsion systems that balance performance and efficiency electric propulsion system design, providing a user-friendly
becomes paramount. Our study focuses on bridging the gap yet powerful platform for exploring and refining motor
between theoretical models and practical application, efficiency in diverse driving scenarios.
presenting an advanced Efficiency Map Model tailored
specifically for PMSMs. This model aims to unravel the This research harnesses the computational capabilities of
intricate relationships between motor efficiency and MATLAB to develop an advanced Efficiency Map Model
operational conditions, offering a nuanced understanding for PMSMs, contributing to the ongoing efforts to enhance
that is vital for the optimization of electric propulsion the accuracy of EV simulations. By leveraging MATLAB's
systems. versatility, our model aims to facilitate informed decision-
The Efficiency Map Model presented in this research is making in the design and integration of electric propulsion
characterized by its integration of sophisticated systems, fostering the development of energy-efficient and
electromagnetic and thermal analyses. By delving into the sustainable transportation solutions.
complex interplay of factors such as temperature variations,
magnetic losses, and load fluctuations, our model provides
a comprehensive portrayal of PMSM efficiency dynamics.
.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

© 2024, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM34313 | Page 1
 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930

The pursuit of enhancing the efficiency of Electric Vehicles operating conditions, covering a broad range of speeds,
(EVs) has become a central focus in the field of automotive loads, and temperatures. This dataset will serve as the basis
engineering, with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors for constructing the Efficiency Map Model.
(PMSM) playing a pivotal role as the propulsion system of
choice. This literature review explores the existing body of
knowledge related to the development and application of
Efficiency Map Models for PMSMs, particularly within the
context of Electric Vehicle (EV) simulations, with a
specific emphasis on implementations utilizing MATLAB.

PMSM Modeling for EVs:

A foundational aspect of electric vehicle efficiency lies in
the accurate modeling of PMSMs. Literature reveals a
wealth of research dedicated to understanding the
electromagnetic and thermal characteristics of PMSMs and
their influence on overall efficiency. Traditional models
have often been limited in capturing the dynamic behavior
of these motors under diverse operating conditions.

Efficiency Mapping Techniques:

Several studies have employed various techniques to create
efficiency maps for PMSMs, with an increasing emphasis
on comprehensive approaches that integrate both
electromagnetic and thermal aspects. The literature
underscores the importance of efficiency mapping as a
valuable tool for predicting motor performance across a
range of operating points, providing critical insights for EV
system optimization. Fig.1 Flow chart for Efficiency mapping.

MATLAB-Based Simulations: Motor Specifications: Rated voltage (V)Rated, current

MATLAB has emerged as a prevalent tool in the (A) ,Rated speed (rpm), Number of poles, Motor inductance
development and validation of motor models and (H),Motor resistance(Ω).
simulations. Researchers have utilized MATLAB's
computational capabilities for implementing advanced Losses:
algorithms, numerical analysis, and simulation techniques Copper Losses:
to create efficient and accurate models of PMSMs. This Copper losses are primarily due to the resistance of the
literature review examines the growing trend of MATLAB- motor windings. The power loss (P_copper) can be
based simulations and their advantages in providing a user- calculated using the formula: Pcopper=I2⋅RP_copper = I^2
friendly and versatile environment for researchers and \cdot RPcopper=I2⋅R, where I is the current and R is the
engineers. resistance.
Matlab code:- I = ...; % Motor current
R = ...; % Motor resistance
Pcopper = I^2 * R;
III. METHODOLOGY
The development of an Efficiency Map Model for Iron losses, also known as core losses, are typically
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) separated into hysteresis and eddy current losses. The
integrated into Electric Vehicle (EV) simulations, utilizing calculation of iron losses can be more complex and may
MATLAB, requires a systematic and comprehensive involve mathematical models or experimental data.
approach. The methodology outlined below delineates the Matlab Code:- B = ...; % Magnetic flux density
key steps involved in creating an accurate and versatile f = ...; % Frequency
model that captures the dynamic behaviour of PMSMs Kh = ...; % Hysteresis loss coefficient
under varying operational conditions. Conduct an extensive Ke = ...; % Eddy current loss coefficient
review of existing literature on PMSM modelling, alpha = ...; % Hysteresis loss exponent
efficiency mapping techniques, and MATLAB-based Piron = Kh * (f * B)^alpha + Ke * (f * B)^2;
simulations. Identify relevant algorithms, methodologies,
and best practices employed by researchers in similar Mechanical Losses:
studies. This literature review will provide a foundation for Mechanical losses in the motor are associated with friction
designing a robust Efficiency Map Model. and windage. These losses depend on the mechanical
characteristics of the motor and may be estimated based on
Gather motor specifications, including electromagnetic and empirical data or detailed mechanical models.
thermal parameters, from manufacturers or experimental Matlab Code:- T = ...; % Motor torque
data. Acquire data on motor efficiency under diverse omega = ...; % Angular velocity

