DETERMINANT

1. 3.
DETERMINANT OF A SQUARE MATRIX OF ORDER TWO AND THREE
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
a1 b1
Expansion of two order: = a1b2 − b1a2
a2 b2 (i) The value of a determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are
a1 b1 c1 interchanged.
b2 c2 a c2 a b2 (ii) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then sign
Expansion of three order: a2 b2 c2 = a1 − b1 2 + c1 2
b3 c3 a3 c3 a3 b3 of determinant changes.
a3 b3 c3
(iii) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical, then the value
of determinant is zero.

2. (iv) If each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant is multiplied by a

constant k, then its value gets multiplied by k.
SARRUS RULE a1 b1 c1 (v) If some or all the elements of a row or column of a determinant are
∆ = a 2 b2 c2 expressed as a sum of two (or more) terms, then the determinant can be
a 3 b 3 c3 expressed as a sum of two (or more) determinants.

a1 b1 c1 (vi) If the equimultiples of corresponding elements of other row (or column) are
added to each element of any row or column of a determinant, then the
a2 b2 c2 value of the determinant remains the same.
a3 b3 c3 (vii) |AT |=|A|, where AT= transpose of A
a3b 2c1 a1b 2c3
+ a1 b1 c1 + (viii) If A = [aij]3×3, then |kA| = k3 |A|.
a1b 3c2 a2b 3c1
+ a2 b2 c2 + (ix) The determinant of the product of matrices is equal to product of their
a2b 1c3 a3b 1c2 respective determinants, i.e., |AB|=|A||B|, where A& B are square matrices
N P of same order
(x) a1 b1 c1 a1 0 0 a1 0 0
⇒∆=P–N
0 b 2 c 2 = a 2 b 2 0 = 0 b 2 0 = a1b 2 c 3
0 0 c3 a 3 b 3 c3 0 0 c3

4.
USE OF DETERMINANTS IN CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY
a1 b1 c1
x y 1 (iv) If three lines arx + bry + cr = 0 are concurrent, then a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
1 1 1
(i) Area of triangle, whose vertices are (xr, yr)∆ = x 2 y 2 1 a3 b 3 c3
2x y 1
3 3
(v) If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight
(ii) If arx + bry + cr = 0 are the sides of a triangle, then the area =
a h g
a1 b1 c1
2 line then h b f = 0
1 g f c
a 2 b2 c2 c1, c2, c3 are cofactors of c1, c2, c3.
2c1c 2 c3 a b c
3 3 3
(vi) The equation of circle through three non-collinear points (xr, yr) is
(iii) Equation of a straight line passing through two points
x 2 + y2 x y 1
x y 1
x12 + y12 x1 y1 1
(x1, y1) & (x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0 = 0.
x 2 y2 1 x 22 + y 22 x 2 y 2 1
x 32 + y32 x 3 y3 1

5. 6.
MINOR AND COFACTOR OF AN ELEMENT OF A DETERMINANT ADJOINT OF A MATRIX
Minor: The determinant that is left by cancelling the row and a11 a12 a13   A11 A 21 A 31 
column intersecting at a particular element of a determinant is where Aij is the
If A = a 21 a 22 a 23  , then adjA =  A12 A 22 A 32  ,
called the minor of that element of the determinant. Minor of an a    cofactor of aij
 31 a 32 a 33   A13 A 23 A 33 
element aij of a determinant is denoted by Mij.
If A be any given square matrix of order n, then A(adj A)=
Cofactor: The cofactor of an element aij of a determinant is
(adj A A=|A|I where I is the identity matrix of order n.
denoted by Aij (or Cij) and is equal to (-1)i+j Mij .

