Fundamental of Data

Science
Master the foundations of data science in engineering
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Overview

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental principles

and techniques of data science. Students will learn how to collect, clean, analyze,
and interpret data to make informed decisions. Through hands-on exercises and
projects, students will gain practical experience with popular data science tools
and programming languages. By the end of the course, students will have a solid
understanding of data science concepts and be able to apply them to solve real-
world engineering problems.

01 Introduction

Introduction to Data
Science
 01 Introduction to Data Science

What is Data Science?

Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that combines scientific methods,

processes, algorithms, and systems to extract knowledge and insights from
structured and unstructured data. It involves using a combination of tools and
techniques from various domains such as mathematics, statistics, computer
science, and domain knowledge to understand patterns, make predictions, and
drive decision-making.
Key Components of Data Science

Data Science involves three key components:

1. Data Collection: Gathering data from various sources, including databases, APIs,
sensors, social media, and other platforms. This step involves identifying the relevant
data variables needed for analysis.
2. Data Analysis: Analyzing the collected data to discover patterns, relationships, and
insights. Techniques such as descriptive statistics, data visualization, and exploratory
data analysis are used to understand the data's characteristics.
3. Modeling and Prediction: Creating mathematical models and algorithms to make
predictions and recommendations based on the analyzed data. Machine learning,
statistical modeling, and data mining techniques are commonly used to build predictive
models.
Importance of Data Science

Data Science plays a crucial role in various industries and fields, including:
1. Business and Finance

Data Science helps businesses make data-driven decisions, optimize operations,

and identify opportunities for growth. It enables financial institutions to build
models for risk assessment, fraud detection, and personalized marketing
campaigns.
2. Healthcare

Data Science empowers healthcare providers to analyze patient data, predict

disease outbreaks, optimize treatment plans, and personalize patient care. It also
plays a significant role in drug discovery and clinical research.
3. Marketing and Advertising

Data Science enables marketers to analyze customer behavior, segment target

audiences, personalize marketing campaigns, and optimize advertising strategies.
It helps in understanding customer preferences, improving customer retention,
and maximizing return on investment.
4. Social Media and Entertainment

Data Science helps social media platforms analyze large amounts of user-
generated data to understand user engagement, sentiment analysis, and content
recommendations. It also aids in creating personalized recommendations in the
entertainment industry for music, movies, and TV shows.
5. Sports Analytics

Data Science plays a crucial role in sports analytics by analyzing player

performance, predicting outcomes, optimizing team strategies, and enhancing fan
engagement. It enables teams to make data-driven decisions in player scouting,
game strategies, and injury prevention.
Skills Required for Data Science

To excel in Data Science, individuals should possess a combination of the

following skills:
1. Statistical Analysis: Proficiency in statistical concepts, including hypothesis testing,
regression analysis, and probability distributions.
2. Programming: Strong programming skills in languages like Python or R to manipulate,
analyze, and visualize data. Knowledge of SQL is also beneficial for working with
databases.
3. Machine Learning: Understanding of machine learning algorithms, such as classification,
clustering, and regression. Knowledge of techniques like feature selection, cross-
validation, and model evaluation is necessary.
4. Data Visualization: Ability to present complex data analysis results effectively using data
visualization tools like Matplotlib, Tableau, or ggplot.
5. Domain Knowledge: Familiarity with the field or industry for which data analysis is being
performed. This helps in understanding the context and interpreting the results
accurately.
 Conclusion - Introduction to Data Science
In conclusion, Introduction to Data Science provided a solid
foundation for understanding the key concepts and
principles of data science. From learning about the data
science lifecycle to exploring different types of data, this
topic equipped learners with the necessary knowledge to
embark on their data science journey.

Data Preprocessing and

Cleaning
 02 Data Preprocessing and Cleaning

In data science, data preprocessing and cleaning are essential steps that help
transform raw data into a suitable format for further analysis. Raw data is often
incomplete, noisy, or inconsistent, making it difficult to derive meaningful insights.
By preprocessing and cleaning the data, we can address these issues and
enhance the quality and reliability of our analysis.
1. Introduction to Data Preprocessing

Data preprocessing involves transforming raw data into a structured format that is
more amenable for analysis. It focuses on handling missing values, dealing with
outliers, and normalizing or scaling the data. By preprocessing the data, we can
improve the accuracy and efficiency of our models.
Handling Missing Data

