MATLAB Code for solving Traffic Signal Timing

Optimization using the Firefly Optimization Algorithm

% Firefly Optimization Algorithm for Traffic Signal Timing Optimization

clc; clear; close all;

%% Problem Definition

nVars = 2; % Number of decision variables: [Green Time for Road 1, Green Time for Road 2]

VarMin = 10; % Minimum Green Time (Seconds)

VarMax = 60; % Maximum Green Time (Seconds)

% Objective Function (Minimizing Total Waiting Time)

ObjectiveFunction = @(x) TrafficCongestionCost(x);

%% Firefly Algorithm Parameters

nFireflies = 20; % Number of fireflies (solutions)

maxIter = 50; % Maximum iterations

alpha = 0.2; % Randomness factor

gamma = 1; % Light absorption coefficient

beta0 = 1; % Base attractiveness

% Initialize Fireflies

fireflies = rand(nFireflies, nVars) * (VarMax - VarMin) + VarMin;

brightness = zeros(nFireflies, 1);

% Evaluate initial brightness (fitness)

for i = 1:nFireflies

brightness(i) = ObjectiveFunction(fireflies(i, :));

end

%% Firefly Algorithm Loop

for i = 1:nFireflies

for j = 1:nFireflies

if brightness(j) < brightness(i) % Move towards brighter firefly

r = norm(fireflies(i, :) - fireflies(j, :)); % Distance

beta = beta0 * exp(-gamma * r^2); % Attractiveness

% Update position

fireflies(i, :) = fireflies(i, :) + ...

beta * (fireflies(j, :) - fireflies(i, :)) + ...

alpha * (rand(1, nVars) - 0.5) * (VarMax - VarMin);

% Boundary check

fireflies(i, :) = max(fireflies(i, :), VarMin);

fireflies(i, :) = min(fireflies(i, :), VarMax);

% Evaluate new brightness

brightness(i) = ObjectiveFunction(fireflies(i, :));

end

end

end

% Best solution in the current iteration

[bestValue, bestIndex] = min(brightness);

bestSolution = fireflies(bestIndex, :);

% Display progress

fprintf('Iteration %d: Best Waiting Time = %.2f seconds\n', iter, bestValue);

end

%% Display Final Results

fprintf('Green Time for Road 1: %.2f sec\n', bestSolution(1));

fprintf('Green Time for Road 2: %.2f sec\n', bestSolution(2));

%% Traffic Congestion Cost Function (Objective Function)

function waitingTime = TrafficCongestionCost(x)

% Simulated traffic congestion based on signal timing

greenTime1 = x(1); % Green light for Road 1

greenTime2 = x(2); % Green light for Road 2

% Traffic flow simulation: more green time reduces waiting time

vehicleFlow1 = 100 - (greenTime1 * 0.8); % Traffic delay factor

vehicleFlow2 = 100 - (greenTime2 * 0.7);

% Total waiting time (lower is better)

waitingTime = vehicleFlow1 + vehicleFlow2;

end

RESULT
Iteration 1: Best Waiting Time = 116.48 seconds
Iteration 2: Best Waiting Time = 116.48 seconds
Iteration 3: Best Waiting Time = 116.48 seconds
Iteration 4: Best Waiting Time = 116.48 seconds
Iteration 5: Best Waiting Time = 115.14 seconds
Iteration 6: Best Waiting Time = 115.14 seconds
Iteration 7: Best Waiting Time = 115.14 seconds
Iteration 8: Best Waiting Time = 115.14 seconds
Iteration 9: Best Waiting Time = 115.14 seconds
Iteration 10: Best Waiting Time = 115.14 seconds
Iteration 11: Best Waiting Time = 115.14 seconds
Iteration 12: Best Waiting Time = 115.14 seconds
Iteration 13: Best Waiting Time = 115.14 seconds
Iteration 14: Best Waiting Time = 115.14 seconds
Iteration 15: Best Waiting Time = 115.14 seconds
Iteration 16: Best Waiting Time = 115.14 seconds
Iteration 17: Best Waiting Time = 114.23 seconds
Iteration 18: Best Waiting Time = 114.23 seconds
Iteration 19: Best Waiting Time = 114.23 seconds
Iteration 20: Best Waiting Time = 114.23 seconds
Iteration 21: Best Waiting Time = 110.35 seconds
Iteration 22: Best Waiting Time = 110.35 seconds
Iteration 23: Best Waiting Time = 110.35 seconds
Iteration 24: Best Waiting Time = 110.35 seconds
Iteration 25: Best Waiting Time = 110.35 seconds
Iteration 26: Best Waiting Time = 110.35 seconds
Iteration 27: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 28: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 29: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 30: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 31: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 32: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 33: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 34: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 35: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 36: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 37: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 38: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 39: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 40: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 41: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 42: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 43: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 44: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 45: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 46: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 47: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 48: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 49: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds
Iteration 50: Best Waiting Time = 110.00 seconds

Optimized Signal Timings: