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Notes Motion

The document explains the concepts of friction, forces, motion, momentum, impulse, and circular motion, highlighting how forces affect the motion of objects and the principles of action-reaction pairs. It details the law of conservation of momentum and the factors influencing circular motion, including centripetal and centrifugal forces. Key equations and examples illustrate these physical principles and their applications.

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3 views6 pages

Notes Motion

The document explains the concepts of friction, forces, motion, momentum, impulse, and circular motion, highlighting how forces affect the motion of objects and the principles of action-reaction pairs. It details the law of conservation of momentum and the factors influencing circular motion, including centripetal and centrifugal forces. Key equations and examples illustrate these physical principles and their applications.

Uploaded by

amrit.shivangini
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FRICTION:

Friction is a force that opposes the motion of an object caused by the contact (rubbing) of two
surfaces. It always acts in the opposite direction to the direction in which the object is moving.

Air resistance (sometimes called drag) is a form of friction caused by a body moving
through the air.
Friction (including air resistance) results in energy loss due to the transfer of energy from
kinetic to internal (heat).

FORCES AND MOTION:


When an unbalanced (resultant) force acts on an object, it can affect its motion in a number of
ways:
 The object could speed up
 The object could slow down
 The object could change direction

Unit 2.10

Newton’s third law is also called the Law of action and reaction.
For every action, there exists a reaction force, which is equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction to the applied force.

1
Examples of action-reaction pairs:

The action - reaction forces always act on different objects.

 Gun pushes on bullet --- bullet pushes back on gun (recoil)


 Player throws ball forward by exerting a force with hand on ball --- ball pushes back on
hand
 Student pulls on desk --- desk pulls on student (This is how you can "pull" yourself
forward.)
 Earth pull on person (gravity) --- person pulls on Earth

Examples of forces that have equal magnitude and opposite direction but are NOT action-
reaction pairs.

Two forces acting on the same object, even if they have the same magnitude and point in
opposite direction, never form an action - reaction pair.

 Earth pulls object down against the floor --- normal force pushes person up and prevents
person from sinking into the floor (Both forces act on same object.)
 Person 1 is pushing object to the left --- person 2 is pushing object to the right, but object
stays at rest (Both forces act on same object.)
 Car moves with constant velocity. Motor pulls car forward --- friction points in the
backward direction (Both forces act on same object.)

RESULTANT FORCES:
When several forces act on a body, the resultant (overall) force on the body can be found by
adding together forces which act in the same direction and subtracting forces which act in
opposite directions:

NOTE: When the forces acting on a body are balanced (i.e. there is no resultant force), the body
will
 either remain at rest or
 continue to move in a straight line at a constant speed.

Balanced forces do not mean ‘only stationary’

2
MOMENTUM:
 Momentum is defined by the equation:

 The units of momentum are kgm/s (the units of mass multiplied by the units of velocity)
 Momentum is a vector quantity – it has direction as well as magnitude
 This means that momentum can be negative as well as positive:
 If an object travelling to the right has positive momentum, an object travelling in
the opposite direction (to the left) will have negative momentum.

Both, the tennis ball and the brick have the same momentum. This is because, though the brick is
much heavier than the ball, the velocity of the ball is much greater.
This means, on impact, they both would exert a similar force.

3
IMPULSE:
In the example above, eventually both object’s speed would reduce to zero. The product of force
and the time it takes both objects’ speed to reduce to zero is known as ‘Impulse’

 When a resultant (unbalanced) force acts on a mass, the momentum of that mass will change.
 The impulse of a force is equal to that force multiplied by the time for which it acts:
impulse = F × t
 The change in momentum of a mass is equal to the impulse provided by the force:
impulse = change in momentum
 Thus, F × t = mv - mu
(Where u is the initial velocity of the mass and v is the final velocity of the mass)

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM:


In the absence of external forces (such as friction), the total momentum of a system remains the
same.
This means that in a collision, the sum of the momentums before the collision will be the
same as the sum of momentums after the collision

Case 1:

Case 2:

As per the law of conservation of momentum,


M1U1 + M2U2 = (M1 + M2) V

LHS: 2  4 + 1  1 = 8 + 1 = 9 kgm/s
RHS: (2+1)  3 = 3  3 = 9 kgm/s
i.e., Momentum is conserved

4
CIRCULAR MOTION:
When a force acts at 90 degrees to an object’s direction of travel, the force will cause that object
to change direction

If the force continues to act at 90 degrees to the motion, the object will keep changing its direction
(whilst remaining at a constant speed) and travel in a circle.

This is what happens when a planet orbits a star (or satellite orbits a planet)

The force needed to make something follow a circular path depends on a number of factors:
 The mass of the object (a greater mass requires a greater force)
 The speed of the object (a faster-moving object requires a greater force)
 The radius of the circle (a smaller radius requires a greater force)

5
CENTRIPETAL FORCE:
The centripetal force pulls or pushes an object towards the centre of a circle as it travels, causing
angular or circular motion.

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE:
Centrifugal force is a pseudo (imaginary) force in a circular motion which acts along the radius and
is directed away from the centre of the circle.

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