Missing values are common in real-world datasets and can adversely affect the
analysis. In this phase, we explore various techniques to handle missing data,
such as deleting incomplete rows or columns, imputing missing values with
statistical measures (e.g., mean, median, or mode), or using advanced techniques
like regression or clustering to predict missing values.
Dealing with Outliers
Outliers are data points that deviate significantly from the overall pattern of the
dataset. They can distort analysis results and impact the performance of machine
learning models. We discuss methods to identify and handle outliers, including
statistical measures like z-scores or quartiles, visualization techniques like box
plots, and advanced algorithms like Isolation Forest or Local Outlier Factor.
Normalization and Scaling

Normalization and scaling are techniques used to standardize the range or

distribution of features in the dataset. These techniques ensure that variables
with different scales or units have a similar impact on the analysis. Common
normalization methods include min-max scaling, z-score normalization, and
robust scaling.
2. Data Cleaning Techniques

Data cleaning focuses on handling noisy or inconsistent data elements and

ensuring data quality. This phase involves identifying and correcting errors,
removing duplicates, and resolving inconsistencies in the dataset to minimize the
impact of data inaccuracies on the analysis.
Handling Noisy Data

Noisy data refers to data with errors or inconsistencies, often introduced during
data collection or entry. We delve into techniques for handling noisy data,
including data smoothing, error-correcting codes, and outlier detection methods.
Removing Duplicate Data
Duplicate data can lead to biased analyses and inaccurate results. We explore
methods to identify and remove duplicated records in the dataset, using criteria
such as exact match, similarity measures, or advanced algorithms like hashing or
clustering.
Resolving Inconsistencies

Inconsistent data occurs when different attributes or data elements have

conflicting values within the dataset. We discuss techniques to identify and
resolve inconsistencies, including standardizing data formats and values, using
knowledge-based methods, or leveraging domain-specific rules and constraints.
3. Importance of Data Preprocessing and Cleaning

Data preprocessing and cleaning are crucial steps in the data science workflow.
They lay the foundation for accurate and reliable analysis and modeling by
ensuring the data is suitable for the intended purpose. By addressing missing
values, outliers, and inconsistencies, we can improve data quality, minimize bias,
and enhance the performance of subsequent analysis and machine learning
algorithms.
Moreover, ignoring data preprocessing and cleaning can lead to incorrect or
misleading conclusions, as well as decreased efficiency in model training and
prediction. These steps enable us to handle real-world complexities and
challenges associated with raw data, enhancing the overall effectiveness of data
science projects.
In conclusion, data preprocessing and cleaning are essential components of the
data science process. They involve handling missing data, outliers, noisy data,
duplicates, and inconsistencies to prepare the data for analysis. Through these
techniques, we can improve data quality, enhance model performance, and derive
meaningful insights from complex data.

Conclusion - Data Preprocessing and Cleaning

Data Preprocessing and Cleaning is an essential step in the
data science process. This topic covered various techniques
and tools for cleaning and transforming raw data into a
suitable format for analysis. Learners gained practical skills
in handling missing data, handling outliers, and dealing with
inconsistent data, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of
their analyses.
Exploratory Data Analysis

03 Exploratory Data Analysis

Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) is a crucial step in the data science process
where analysts investigate and analyze data to gain a better understanding of its
properties and uncover patterns and insights. EDA enables data scientists to
assess the quality of data, identify any missing values or outliers, and understand
the distribution, relationships, and characteristics of the data. This process lays
the foundation for making informed decisions and deriving meaningful insights
from the data.
EDA involves several key techniques and methods, which are employed to explore
and summarize the data. These techniques help reveal the underlying structure,
trends, and patterns within the data, which can then be used to build models or
make predictions.
Characteristics of Exploratory Data Analysis
EDA can be characterized by the following key aspects:
1. Descriptive Statistics: EDA begins with summarizing the data through descriptive
statistics. Descriptive statistics provide insights into the central tendency, variability, and
distribution of the variables in the dataset. Common descriptive statistics include mean,
median, standard deviation, and percentiles.
2. Data Visualization: Visual representations play a vital role in EDA as they provide a clear
and intuitive way to understand the data. Data visualization techniques such as
histograms, box plots, scatter plots, and bar charts facilitate the identification of
patterns, trends, and outliers in the data.
3. Data Cleaning: EDA involves identifying and handling missing values, outliers, and
inconsistencies in the dataset. This process ensures that the data is reliable, accurate,
and suitable for analysis. Data cleaning techniques include imputation of missing values,
outlier detection, and handling data inconsistencies.
4. Exploring Relationships: EDA enables analysts to explore relationships between
variables in the dataset. By examining correlations and dependencies, analysts can
determine how different variables are related to each other. This information is crucial for
identifying potential predictors or variables that have a significant impact on the outcome
of interest.
5. Feature Engineering: EDA aids in feature engineering, which involves creating new
features or transforming existing ones based on domain knowledge and the insights
gained from the initial analysis. Feature engineering can enhance the predictive power of
the data and improve the performance of models.
6. Data Transformation: EDA involves transforming data to satisfy assumptions required by
statistical methods or to improve the interpretability of the results. Common
transformations include log transformation, normalization, or scaling of variables.
Benefits of Exploratory Data Analysis

