PYTHON TUTORIAL FOR BEGINNERS
Source: www.youtube.com/@RishabhMishraOfficial
Chapter - 20
OOPs in Python
• What is OOPs
• Why OOP is required
• Class and Object
• Attributes and Methods
• __init__ Method (Constructor)
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
OOPs in Python
Two ways of programming in Python:
1) Procedural Programming,
2) OOPs
OOPs: Object Oriented Programming
A way of organizing code by creating "blueprints" (called classes) to represent real-world
things like a student, car, or house. These blueprints help you create objects (individual
examples of those things) and define their behavior.
Class: A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects.
It defines the properties (attributes) & actions/behaviors (methods) that objects of this
type will have.
Object: An object is a specific instance of a class.
It has actual data based on the blueprint defined by the class.
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OOPs Example in Python
Example: Constructing a building
Class: Blueprint for a floor.
Object: Actual house built from the blueprint. Each house (object) can have different
features, like paint color or size, but follows the same blueprint.
Why OOPs?
• Models Real-World Problems:
Mimics real-world entities for easier understanding.
• Code Reusability:
Encourages reusable, modular, and organized code.
• Easier Maintenance:
OOP organizes code into small, manageable parts (classes and objects). Changes in
one part don’t impact others, making it easier to maintain.
• Encapsulation:
Encapsulation protects data integrity and privacy by bundling data and methods
within objects.
• Flexibility & Scalability:
OOP makes it easier to add new features without affecting existing code.
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OOPs – Question
Write a Python program to:
1. Define a Student class with attributes name, grade, percentage, and team.
• Include an __init__ method to initialize these attributes.
• Add a method student_details that prints the student’s details in the format:
"<name> is in <grade> grade with <percentage>%, from team <team>".
2. Create two teams (team1 and team2) as string variables.
3. Create at least two student objects, each belonging to one of the teams.
4. Call the student_details method for each student to display their details.
Class and Object Example
Class: A class is a blueprint or template for creating objects.
Object: An object is a specific instance of a class.
Example
class Student:
pass
# Create an object
student1 = Student()
print(type(student1))
# Output: <class '__main__.Student'>
Attributes and Methods
Attributes: Variables that hold data about the object.
Methods: Functions defined inside a class that describe its behavior.
Example
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, grade):
self.name = name # Attribute
self.grade = grade # Attribute
def get_grade(self): # Method
return f"{self.name} is in grade {self.grade}."
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# Object creation
student1 = Student("Madhav", 10)
print(student1.get_grade()) # Output: Madhav is in grade 10.
The __init__ Method (Constructor)
Whenever we create/construct an object of a class, there is an inbuilt method __init__
which is automatically called to initialize attributes.
The self parameter is a reference to the current instance of the class, and is used to
access variables that belong to the class.
Example
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, grade):
self.name = name
self.grade = grade
# Initialize object with attributes
student1 = Student("Madhav", 10)
print(student1.name) # Output: Madhav
Abstraction in Python: Hiding unnecessary details
Abstraction hides implementation details and shows only the relevant functionality to the
user.
Example
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, grade, percentage):
self.name = name
self.grade = grade
self.percentage = percentage
def is_honors(self): # Abstracting the logic
return self.percentage > 90 # Logic hidden
# Abstract method in use
student1 = Student("Madhav", 10, 98)
print(student1.is_honors()) # Output: True
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Encapsulation in Python: Restricting direct access to attributes & methods
Encapsulation restricts access to certain attributes or methods to protect the data and
enforce controlled access.
Example
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, grade, percentage):
self.name = name
self.grade = grade
self.__percentage = percentage # Private attribute
(hidden)
def get_percentage(self): # Public method to access the
private attribute
return self.__percentage
# Creating a student object
student1 = Student("Madhav", 10, 98)
# Accessing the private attribute using the public method
print(f"{student1.name}'s percentage is
{student1.get_percentage()}%.")
print(student1.__percentage) # error
Inheritance in Python: Reusing Parent’s prop & methods
Inheritance (parent-child), allows one class (child) to reuse the properties and methods of
another class (parent). This avoids duplication and helps in code reuse.
Example
class Student:
def __init__(self, name, grade, percentage):
self.name = name
self.grade = grade
self.percentage = percentage
def student_details(self): # method
print(f'{self.name} is in {self.grade} grade with
{self.percentage}%')
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class GraduateStudent(Student): # GraduateStudent inherits
from Student
def __init__(self, name, grade, percentage, stream):
super().__init__(name, grade, percentage) # Call
parent class initializer
self.stream = stream # New attribute specific to
GraduateStudent
def student_details(self):
super().student_details()
print(f"Stream: {self.stream}")
# Create a graduate student
grad_student = GraduateStudent("Vishakha", 12, 94, "PCM")
# Vishakha is in 12 grade with 94%
grad_student.student_details() # Stream: PCM
Polymorphism in Python: Same method but different output
Polymorphism allows methods in different classes to have the same name but behave
differently depending on the object.
Example
class GraduateStudent(Student):
def student_details(self): # Same method as in parent
class
print(f"{self.name} is a graduate student from final
year.")
# Polymorphism in action
student1 = Student("Madhav", 10, 98)
grad_student = GraduateStudent("Sudevi", 12, 99, "PCM")
student1.student_details()
# Output: Madhav is in 10 grade with 98%
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grad_student.student_details()
# Output: Sudevi is a graduate student from final year.
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