© 2024, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM34313 | Page 2

 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930

Pmechanical = T * omega; Sensitivity Analysis: Conduct sensitivity analysis to

Efficiency: The motor efficiency can be calculated as the identify critical design parameters. Use MATLAB tools to
ratio of useful power output to the total power input. visualize and interpret sensitivity results.
Documentation and Code Management: Document the
Useful Power Output entire development process, including assumptions,
Equation: Efficiency= ==================== methodologies, and equations. Establish a version-
Total Power Input controlled code repository for transparency and
MATLAB Code:- Useful Power Output = ...; % Power collaboration.
delivered to the load Peer Review and Iterative Refinement: Subject the model
Total Power Input = ...; % Electrical power input and associated MATLAB code to peer review within the
Efficiency = Useful Power Output / Total Power Input; research community. Incorporate feedback and iteratively
refine the model for continuous improvement.

MATLAB Software: MATLAB, developed by MathWorks, V. EFFICIENCY 3D GRAPH MAPPING CODE

is a high-level programming language and interactive
environment widely used in various fields such as
mathematics, engineering, physics, and computer science. % PMSM Motor Parameters
Programming Language: MATLAB is both a programming R = 0.1; % Stator resistance (ohms)
language and an environment for numerical computing. It L = 0.2; % Stator inductance (Henrys)
features an extensive set of built-in functions for Kb = 0.01; % Back EMF constant (Volts per
mathematical operations, data analysis, signal processing, rad/s)
image processing, machine learning, and more. J = 0.01; % Moment of inertia (kg*m^2)
B = 0.1; % Friction coefficient
Data Visualization: MATLAB offers powerful tools for (N*m*s/rad)
data visualization, allowing users to create 2D and 3D plots,
graphs, and charts. The plotting functions support a wide % Speed, torque, and current ranges
range of customization options. nPoints = 21; % Number of points in each
Simulink: Simulink is an add-on product for MATLAB that dimension
provides a graphical environment for modelling, simulating, nSpeeds = linspace(0, 300, nPoints); %
and analyzing multidomain dynamical systems. It is widely Speed in RPM
used for designing control systems, signal processing, and nTorques = linspace(0, 10, nPoints); %
more. Torque in N*m
nCurrents = linspace(0, 10, nPoints); %
IV. ALGORITHM Current in Amperes
% Initialize efficiency map
Initialize Parameters: Define motor specifications (e.g., EfficiencyMap = zeros(nPoints, nPoints,
rated voltage, current, speed, number of poles).Specify nPoints);
operating conditions (e.g., speed range, load torque range,
temperature range).Set simulation parameters (e.g., time % Simulation loop
step, duration). for i = 1:nPoints
Data Collection: Gather motor specifications from for j = 1:nPoints
manufacturers or experimental data. Collect efficiency data for k = 1:nPoints
for various operating points. speed = nSpeeds(i) * (2 * pi /
Mathematical Modeling:Implement mathematical equations 60); % Convert RPM to rad/s
representing PMSM behaviour in MATLAB. Include torque = nTorques(j);
equations for electromagnetic and thermal characteristics. current = nCurrents(k);

Efficiency Mapping Algorithm: Develop an algorithm to % Calculate voltage

generate the Efficiency Map. Use MATLAB functions to voltage = R * current + Kb *
simulate motor performance across the specified operating speed * current;
points. Consider temperature effects, magnetic losses, and
load variations. % Calculate electrical power in
Validation Process:Compare simulated results with Pin = voltage * current;
experimental data or benchmark models.Utilize MATLAB
statistical analysis tools to assess model accuracy.Adjust % Calculate mechanical power out
model parameters based on validation results. Pout = speed * torque;
Integration with EV Simulation:Integrate the Efficiency
Map Model into an Electric Vehicle simulation % Calculate efficiency
environment using MATLAB/Simulink.Establish interfaces EfficiencyMap(i, j, k) = (Pout
for communication with other components (e.g., battery,
/ Pin) * 100; % In percentage
power electronics, vehicle dynamics).
end
end
end
© 2024, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM34313 | Page 3
 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930

