ON FLOW THROUGH AND/OR ACROSS

POROUS MEDIUM : ANALYTICAL AND

NUMERICAL STRATEGIES

SYNOPSIS
Submitted to the

For the Degree of

In

(Faculty of Science)

Supervisor : Submitted By :
Prof. Paresh Vyas Sunil Kumar Meena
Professor Ph.D. Student
Department of Mathematics Department of Mathematics
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur University of Rajasthan, Jaipur

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN
JAIPUR-302004 (INDIA)

March 2025
 Table of Contents

Sr. No. Content Page No.

1. Introduction 1
2. Literature Survey 2
3. Proposed Plan of Work 4
4. Research Methodology 4
5. Bibliography 6
i. Books 6
ii. Research Papers 9
1. INTRODUCTION :

The investigation of fluid transport within and/or across porous media has
garnered substantial attention due to its extensive implications in engineering,
environmental sciences, and biomedical domains, among others. All solid and
semi-solid materials inherently possess interstitial voids, and when these voids
are sufficiently large to sustain fluid motion, the material qualifies as "porous."
With the exception of some metals, certain dense rock formations, and selected
polymeric substances, the majority of solids and semi-solids exhibit porosity.
Most porous structures consist of a three-dimensional, intricately interconnected
network of capillary channels with heterogeneous geometries and non-uniform
dimensions, commonly referred to as pores or voids [Ganguly, S., Flow Through
Porous Media, NPTEL, IIT KGP].

Two fundamental properties governing porous media are porosity and

permeability. Porosity is mathematically defined as the ratio of void volume to
the total volume of a given porous structure, while permeability quantifies the
medium’s ability to facilitate fluid transmission. Given the ubiquity of porous
media in natural and engineered systems, comprehending the fluid transport
mechanisms within these structures is imperative. This field of study holds
profound significance in advancing energy transition strategies as the global shift
toward net-zero emissions intensifies. Understanding the manipulation of
Gigaton-scale fluid reservoirs in subsurface environments, the optimization of
battery architectures, the design of electrolyzer fuel cells, catalytic systems, and
functional materials, as well as the analysis of fluid migration from geological
formations to biological tissues, constitutes an indispensable aspect of modern
scientific and technological advancements .
At the high temperature and pressure, that we might encounter in deep
underground, we must have the ability to image and see what’s going on and with
the advances in computer algorithms and in computer power we can apply
sophisticated numerical algorithms to simulate the flow to create digital twins of
our systems of interest and to use them for better design and management. [Blunt,
M., (2023) ].

Analytical and numerical strategies provide essential tools to model and predict
flow behaviour in porous media. Analytical methods, such as Darcy’s law,
Brinkman’s equation, and the Forchheimer model, offer closed-form solutions
under simplified conditions, giving insight into fundamental flow mechanisms.
On the other hand, numerical techniques, including Finite Element Method
(FEM), Finite Volume Method (FVM), and Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM),
enable the study of complex, nonlinear, and heterogeneous flow systems. These
approaches help in understanding velocity distributions, pressure gradients, and
heat transfer phenomena, making them indispensable for designing industrial and
environmental systems.

Despite extensive research, challenges remain in accurately capturing multi-scale

transport processes, turbulence effects, and non-Newtonian fluid behaviour in
porous structures. Hence, a combination of analytical approximations and
numerical simulations is often required to bridge the gap between theoretical
predictions and experimental findings. This study aims to explore the
effectiveness of both strategies in modelling flow through and / or across porous
media, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and potential improvements for
future research.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY :
The exploration of fluid transport phenomena within porous media has undergone
extensive theoretical and computational advancements, with researchers
formulating sophisticated analytical and numerical models to elucidate the
intricate transport mechanisms governing such systems. The foundational
framework for flow through porous structures was established by Darcy (1856),
whose empirical law was subsequently extended by Forchheimer (1901) and
Brinkman (1947) to incorporate inertial and viscous dissipation effects.

Several authoritative texts provide a rigorous foundation in fluid dynamics,

offering deep insights into the fundamental principles governing the discipline.
Notable among these are Batchelor (1969); Chorlton & O'Neil (1986); Date
(2005); Fletcher (1976); and Gaskell (2003). For flow through porous media,
seminal works such as Bear (1972); DeBoer (1992); Howell (2000); Muskat &
Wyckoff (1937); Nield & Bejan (2006); Ingham & Pop (2001); Scheidegger
(1963); and Vafai (2000) have played a pivotal role in shaping theoretical and
applied research in the field. Likewise, transport phenomena have been
extensively explored in classic treatises such as Baehr & Stephen (1998); Bird et
al. (1960); Dulian (1992); Kaviany (1999); Modest (2003); Ghoshdastidar (2004),
Sparrow & Cess (1970); and Tannehill et al. (1997), which collectively provide
a comprehensive understanding of heat, mass, and momentum transfer
mechanisms. Numerical methodologies have further enriched this domain, as
detailed in works such as Fauset, L.V. (2009); Gourdin, A. (1996); Holmes, M.
H. (2018); and Jain, M.K. (1979), which explore finite difference, finite element,
and spectral techniques for resolving complex flow behaviour in porous
structures.

