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SQL Subqueries

The document explains SQL subqueries, which are nested queries used for filtering, aggregation, and data retrieval. It details six types of subqueries: Single-Row, Multi-Row, Multi-Column, Correlated, Subquery in FROM Clause, and EXISTS/NOT EXISTS, providing examples and SQL queries for each type. Each subquery type serves different purposes and uses various SQL operators to achieve specific data retrieval goals.

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15 views5 pages

SQL Subqueries

The document explains SQL subqueries, which are nested queries used for filtering, aggregation, and data retrieval. It details six types of subqueries: Single-Row, Multi-Row, Multi-Column, Correlated, Subquery in FROM Clause, and EXISTS/NOT EXISTS, providing examples and SQL queries for each type. Each subquery type serves different purposes and uses various SQL operators to achieve specific data retrieval goals.

Uploaded by

imgrz1818
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SQL subqueries are queries nested inside another query to perform operations like filtering,

aggregation, and data retrieval. Below are the main types of subqueries, along with SQL queries
and sample data.

1. Single-Row Subquery

A subquery that returns a single value (one row, one column). Used with comparison operators
(=, >, <, >=, <=, <>).
Example: Find employees earning more than the average salary

Sample Table: employees

Query:
SELECT name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees);

Output:

The subquery calculates the average salary, and the outer query
filters employees earning above that.

2. Multi-Row Subquery
Returns multiple rows for a single column. Used with IN, ANY, ALL.
Example: Find employees working in the same department as ‘Bob’

Query:

SELECT name
FROM employees
WHERE department IN (SELECT department FROM employees WHERE name =
'Bob');

OUTPUT:

The subquery finds Bob’s department (HR), and the outer query fetches
all employees from HR.

3. Multi-Column Subquery

Returns multiple columns and is used for comparing multiple values.

Example: Find employees with the same job and department as ‘Alice’

Sample Table: employees_extended

Query:
SELECT name
FROM employees_extended
WHERE (department, job_role) =
(SELECT department, job_role FROM employees_extended WHERE name
= 'Alice');
OUTPUT:

The subquery returns Alice’s job (Developer) and department (IT), and
the outer query retrieves employees with the same role and department.

4. Correlated Subquery

A subquery that runs once for each row in the outer query.

Example: Find employees earning above their department’s average


salary

Query:
SELECT name, salary
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary)
FROM employees e2
WHERE e1.department = e2.department);

OUTPUT:

The subquery calculates the average salary per department, and the
outer query selects employees earning above their department's
average.

5. Subquery in FROM Clause (Derived Table)

Treats a subquery as a temporary table.


Example: Find departments with an average salary above 5000
SQL:
SELECT department
FROM (SELECT department, AVG(salary) AS avg_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY department) AS dept_avg
WHERE avg_salary > 5000;

OUTPUT:

The subquery calculates department-wise average salaries, and the


outer query filters those above 5000.

6. EXISTS/NOT EXISTS Subquery

Checks whether a subquery returns any rows.


Example: Find departments that have employees

Sample Table: departments

SQL:
SELECT department
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM employees e WHERE d.department =
e.department);
OUTPUT:

The EXISTS subquery ensures that only departments having employees are
returned.

Summary of SQL Subquery Types

Subquery Type Returns Used With Example Query

Single-Row 1 row, 1 column =, >, <, >=, <= Employees


earning above
average salary

Multi-Row Multiple rows, 1 IN, ANY, ALL Employees in


column Bob’s department

Multi-Column Multiple rows, =, IN Employees with


multiple columns same job and
department as
Alice

Correlated Executes per row EXISTS, NOT Employees


EXISTS, earning above
Comparisons department
average

Subquery in FROM Acts as a SELECT, GROUP Departments with


temporary table BY, HAVING high average
salary

EXISTS/NOT Boolean EXISTS, NOT Departments with


EXISTS (TRUE/FALSE) EXISTS employees

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