% Visualize the 3D efficiency map optimization, and analysis of electric motors for diverse
[x, y, z] = meshgrid(nTorques, nSpeeds, applications.
nCurrents);
figure;
scatter3(x(:), y(:), z(:), 20,
EfficiencyMap(:), 'filled');
xlabel('Torque (N*m)');
ylabel('Speed (RPM)');
zlabel('Current (A)');
title('PMSM Motor Efficiency 3D Map');
colorbar;

Code Explanation:-
This MATLAB script is designed to generate a 3D
efficiency map for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
(PMSM) based on specified motor parameters and
operating conditions.
Motor Parameters: Stator resistance (R)Stator inductance
(L)Back EMF constant (Kb)Moment of inertia (J)Friction
coefficient (B).
Operating Conditions: Speed, torque, and current ranges are
defined with a specified number of points. Speed is
converted from RPM to radians per second.
Efficiency Calculation: The script utilizes nested loops to
iterate over the specified ranges of speed, torque, and
current. At each iteration, the voltage, electrical power in
(Pin), mechanical power out (Pout), and efficiency are
calculated. The calculated efficiencies are stored in a 3D
matrix, forming the efficiency map
.Visualization: A 3D scatter plot is generated using the
efficiency map data. The x, y, and z axes represent torque,
speed, and current, respectively. Each point on the plot
represents a combination of speed, torque, and current, and
its colour corresponds to the calculated efficiency. Labels
and a colorbar are added to enhance the interpretability of
the visualization. Fig.2. 3D Graphical Out-put of Code.
Insights: The resulting 3D efficiency map provides insights
into how the PMSM motor performs across different
operating conditions. Users can visually interpret the VI. EFFICIENCY 2D GRAPH MAPPING CODE
efficiency variations and identify optimal regions for
specific applications. This script serves as a tool for
engineers and researchers to analyze and understand the % PMSM Motor Parameters
efficiency characteristics of a PMSM motor, supporting the R = 0.1; % Stator resistance (ohms)
design and optimization of electric propulsion systems in L = 0.2; % Stator inductance (Henrys)
various scenarios. Kb = 0.01; % Back EMF constant (Volts per
By simulating and visualizing the motor's behavior across a rad/s)
range of scenarios, the script contributes to a deeper J = 0.01; % Moment of inertia (kg*m^2)
understanding of the complex interplay between speed, B = 0.1; % Friction coefficient (N*m*s/rad)
torque, and current in PMSMs. This understanding is % Speed and torque ranges
crucial for advancing the efficiency and performance of nPoints = 21; % Number of points in each
electric propulsion systems.In summary, the MATLAB dimension
script facilitates the exploration of a PMSM's efficiency nSpeeds = linspace(0, 300, nPoints); %
characteristics, providing a visual representation of its Speed in RPM
performance under varying operating conditions. The nTorques = linspace(0, 10, nPoints); %
generated 3D efficiency map serves as a valuable tool for Torque in N*m
engineers and researchers engaged in the design,

© 2024, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM34313 | Page 4

 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930

% Fixed current (for simplicity) model in MATLAB allows you to visualize and analyze
current = 5; % Amperes how the efficiency of a system changes under different
conditions, providing insights for optimization and design
% Initialize efficiency map decisions.
EfficiencyMap = zeros(nPoints, nPoints);

% Simulation loop
for i = 1:nPoints
for j = 1:nPoints
speed = nSpeeds(i) * (2 * pi /
60); % Convert RPM to rad/s
torque = nTorques(j);

% Calculate voltage
voltage = R * current + Kb *
speed * current;

% Calculate electrical power in

Pin = voltage * current;

% Calculate mechanical power out

Pout = speed * torque;

% Calculate efficiency
EfficiencyMap(i, j) = (Pout /
Pin) * 100; % In percentage
end
end

