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Work Sheet 2

The document contains a series of problems related to biofluid mechanics and bio-transportation, focusing on the dynamics of blood flow and fluid behavior in various scenarios. It includes calculations for blood velocity at different cross-sections, viscous forces in hydraulic systems, pressure differences in manometers, and flow characteristics in tubes. Each problem requires applying principles of fluid mechanics to derive specific values or formulas based on given parameters.

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Tsion Mengist
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27 views4 pages

Work Sheet 2

The document contains a series of problems related to biofluid mechanics and bio-transportation, focusing on the dynamics of blood flow and fluid behavior in various scenarios. It includes calculations for blood velocity at different cross-sections, viscous forces in hydraulic systems, pressure differences in manometers, and flow characteristics in tubes. Each problem requires applying principles of fluid mechanics to derive specific values or formulas based on given parameters.

Uploaded by

Tsion Mengist
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADDIS ABABA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING


BIOFLUID MECHANICS AND BIO-TRANSPORTATION
Work sheet- 2
1. Determine the velocity of blood at cross-section 4 of the aortic arch schematized in Fig. below. Assume
that the diameter of the blood vessel is 3 cm, 1.5 cm, 0.8 cm, 1.1 cm, and 2.7 cm at cross-sections 1,
2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Branches 2, 3, and 4 make a 75-degree, a 85-degree, and a 70-degree angle
with the horizontal direction, respectively. The velocity is 120, 85, 65, and 105 cm/s at sections 1, 2,
3, and 5, respectively. There is inflow at 1 and outflow at all of the remaining locations. Assume steady
flow at this particular instant in time and that the volume of interest is non-deformable

2. A hydraulic ram 200 mm in diameter and 1.2 m long moves wholly within a concentric cylinder 200.2
mm in diameter, and the annular clearance is filled with oil of relative density 0.85 and kinematic
viscosity 400 mm2 · s−1. What is the viscous force resisting the motion when the ram moves at 120
mm· s−1
3. The space between two large flat and parallel walls 25 mm apart is filled with a liquid of dynamic
viscosity 0.7 Pa · s. Within this space a thin flat plate 250 mm × 250 mm is towed at a velocity of 150
mm· s−1 at a distance of 6 mm from one wall, the plate and its movement being parallel to the walls.
Assuming linear variations of velocity between the plate and the walls, determine the force exerted by
the liquid on the plate.
4. The classic use of a manometer is when two U-tube legs are of equal length, as in Fig. below,
5. and the measurement involves a pressure difference across two horizontal points. The typical ap-
plication is to measure pressure change across a flow device, as shown. Derive a formula for the
pressure difference pa - pb in terms of the system parameters in Fig. below.
6. Pressure gage B is to measure the pressure at point A in a water flow. If the pressure at B is 87 kPa,
estimate the pressure at A, in kPa. Assume all fluids are at 20°C. See Fig. below. First list the specific
weights of water 9790 N/m3 , mercury 133,100 N/m3, oil 8720 N/m3

7. Write the conservation-of-mass relation for steady flow through a streamtube (flow everywhere
parallel to the walls) with a single one-dimensional exit 1 and inlet 2 (Fig. Below).

8. A constriction in a pipe will cause the velocity to rise and the pressure to fall at section 2 in the
throat. The pressure difference is a measure of the flow rate through the pipe. The smoothly
necked-down system shown in Fig. below is called a venturi tube. Find an expression for the
mass flux in the tube as a function of the pressure change.

9. A hydraulic ram 200 mm in diameter and 1.2 m long moves wholly within a concentric cylinder 200.2
mm in diameter, and the annular clearance is filled with oil of relative density 0.85 and kinematic
viscosity 400 mm2 · s−1. What is the viscous force resisting the motion when the ram moves at 120
mm· s−1?
10. The space between two large flat and parallel walls 25 mm apart is filled with a liquid of dynamic
viscosity 0.7 Pa · s. Within this space a thin flat plate 250 mm × 250 mm is towed at a velocity of 150
mm· s−1 at a distance of 6 mm from one wall, the plate and its movement being parallel to the walls.
Assuming linear variations of velocity between the plate and the walls, determine the force exerted by
the liquid on the plate.
11. Two small vessels are connected to a U-tube manometer containing mercury (relative density 13.56)
and the connecting tubes are filled with alcohol (relative density 0.82). The vessel at the higher
pressure is 2 m lower in elevation than the other. What is the pressure difference between the vessels
when the steady difference in level of the mercury menisci is 225 mm? What is the difference of
piezometric head? And If an inverted U-tube manometer containing a liquid of relative density 0.74
were used instead, what would be the manometer reading for the same pressure difference?

12. A liquid (viscosity 0.004 Ns/m2; density 1050 kg/m3) is pumped through the circular tube, as shown
in Fig. A. A differential manometer is connected to the tube, as shown, to measure the pressure drop
along the tube. When the differential reading h is 7 mm, what is the mean velocity in the tube?

13. A liquid (viscosity 0.004 Ns/m2; density 1050 kg/m3) is pumped through the circular tube, as shown
in Fig. A. What is the height h, when the Reynolds number is equal to 1000?
14. The following data apply to the steady flow of blood through a long horizontal tube:
Tube diameter = 3 mm
Blood viscosity = 0.0035 Ns/m2
Blood density = 1060 kg/m3
Mean velocity = 4 cm/s
(a) Is the flow laminar or turbulent?
(b) Calculate, if possible, the shearing stress at the tube wall.
(c) Calculate, if possible, the maximum velocity in the tube.
15. Blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta can be modeled as a reducing nozzle (see Figure below).
Model both the left ventricle and the aorta as a tube with diameter of 4.1 cm and 3.7 cm, respectively.
The pressure in the left ventricle is 120 mmHg and the pressure in the aorta is 130 mmHg. Blood is
ejected from the left ventricle at a speed of 100 cm/s. Calculate the difference in height between these
two locations.

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