Calculus (MAT113)

Department of Mathematics
SRM University AP, Andhra Pradesh
 Antiderivatives

Definition
A function F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I if F 0 (x) = f (x) for all x in
I.

The process of recovering a function F (x) from its derivative f (x) is called
antidifferentiation.
 Antiderivatives

Definition
A function F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I if F 0 (x) = f (x) for all x in
I.

The process of recovering a function F (x) from its derivative f (x) is called
antidifferentiation.
Example: Find an antiderivative for each of the following functions.
(a) f (x) = 2x (b) g(x) = cos x (c) h(x) = sec2 x + 2√ 1
x
Remark: The function F (x) = x 2 is not the only function whose derivative is
2x. The function x 2 + 1 has the same derivative. So does x 2 + C for any
arbitrary constant C.
Remark: The function F (x) = x 2 is not the only function whose derivative is
2x. The function x 2 + 1 has the same derivative. So does x 2 + C for any
arbitrary constant C.More generally, we have the following result.

Theorem
If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I, then the most general antideriva-
tive of f on I is
F (x) + C,
where C is an arbitrary constant.

Example: Find an antiderivative of f (x) = 3x 2 that satisfies F (1) = −1.

Antiderivative formulas:
k is a nonzero constant
Example: Find the general antiderivative of each of the following functions.

(a) f (x) = x 5 (b) g(x) = √1

x
(c) h(x) = sin 2x (d) p(x) = cos x
2
 Indefinite Integrals

Definition
The collection of all antiderivatives of f is called the indefinite integral of f
with respect to x, and is denoted by
Z
f (x) dx.
R
The symbol is an integral sign. The function f is the integrand of the inte-
gral, and x is the variable of integration.

Example:
(i) 2x dx = x 2 + C.
R
R
(ii) cos x dx = sin x + C.
√
(iii) (sec2 x + 2√
1
R
x
) dx = tan x + x + C.
Example: Evaluate Z
(x 2 − 2x + 5) dx.
Area and estimating with finite sums
Upper sum approximation to the area
Upper sum approximation to the area
Lower sum approximation to the area
Mid point rule for approximating the area
 Summary

In each of the sums that we computed, the interval [a, b] over which the
function f is defined was subdivided into n subintervals of equal width
(or length) ∆x = (b−a)
n
.
f was evaluated at a point in each subinterval: c1 in the first subinterval,
c2 in the second subinterval, and so on.
For the upper sum we chose ck so that f (ck ) was the maximum value of
f in the k th subinterval, for the lower sum we chose it so that f (ck ) was
the minimum, and for the midpoint rule we chose ck to be the midpoint
of the k th subinterval.
In each case the finite sums have the form

f (c1 )∆x + f (c2 )∆x + · · · + f (cn )∆x

.
By taking more and more rectangles, with each rectangle thinner than
before, it appears that these finite sums give better and better approxi-
mations to the true area of the region R.
Example: Find the limiting value of lower sum approximations to the area of
the region R below the graph of y = 1 − x 2 and above the interval [0, 1] on
the x-axis using equal-width rectangles whose widths approach zero and
whose number approaches infinity.
Riemann Sum
Norm of a partition P (Definition)
Let P be a partition of [a, b]. We define the norm of P, denoted by ||P|| , to
be the largest of all the subinterval widths.

Example: The set P = {0, 0.2, 0.6, 1, 1.5, 2} is a partition of [0, 2]. Then
||P|| = 0.5.
 The Definite Integral

Definition
Let f (x) be a function defined on a closed interval [a, b] . We say that a num-
ber J is the definite integral of f over [a, b] if
n
X
J = lim f (ck )∆xk ,
||P||→0
k =1

for every partition P = {x0 , x1 , · · · , xn } of [a, b].

Note: If the definite integral exists, then instead of writing J we write

Z b
f (x) dx. Therefore,
a

Z b n
X n
X
f (x) dx = lim f (ck )∆xk = lim f (ck )∆xk .
a ||P||→0 n→∞
k =1 k =1
 Integrable and Non integrable Functions

Integrability of Continuous Functions

If a function f is continuous over the interval [a, b] , or if f has at most finitely
Z b
many jump discontinuities there, then the definite integral f (x) dx exists
a
and f is integrable over [a, b].
Rules Satisfied by definite integrals
Example: Suppose that
Z 1 Z 4 Z 1
f (x) dx = 5, f (x) dx = −2, h(x) dx = 7.
−1 1 −1

Then find the following integrals:

Z 1
(i) f (x) dx
4

Z 1
(ii) [2f (x) + 3h(x)] dx
−1

Z 4
(iii) f (x) dx
−1
 Z 1√ √
Example: Show that the value of 1 + cos x ≤ 2.
0

Reference
Thomas’ Calculus, 14th Edition by Pearson ( George B. Thomas, JR.
Joel Hass, Christopher Heil and Maurice D. Weir), 2018.