Expt No:8 Date:

MODELLING OF RTD USING DATA LOGGER

AIM:
To model an RTD along with signal and to identify the mathematical modeling equation if the
given RTD design data logger.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. RTD-Pt 100
2. Op-Amp Ic 741
3. Resistors
4. Multimeter
5. Data logger
6. Bread Board
FORMULA:
Transfer function G(s)= 1/(sT+1)
DERIVATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION:
UA(T1-T2)=MS d(T2)/dt
T1-process temperature
T2-Measurement temperature
M-mass of sensing portion
S-specific heat capacity
U-Internal heat transfer co efficient
THEORY:
Differential equations describe the behavior of physical systems in which a redistribution of
energy is taking place. In a mechanical system, a mass in motion stores kinetic energy and may
store potential energy by virtue of its position in a force field. When a mechanical system does
not store potential energy but does dissipate energy, the differential equation is first order in
velocity, e.g.,

____(1)
where
v = velocity,
dv/dt = acceleration,
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m = mass,
D = dissipation factor, and
F = external force.
The above equation applies to a cup anemometer because the anemometer can store kinetic
energy in the cup wheel as moment of inertia but, because the cup wheel has no preferred
position with respect to the wind vector, it cannot store potential energy. It dissipates kinetic
energy into the wind stream.
A thermal system, such as a thermometer, could be described by

mCdT = UA(Ti - T)dt

where m = mass in kg, C = specific heat in J kg-1 K-1, Ti = input temperature, T = sensor output
temperature, U = heat transfer coefficient in J K-1 s-1 m-2, A= effective area for heat transfer in
m2, and t = time in s.
For a linear system, the response to a sum of inputs is simply the sum of the responses to these
inputs applied separately. This is the superposition principle and can be taken as the defining
property of linear systems. This is an extremely useful property because it allows analysis of the
response to complex signals in the frequency domain by superposition of responses to individual
frequencies. This the justification for using linear models even when the fit is far from ideal.
A physical system is said to be in a static state when the distribution of energy within the system
is constant with time. When there is an exchange of energy within the system, the system is in
a dynamic state and its performance is described by a differential equation containing derivatives
with respect to time. To determine static characteristics such as threshold, measurements of the
output must be made for many different values of the input. Each measurement is made while the
system is static (i.e., not changing). During the transition from one static state to another, the
system is dynamic. We wait until the dynamic energy exchange has ceased before making the
static measurement.
When forces are applied at discrete points and are transmitted by discrete components within the
system, the system can be defined by lumped parameters. But when it is necessary to describe
the variation across space coordinates of a physical component, the system must be described
with distributed parameters and is modeled by a partial differential equation.
Dynamic performance analysis is concerned with modeling the performance of dynamic, lumped
parameter systems with ordinary differential equations where time is the independent variable.
The number of dynamic performance parameters is equal to the order of the system so, for a
first-order system, the performance equation can be written in the canonical form

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 ______(2)
The solution to eqn. 6.2 is x(t) = xT(t) + xS(t) where xT(t) is the transient solution and xS(t) is
the steady-state solution. The transient response, or complementary function in mathematical
terms, is obtained when the forcing function is set to zero and the system is released from some
set of initial conditions at time t = 0. The distribution of energy in the system storage elements
at the time of release must tend towards zero due to the always present energy dissipation. In
system terms, the output for a given initial energy distribution and driving input is the transient
solution plus the steady-state solution. In mathematical terms, the equation solution for a given
set of initial conditions and a forcing function is the complementary function plus the particular
function.
The steady-state solution can be found by the method of undetermined coefficients. Given that
the input is some function xi(t), repeatedly differentiate xi(t) with respect to t until the derivatives
go to zero or repeat the functional form of some lower-order derivative. This is also the test for
the applicability of the method: if neither of the above conditions prevail, the method of
undetermined coefficients cannot be used. Write the steady-state solution as
xs (t) = k1 xi (t) + k2 Dx i (t) + k3 D2 xi (t) + 
where D is the differential operator d/dt. The right hand side of eqn. 3 must include one term for
each functionally different form found by examining xi(t) and its derivatives. The constant ki do
not depend upon the initial conditions. They are found by substituting eq.3 into eq.2.
Step-Function Input
One of the simplest inputs to consider is the step function, a function which is zero for t < 0 and
equal to some non-zero constant for t > 0. We can model this by setting xi = xc, a constant, and
by setting the initial condition x(0) = 0. A first-order equation has only one initial condition and
so this specifies that the sensor is at rest with output equal to zero at time t=0 then it responds to
the input, which is constant for t>0. One way of solving for the transient response of eqn.2. (with
xi(t) = 0) is to integrate it directly; we can write it in the form:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
− ____(4)
𝑥 𝜏

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 
Positive step response. In the top curve, 𝜏 = 2 s and 𝜏 = 6 s in the bottom curve. The output
ratio is
The transient solution is

x = Ce-t/ ()
where C is an arbitrary constant. The steady-state solution of eqn. 2, with xi = xc, a constant,
must be xS = xc so the complete solution is given by
x(t) = xT (t)+ xS (t) = xc + C e-t/()
The constant C can be determined by applying the initial condition. The initial condition is
x(0) = xc + C = 0 so C = -xc therefore
x(t) = xc (1 - e-t/ ).

The first-order step-function response is shown in Fig. for two different time constants. Both
systems exhibit 63.2% response to the step input when t = 𝜏, 86.5% response when t = 2 𝜏, and
95% response when t = 3 𝜏.

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 Fig. Response to a negative step with  = 4s
A first-order response to a decreasing step input is shown in Fig. This condition may be
obtained by setting the input xi(t) = 0 and the initial condition x(0) = xc. The solution, similar
to eqn
x(t) = xc e-t/ .

As before, 63.2% response is obtained when t =𝜏

Circuit diagram:

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RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DETECTOR:
Resistance thermometer is also called as Resistance temperature detector (RTD) is temperature
sensors that exploit the predictable change in electrical resistance of some material with
changing temperature, as they are almost invariably made of platinum. They are often called
resistive thermometer resistance of some materials with changing temperature. As they are
almost resistance thermometer. They are slowly replacing the use of thermocouple in many
industrial applications below 873K due to higher and accuracy repeatability
DATA LOGGER:
Technically a data logger is any device that can be used to store data. This includes many data
acquisition device such as plug in boards or serial communication system which use a computer
or a real time data recording system. However, a most instrument manufacturers consider a
data logger a stand-alone device that can store the data in internal memory for later download
to a computer.
PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Calibrate the signal conditioning circuit using 100ohms and standard resistors, or
changing the range (0-4)v.
3. Measure room temperature and corresponding voltage.
4. Now connect RTD and increase the output voltage at room temperature.
5. Simultaneously heat the water bath and maintain the bath at 100degree C
6. Open the data logger software front panel to range and given filename and keep
ready for play.
7. wait until response reach steady state.
8. Connect data form to excel format.
9. From this we can determine the transfer function and response time of RTD.

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Tabular Column:

Time in (sec) Output in (v) Time in (sec) Output in (v)

RESULT:
Thus, the mathematical modeling of RTD is calculated and the graph is drawn
Response time =_________
Transfer function=__________

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