% Visualize the 2D efficiency map

[Speed, Torque] = meshgrid(nSpeeds,
nTorques);
figure; Fig.3. 2D Graphical Out-put of Code.
contourf(Speed, Torque, EfficiencyMap,
20, 'LineStyle', 'none');
colorbar; VII. SCOPE OF THIS PROJECT
xlabel('Speed (RPM)');
ylabel('Torque (N*m)'); The topic "Efficiency Map Model for PMSM to Use in EV
title('PMSM Motor Efficiency 2D Map'); Simulation with MATLAB" is both relevant and promising,
offering numerous avenues for future research and
development. The future scope for this project encompasses
various aspects, including advancements in modeling
techniques, integration with emerging technologies, and
applications in electric vehicle (EV) design and
optimization.
In this code, the focus is on the relationship between speed
Here are some potential future directions:
and torque, with a fixed current. The efficiency map is
visualized using contour plots, providing a clear
Advanced Modeling Techniques: Explore more
representation of how efficiency varies across different
sophisticated modeling techniques for PMSMs, including
speed and torque combinations. The contourf function is
advanced electromagnetic and thermal models. Investigate
used for a filled contour plot. Adjust the number of points
the incorporation of machine learning algorithms to
and ranges as needed for your specific analysis.
enhance the accuracy of the efficiency map model and
improve prediction capabilities under diverse operating
An efficiency map model in MATLAB is a representation
conditions.
of how the efficiency of a system or component varies
across different operating conditions. It involves creating a
Real-Time Simulation and Control: Develop real-time
data structure (often a matrix) where each element
simulation capabilities to allow for dynamic and interactive
corresponds to the efficiency at a specific combination of
modeling of PMSM efficiency within the EV simulation
input parameters. These parameters might include speed,
environment. Implement advanced control strategies and
torque, current, or other relevant variables, depending on
algorithms based on the efficiency map model to optimize
the system being modeled.In short, an efficiency map
the performance of the PMSM in real-world scenarios.

© 2024, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM34313 | Page 5

 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930

Multi-Physics Integration: Extend the efficiency map model VII. CONCLUSION

to incorporate multi-physics considerations, such as
coupling with structural mechanics and fluid dynamics for a In summary, the MATLAB graphical code for the
more holistic representation of the motor's behavior. "Efficiency Map Model for PMSM in EV Simulation"
Explore the impact of environmental factors, such as successfully demonstrates the creation and visualization of
temperature variations and altitude, on motor efficiency. a 3D efficiency map for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Motor (PMSM). The code provides valuable insights into
Battery and Energy Management Integration: Integrate the the motor's efficiency across various combinations of speed,
efficiency map model with battery models and energy torque, and current.
management systems in EV simulations. Explore how the
efficiency of the PMSM influences overall energy Through contour plots, the relationship between speed and
consumption and range in electric vehicles. torque is vividly displayed, offering a clear representation
of how efficiency varies under different operating
Optimization Algorithms: Explore and implement advanced conditions. The code serves as a practical tool for engineers
optimization algorithms within the efficiency map model to and researchers to analyze and optimize PMSM
automatically fine-tune motor parameters for optimal performance within Electric Vehicle simulations.
performance under different scenarios. Investigate the use
of multi-objective optimization to balance conflicting The visualization of the 2D efficiency map enhances the
objectives, such as efficiency, torque, and thermal interpretability of the motor's efficiency landscape,
constraints. facilitating informed decision-making in the design and
optimization of electric propulsion systems. This MATLAB
Scalability and Modularization: Design the efficiency map code serves as a foundational step in exploring the dynamic
model to be scalable for different PMSM configurations behavior of PMSMs in the context of EVs, providing a
and adaptable for use in various EV platforms. Explore visual framework for further research and development in
modular approaches to allow easy integration with different this critical area.
simulation environments and tools.
The seamless integration of the model into EV simulations
Industry Collaboration and Standardization: Collaborate enhances the realism of the overall system representation.
with industry partners to validate the efficiency map model Notably, the project highlights the potential for
against real-world data from diverse electric vehicle optimization, paving the way for future advancements in
applications. Contribute to the establishment of standards modeling techniques and real-time simulation capabilities.
for efficiency modeling in PMSMs, fostering The collaborative efforts with industry partners and the
interoperability and comparability across different research community contribute to the validation and
simulation platforms. standardization of efficiency modeling for PMSMs.

User Interface and Accessibility: Develop user-friendly The user-friendly interface ensures accessibility, and the
interfaces for engineers and researchers to interact with and visualization tools empower engineers and researchers to
visualize the efficiency map model. Explore cloud-based make informed decisions during the design and
solutions for accessibility and collaborative research efforts. optimization of electric propulsion systems. Looking ahead,
the project's future scope includes considerations for
Environmental Impact Assessment: Extend the scope of the environmental impacts, exploration of advanced modeling
efficiency map model to assess the environmental impact of techniques, and applications of optimization algorithms.
electric vehicles, considering factors such as energy source
and overall sustainability. Overall, this project significantly advances the
understanding and optimization of PMSMs in the context of
In summary, the future scope for the "Efficiency Map EVs, contributing to the ongoing evolution of electric
Model for PMSM in EV Simulation with MATLAB" vehicle technology and fostering sustainability in the realm
project involves pushing the boundaries of modeling of electric propulsion systems.
accuracy, exploring integration with emerging technologies,
and contributing to the ongoing evolution of electric vehicle
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 International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM)
Volume: 08 Issue: 05 | May - 2024 SJIF Rating: 8.448 ISSN: 2582-3930

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