Exploratory Data Analysis offers several benefits to data scientists and analysts:
1. Data Understanding: EDA helps analysts gain a deep understanding of the dataset by
examining its structure, patterns, and characteristics. This understanding is essential for
making informed decisions during subsequent stages of the data science process.
2. Identifying Data Issues: Through EDA, analysts can identify and address issues such as
missing values, outliers, or data inconsistencies that may affect the reliability of the
analysis and subsequent models.
3. Insights and Hypothesis Generation: EDA enables analysts to generate initial insights
and hypotheses about relationships between variables or potential drivers of certain
outcomes. These insights form the basis for further analysis and model development.
4. Effective Visualizations: EDA provides a platform for creating effective visualizations
that aid in communicating data insights to stakeholders effectively. Visualizations can
simplify complex information and contribute to better decision-making.
5. Enhanced Model Performance: By applying EDA techniques, analysts can preprocess
data, select relevant features, and transform variables, ultimately leading to improved
model performance.
In conclusion, Exploratory Data Analysis is a critical step in the data science
process that helps analysts gain a comprehensive understanding of the data's
properties, relationships, and patterns. Through descriptive statistics, data
visualization, data cleaning, and exploration of relationships, EDA empowers
analysts to generate insights, make data-driven decisions, and build robust
models.

Conclusion - Exploratory Data Analysis

Exploratory Data Analysis is a crucial step in uncovering
insights and patterns from the data. This topic introduced
learners to exploratory data analysis techniques such as
 data visualization, summary statistics, and correlation
analysis. By analyzing and visualizing the data, learners were
able to gain a better understanding of the underlying
patterns, relationships, and trends within the dataset.

Practical Exercises
Let's put your knowledge into practice

04 Practical Exercises

In the this lesson, we'll put theory into practice through hands-on activities. Click
on the items below to check each exercise and develop practical skills that will
help you succeed in the subject.
Data Science Basics

In this exercise, you will learn the basic concepts and principles of data
science, including data types, variables, and data manipulation
techniques.

Data Cleaning Techniques

In this exercise, you will practice different data cleaning techniques, such
as handling missing values, removing duplicates, and dealing with outliers.

Data Visualization

In this exercise, you will explore various visualization techniques to gain

insights from the data. You will learn how to create histograms, scatter
plots, and box plots.
Wrap-up
Let's review what we have just seen so far

05 Wrap-up

In conclusion, Introduction to Data Science provided a solid foundation for

understanding the key concepts and principles of data science. From learning
about the data science lifecycle to exploring different types of data, this topic
equipped learners with the necessary knowledge to embark on their data science
journey.

Data Preprocessing and Cleaning is an essential step in the data science

process. This topic covered various techniques and tools for cleaning and
transforming raw data into a suitable format for analysis. Learners gained
practical skills in handling missing data, handling outliers, and dealing with
inconsistent data, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of their analyses.

Exploratory Data Analysis is a crucial step in uncovering insights and patterns

from the data. This topic introduced learners to exploratory data analysis
techniques such as data visualization, summary statistics, and correlation
analysis. By analyzing and visualizing the data, learners were able to gain a
 better understanding of the underlying patterns, relationships, and trends within
the dataset.

Quiz
Check your knowledge answering some questions

06 Quiz

Question 1/6
What is Data Science?
The study of data and its applications
The study of computers
The study of mathematics
Question 2/6
Which of the following is a data preprocessing technique?
Normalization
Classification
Regression

Question 3/6
What is exploratory data analysis?
The process of analyzing data to summarize their main characteristics
The process of collecting data
The process of visualizing data

Question 4/6
What is the purpose of data cleaning?
To remove errors and inconsistencies from the data
To analyze the data
To visualize the data

Question 5/6
Which of the following is a common data cleaning technique?
Remove duplicate records
Perform regression analysis
 Create a scatter plot

Question 6/6
What is an outlier in data?
An extreme value that is significantly different from other values
A value that is equal to zero
A value that is missing

Submit

Conclusion

Congratulations!
Congratulations on completing this course! You have taken an important step in
unlocking your full potential. Completing this course is not just about acquiring
knowledge; it's about putting that knowledge into practice and making a positive
impact on the world around you.
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