7. 8.
PROPERTIES OF ADJOINT OF A MATRIX SINGULAR AND NON-SINGULAR MATRICES
If A be any given square matrix of order n, we can define the following: A square matrix A is said to be singular
• A(adj A) = adj A) A = AI, where I is the identity matrix of order n if |A| = 0, otherwise it is called
non-singular matrix.
• For a zero matrix 0, adj(0) = 0
If A & B are non-singular matrix of same
• For an identity matrix I, adj(I) = I order, then AB & BA are also non-singular
• For any scalar k, adj(kA) = kn–1 adj(A) matrices of same order.
• adj(AT) = (adj A)T
• det(adj A), i.e. |adj A| = (det A)n–1 9.
• If A is an invertible matrix and A–1 be its inverse, then : adj A = (det A)A–1 is invertible with INVERSE OF A MATRIX
inverse (det A)–1 Aadj(A–1) = (adj A)–1 If A and B are two matrices such that
Suppose A and B are two matrices of order n, then adj(AB) = (adj B)(adj A) AB=I=BA
• For any non-negative integer p, adj(Ap) = (adj A)p then B is called the inverse of A and it
is denoted by A-1
If A is invertible, then the above formula also holds for negative k. adjA
Also, A −1 = , if | A |≠ 0
|A|
10. 11.
PROPERTIES OF INVERSE PRODUCT OF TWO DETERMINANTS
If A and B are the non-singular matrices, then the inverse matrix
should have the following properties a1 a 2 a3 x1 x2 x3
• (A ) = A
–1 –1
Let 1 = b1 b 2 b3 and ∆ 2 = y1 y2 y3
• (AB) = A B
–1 –1 –1
c1 c2 c3 z1 z2 z3
• (ABC)–1 = C–1B–1A–1
• (A1 A2 .... An)–1 = An–1An–1–1 ..... A2–1A1–1 Then product of 1 and 2 is defined as
• (AT)–1 = (A–1)T a 1 x1 + a 2 x 2 + a 3 x 3 a1 y1 + a 2 y 2 + a 3 y3 a1z1 + a 2 z 2 + a 3 z 3
• (kA) = (1/k)A
–1 –1
∆1∆ 2 = b1x1 + b 2 x 2 + b3 x 3 b1 y1 + b 2 y 2 + b3 y3 b1z1 + b 2 z 2 + b3 z3
• AB = In, where A and B are inverse of each other. c1x1 + c 2 x 2 + c3 x 3 c1 y1 + c 2 y 2 + c3 y3 c1z1 + c 2 z 2 + c3 z3

12. 13.
DIFFERENTIATION OF A DETERMINANT INTEGRATION OF DETERMINATION
f1 (x) g1 (x) h1 (x) f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x )
Let ∆ (x) = f 2 (x) g 2 (x) h 2 (x) Let ∆ ( x) = p q r , where p, q, r, l, m and n are constants.
f 3 (x) g 3 (x) h 3 (x) l m n
then (x) b b b
f '1 (x) g '1 (x) h '1 (x) f1 (x) g1 (x) h1 (x) f1 (x) g1 (x) h1 (x)
b
∫
a
f ( x)dx ∫a
g ( x)dx ∫a
h( x)dx
= f 2 (x) g 2 (x) h 2 (x) + f '2 (x) g'2 (x) h'2 (x) + f 2 (x) g 2 (x) h 2 (x)
f 3 (x) g 3 (x) h 3 (x) f 3 (x) g 3 (x) h 3 (x) f '3 (x) g'3 (x) h'3 (x)
Then ∫
a
∆( x)dx = p q r
l m n

14. 15.
USE OF SUMMATION a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
n n n
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
r r2 r3 ∑r =1
r ∑r ∑r
r =1
2

r =1
3

n
If f ( r) = p q t where p, q, t are constants, then ∑ f (r ) = p q t
1 2 3
r =1
1 2 3 Consistent system of Inconsistent system
equation has solution of equation has no
solution
a1 b1 c1
Unique solution Infinite solution = ≠
16. a2 b2 c2
a1 b1 a1 b1 c1
= =
Check value of  ≠ (Equation represents
a 2 b2 a 2 b2 c2
parallel disjoint lines)
(Equation represents (Equation represents
intersecting lines) coincident lines)
0 =0

Consistent system and Check the values of

has unique solution 1, 2 and 3
∆1 ∆ ∆
x= ; y = 2 ;z = 3 At least one of 1, 1 = 2 = 3 = 0
∆ ∆ ∆
2, and 3 is
not zero Put z = t and solve any
two equations to get
Inconsistent system the values of x and
y in terms of t.