A vast number of research papers have been published in literature which deals
with various problems related to the topic. [Barman and Srinivasacharya (2024);
Vyas et al. (2024); Harish Chandra (2024); Chen et al. (2024); Vyas and Gajanand
(2024); Bejawada et al. (2023); Xu et al. (2023); Ghanim et al. (2023); Omar et
al. (2023); Vyas et al. (2023); Vyas and Khan (2023); Jadidi et al. (2022); Shobha
et al. (2022); Das et al. (2022); Goud et al. (2022); Vaddemani et al. (2022); Vyas
and Yadav (2021); Sucharitha et al. (2021); Roja et al. (2021); Japili et al. (2021);
Hassan et al. (2020); Thumma et al. (2019); Najari et al. (2019); Umavathi and
Hemavathi (2019); Kausar et al. (2019); Zhang et al. (2019); Sepasgojar et al.
(2017); Eegunjobi et al. (2017); Chouhan and Kumar (2017); Jangili et al. (2017);
Ajibade et al. (2017); Cheng and Xia (2017); Adeniyan and Abioye (2016);
Jamalabadi et al. (2016); Kataria and Patel (2016); Kang et al. (2015); Adesanya
et al. (2015); Fakour et al. (2015); Mahmoodi et al. (2015); El-Kabeir et al.
(2014); Eegunjobi et al. (2012); Chouhan and Rastogi (2011); Kuznetsov (1998);
Sahraoui and kviany (1992); Richardson (1971); Beavers and Joseph (1967).]

3. PROPOSED PLAN OF WORK :

The proposed research has objective to investigate flow through and/or across
porous media such as water filtration through sand, oil extraction from an
underground reservoir, water soaking into a sponge, blood flow through tissues,
movement of fluids through a ceramic membrane. In the proposed work
structures which involves porous media like flow in ducts, flow due to deforming
heated surfaces, flow in thermal processes would be investigated analytically and
numerically for different type of fluid and variety of boundary conditions. Besides
transport phenomenon, we may conduct entropy analysis of the systems which
we are going to study. The outcomes of this investigation are expected to yield :
Identification of dominant transport mechanism, comparative assessment of
computational approaches, development of high fidelity models peep into
existing systems for future simulations not explored yet or to devise a new one.
It is believed that this study would help peep into the real picture of the existing
or proposed systems.
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY :

The fluid dynamic models describing the problem would be in differential or in

integral form. This section delineates the methodological framework adopted for
the investigation, encompassing mathematical modelling, analytical
approximations, and high-fidelity numerical simulations.

1. Mathematical Formulation

A robust theoretical foundation is established through the derivation of governing

equations, including the continuity, momentum, and energy conservation
equations. These fundamental equations are subjected to well-defined boundary
conditions dictated by the physical constraints of the system, such as velocity slip
at the solid interface, imposed pressure gradients, or thermal variations. The
complexity of the problem formulation is contingent upon the nature of the
porous medium, with considerations for anisotropic permeability, non-
Newtonian rheology, and interfacial transport phenomena.

2. Analytical Methodologies

To gain fundamental insights into flow characteristics, analytical techniques are

employed to derive approximate solutions under simplified conditions. Methods
such as the Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM) and the Homotopy Perturbation
Method (HPM) facilitate the construction of convergent series solutions, offering
a systematic means to tackle nonlinear differential equations. Additionally,
approaches such as the Differential Transform Method (DTM) and the Adomian
Decomposition Method (ADM) are utilized to decompose governing equations
into solvable components, yielding semi-analytical expressions that capture
essential transport dynamics. These methodologies serve as a benchmark for
validating numerical simulations.
3. Computational Modelling and Numerical Simulations

For highly nonlinear, multiphase, and heterogeneous flow systems, numerical

techniques provide an indispensable toolset for accurate solution approximations.
Advanced discretization techniques such as the Finite Element Method (FEM),
Finite Volume Method (FVM), and Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) are
employed to resolve the intricate interplay between momentum transfer, pressure
distributions, and convective-diffusive transport. Computational platforms
including ANSYS Fluent, MATLAB, and MATHEMATICA are leveraged to
numerically solve the governing equations, offering high-resolution predictions
of velocity fields, pressure gradients, and thermal variations. Furthermore,
sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the influence of critical parameters,
including porosity, permeability, Reynolds number, and Darcy number. Such
analyses facilitate the optimization of porous media configurations for industrial,
biomedical, and environmental applications.