17.
1. Symmetric determinant
The elements situated at equal distance from the diagonal 1 1 1
are equal both in magnitude and sign. 4. a b c = ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a ) .
a h g a2 b2 c2
h b f = abc + 2fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch 2 .
g f c 1 1 1
2. Skew symmetric determinant 5. a b c = ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )( a + b + c ) .
All the diagonal elements are zero and the elements situated at
equal distance form the diagonal are equal in magnitude
a3 b3 c3
but opposite in sign. The value of a skew symmetric determinant
of odd order is zero. 1 1 1
0 b −c 6. a 2 b2 c 2 = ( a − b )( b − c )( c − a )( ab + bc + ca ) .
−b 0 a =0 a3 b3 c3
c −a 0
3. Circulant determinant:
The elements of the rows (or columns) are in cyclic arrangement
a b c
(
b c a = − a 3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc )
c a b
 MATRICES
01. MATRIX 02. ORDER OF A MATRIX
A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m×n or
simply m×n matrix.
functions. The numbers or functions are called the
elements of the matrix or A=[aij ]m×n , 1≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n, i, j N

aij is an element lying in the ith row & jth column. The number of elements
in m×n matrix will be mn.

03. TYPE OF MATRIX

(i) Column Matrix: A matrix is said to be a column matrix if it has only one column, i.e., A=[aij]m×1 is a column matrix of order m×1.

(ii) Row Matrix: Row matrix has only one row, i.e., B=[bij]1×n is a row matrix of order 1×n.

(iii) Square Matrix: Square matrix has equal number of rows and columns, i.e., A=[aij]m×m is a square matrix of order m.

(iv) Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix is said to be diagonal matrix if all of its non-diagonal elements are zero, i.e., B=[bij]m×n is said to be a
diagonal matrix if bij=0, where i ≠ j.

(v) Scalar Matrix: It is a diagonal matrix with all its diagonal elements are equal, i.e., B=[bij ]m×n is a scalar matrix if bij = 0, where i≠j, bij=k, when
I = j & k= constant.

(vi) Identity Matrix: : It is a diagonal matrix having all its diagonal elements equal to 1, i.e., A=[aij ]m×n is an identity matrix if

a ij = {
1, if i = j
0, if i ≠ j
we denote identity matrix by In when order is n.

(vii) Zero Matrix: A matrix is said to be zero or null matrix if all its elements are zero. It is denoted by O.

04. EQUALITY OF MATRICES 05. TRACE OF A MATRIX

The sum of diagonal element of a square matrix A is
Two matrices A=[aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if called the trace of matrix A, which is denoted by tr A
(i) they are of the same order n
(ii) each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, i.e., aij = bij for all i & j tr A= ∑a
i =1
ii
= a11 + a22 + … ann

Properties of Trace of a Matrix

Let A = [aij]n × n and B = [bij] and λ be a scalar.

06. ADDITION OF MATRICES (i) tr (λA) = λtr(A) (ii) tr(A – B)= tr(A) – tr(B)

(iii) tr(AB) = tr(BA) (iv) tr(In)= n

(vi) tr(AB) ≠ tr A. tr B (v) tr(O) = 0

Properties of matrix Addition

(i) Commulative Law: A + B = B + A (ii) Associative Law: (A + B ) + C = A + ( B + C ) 07. MULTIPLICATION OF A

MATRIX BY A SCALAR
(iii) Existence of Additive Identity: Let A=[aij ]m×n & O = zero matrix of order m × n,
then A + O = O + A = A. Here O is the additive identity for matrix addition. Let A=[aij]m×n be a matrix & k, t be a number.
(iv) Existence of Additive Inverse: Let A= [aij]m×n be any matrix then we have another Then, kA = Ak = [kaij]m×n
matrix as Let -A= [-aij ]m×n such that A + (-A) = (- A) + A = O. Here -A is the additive Properties
inverse of A or negative of A. (I) k (A + B) = kA + kB (ii) (k + t) A = kA + tA.

08. MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES

If A & B are any two matrices, then their product will be defined only when the number of columns in A is equal to the number of rows in B

If A = a ij  and B =  bij  then their product AB = C =  cij  is a matrix of order, m x p where
m× n n×p

(ij) th element of AB = Cij = ∑ rn=1a ir b rj

 09. PROPERTIES OF MATRIX 10. PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE OF
THE MATRICES
MULTIPLICATON For any matrices A & B of suitable orders, we have:
(I) Associative Law for Multiplication: If A, B & C are three matrices of order
m × n, n × p & p × q respectively, then ( AB ) C = A ( BC ) (i) (AT)T=A
(ii) (kA)T =k (A)T (where k is constant)
(ii) Distributive Law : For three matrices A, B & C(a) A ( B + C ) = AB + AC
(iii) (A ± B)T = AT ± BT
(b) ( A + B ) C = AC + BC whenever both sides of equality are defined.
(iv) (AB)T = BT AT
(iii) Matrix Multiplication is not commutative in general, i.e.AB ≠ BA (in general).
(v) (A1 A2 A3 … An – 1 An)T = AnT An - 1T … A3T A2T A1T
(iv) Existence of Multiplicative Identity: For every square matrix, there exists an (vi) IT = I.
identity matrix I of same order such thatIA = AI = A

11. MATRIX POLYNOMIAL 12. SYMMETRIC & SKEW SYMMETIC MATRICES

Symmetric Matrix
Let f(x) = a0 xm + a1 xm – 1 + a2 xm – 2 + … an – 1 x + an be a A square matrix A =  a ij  is called a symmetric matrix, if a ij = a ji for all i, j or A T = A
polynomial and let A be a square matrix of order n,  
then f(A) = a0 Am + a1 Am – 1 + a2 Am – 2 + … + an – 1 A + Skew Symmetric Matrix
an In is called a matrix polynomial. A square matrix A = a ij  is called a skew-symmetric matrix, if a ij = −a ji for all i, j or A T = − A

Properties of Symmetric & Skew Symmetric Matrices

( )
(i) For any square matrix A with real number entries A + A T is a skew symmetric matrix

13. INVERTIBLE MATRIX AND

INVERSE MATRIX
( A − A ) symmetric matrix.
T

(ii) Any square matrix A can be expressed as the sum of a symmetric & a skew symmetric
1  1 
Properties of Invertible Matrices matrix as A = 
 2
(   2
) (
A + AT  +  A − AT 

)
(i) Uniqueness of Inverse : Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is
unique.

(i) (A–1)–1 = A (ii) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T (iii) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 (iv) (Ak)–1 = (A–1)k

14. ORTHOGONAL MATRIX

15.
A square matrix A is called orthogonal if AAT = I = AT A, i.e., if A–1 = AT.
IDEMPOTENT MATRIX Example: A = 
 cos α − sin α 
= AT. In fact every unit matrix is orthogonal
 − sin α cos α 
A square matrix A is called an idempotent matrix if A² = A.
1 / 2 1 / 2 
Example:   is an idempotent matrix, because

16.
1 / 2 1 / 2 
INVOLUTORY MATRIX
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 + 4 + 
4 4 2 2
A² =   =   =A A square matrix A is called an involutory matrix if A² = I or A–1 = A
1 + 1 1 1
+ 1 1
1 0
 4 4 4 4   2 2  Example: A =  is an involutory matrix because
0 1 
1 0 0 0  are idempotent matrices because
Also, A =   and, B =  1 0
0 0 0 1  A² = A and B² = B. A² =  = I In fact every unit matrix is involutory
0 1 

17. PERIODIC MATRIX 18. NILPOTENT MATRIX

A matrix A will be called a periodic matrix if Ak + 1 = A where k A square matrix A is called a nilpotent matrix if there exists p ∈ N such that Ap = 0.
is a positive integer. If, however k is the least positive integer 0 0 0 0
Example: A =  is a nilpotent matrix because A² = = 0 (Here p = 2)
for which A k+1
= A, then k is said to be the period of A. 1

0 0 0 

19. DIFFERENTIATION OF A MATRIX

 f ( x ) g ( x ) dA  f ′ ( x ) g′ ( x ) 
If A =   , then = is a differentiation of matrix A.
h ( x ) l ( x )  dx  h ′ ( x ) l′ ( x ) 