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Referencing style which I am going to use in my work will be Chicago Style as

follows :

I. For Books : Author's Last Name, First Name, ‘Book Title’, Publisher,
Year.
II. For Research Papers : Author's Last Name, First Name. “Title of the
Paper.” Journal Name Volume (Issue), Year: Page Numbers. DOI or
URL.

(Books are in chronological order according to the author's name whereas

research papers are yearwise in which the newest papers are first and then the
older papers are serially arranged.)
Books
1. Baehr, H.D. and Stephen, K., ‘Heat and Mass Transfer’, Springer Verlag,
(1998).
2. Batchelor, G.K., ‘An introduction to Fluid Dynamics’, Cambridge
University Press, (1969).
3. Bear, J., ‘Dynamics of Fluids in Porous media’, American Elsevier
Publishing Company, Inc. (1972).
4. Bejan, A., Dincer, I. , Coronto, S., Mizuel, A.P. and Reis, A.H., ‘Porous
and Complex Flow Structure in Modern Technologies’, Springer-Verlag,
New York, (2004).
5. Bird, B.R., Stewart, W.E. and Lightfoot, E.N., ‘Transport phenomena’,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., (1960).
6. Chorlton, F. & O’Neil, M.E. , ‘Ideal and Incompressible Fluid Dynamics’,
(1986).
7. Date, A.W., ‘Introduction to computational Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge
University Press, (2005).
8. DeBoer, R., ‘Theory of Porous Media’, Springer Verlag, Berlin, (2000).
9. Dulian, F.A.L., ‘Porous Media: Fluid Transport and Pore Structure’,
Academic Press,(1992).
10. Fauset, L.V., ‘Applied Numerical Analysis using MATLAB’ (2nd ed.),
Pearson, (2009).
11. Fletcher, C.A.J., ‘Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics’,
Springer, Berlin, (1976).
12. Gaskell, D.R. , ‘Introduction to the Thermodynamics of Materials’, Taylor
and Francis, (2003).
13. Gourdin, A., ‘Applied Numerical Methods’, Prentice Hall of India, New
Delhi, (1996).
14. Holmes, M.H., ‘Introduction to Numerical Methods in Differential
Equations’, Springer, New York, (2018).
15. Howell, J.R., Radiative Transfer in Porous Media, Ch.15, pp. 663-698,
(2000).
16. Ingham, D.B. and Pop, I. (eds.), ‘Transport Phenomena in Porous Media
III’, Elsevier,(2005).
17. Jain, M.K., ‘Numerical Solutions of Differential Equations’, John Wiley
and Sons, New York, (1979).
18. Kaviany, M. ,‘Principles of Heat Transfer in Porous Media’, springer,
(1999).
19. Modest , M.F., ‘Radiative Heat Transfer’, Academic press, New York,
(2003).
20. Muskat, M. & Wyckoff, R.D., ‘The flow of homogeneous fluid through
porous media’, McGraw Hill, Inc. , (1937).
21. Nayfeh, H.A., ‘Perturbation methods’, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New
York, (1973).
22. Nield, D.A. and Bejan, A. , ‘Convection in Porous Media’ , Springer,
(2006).
23. Pop, I. and Ingham, D.B., ‘Convective Heat Transfer: Mathematical and
Computational Modelilng of Viscous Fluids and Porous Media’,
Pergamon, Oxford, (2001).
24. Ghoshdastidar, P.S., ‘Heat Transfer’, Oxford University Press,
Oxford,(2004).
25. Scheidegger, A.E., ‘The Physics of Flow through Porous Media’, Toronto
University Press, (1963).
26. Schlichting, H. and Gersten, K., ‘Boundary Layer Theroy’, Springter
Verlag, Berlin, (2000).
27. Sparrow, E.M. and Cess, R.D., ‘Radiation Heat Transfer' , Brooks/Cole
Publishing , (1970).
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Mechanics and Heat Transfer’, Taylor and Francis, Inc., Bristol, (1997).
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Methods’, Springer, Berlin, (1995).
30. Vafai , K. (ed.), ‘Handbook of Porous Media’, Marcel Dekker Inc.,(2000).
31. Vafai, K., ‘Heat transfer Handbook of Porous Media’, Taylor and Francis,
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