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Polymorphism-OOP

The document explains polymorphism in Java, highlighting compile-time (method overloading) and runtime (method overriding) polymorphism with examples. It also presents a real-world application of polymorphism in a payment processing system, detailing the use of abstract classes, interfaces, and exception handling. Key takeaways emphasize the benefits of polymorphism in enhancing code reusability and maintainability.

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beatboxkeane
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0 views

Polymorphism-OOP

The document explains polymorphism in Java, highlighting compile-time (method overloading) and runtime (method overriding) polymorphism with examples. It also presents a real-world application of polymorphism in a payment processing system, detailing the use of abstract classes, interfaces, and exception handling. Key takeaways emphasize the benefits of polymorphism in enhancing code reusability and maintainability.

Uploaded by

beatboxkeane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Polymorphism is one of the core concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java.

It
allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass. There are
two types of polymorphism in Java:

1.​ Compile-time Polymorphism (Method Overloading)


2.​ Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding)

1. Compile-time Polymorphism (Method Overloading)


Method overloading occurs when multiple methods in the same class share the same name but
have different parameter lists.

Example of Method Overloading

class MathOperations {
// Overloaded method with two integers
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

// Overloaded method with three integers


int add(int a, int b, int c) {
return a + b + c;
}

// Overloaded method with double values


double add(double a, double b) {
return a + b;
}
}

public class OverloadingExample {


public static void main(String[] args) {
MathOperations math = new MathOperations();

System.out.println("Sum of 2 integers: " + math.add(5, 10));


System.out.println("Sum of 3 integers: " + math.add(5, 10,
15));
System.out.println("Sum of 2 doubles: " + math.add(5.5,
10.5));
}
}

Output:

Sum of 2 integers: 15
Sum of 3 integers: 30
Sum of 2 doubles: 16.0

2. Runtime Polymorphism (Method Overriding)


Method overriding allows a subclass to provide a specific implementation of a method already
defined in its superclass.

Example of Method Overriding

class Animal {
void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
}
}

class Dog extends Animal {


@Override
void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Dog barks");
}
}

class Cat extends Animal {


@Override
void makeSound() {
System.out.println("Cat meows");
}
}

public class OverridingExample {


public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal myAnimal = new Animal();
Animal myDog = new Dog(); // Upcasting
Animal myCat = new Cat(); // Upcasting

myAnimal.makeSound();
myDog.makeSound();
myCat.makeSound();
}
}

Output:

Animal makes a sound


Dog barks
Cat meows

3. Real-World Example: Payment Processing System


Here’s a real-world example of polymorphism used in a payment processing system:

abstract class Payment {


abstract void makePayment(double amount);
}

class CreditCardPayment extends Payment {


@Override
void makePayment(double amount) {
System.out.println("Payment of $" + amount + " made using
Credit Card.");
}
}
class PayPalPayment extends Payment {
@Override
void makePayment(double amount) {
System.out.println("Payment of $" + amount + " made using
PayPal.");
}
}

public class PaymentSystem {


public static void main(String[] args) {
Payment payment1 = new CreditCardPayment();
Payment payment2 = new PayPalPayment();

payment1.makePayment(100.50);
payment2.makePayment(200.75);
}
}

Output:

Payment of $100.5 made using Credit Card.


Payment of $200.75 made using PayPal.

Key Takeaways

✔ Method Overloading allows multiple methods in the same class with the same name but
different parameters (Compile-time).​
✔ Method Overriding allows a subclass to provide a different implementation of a method
already defined in its superclass (Runtime).​
✔ Polymorphism increases code reusability and flexibility, making the system scalable
and maintainable.
OOP Exam (Polymorphism): Payment
Processing System with Discounts
🔹 Objective:
Implement an advanced payment processing system using:​
✔ Abstract Classes & Interfaces​
✔ Method Overriding & Polymorphism​
✔ Exception Handling​
✔ Mathematical Formula (Discount Calculation)

Features in This Code:


✔ Abstract Classes & Interfaces (Encapsulation & Polymorphism)​
✔ Method Overriding (Dynamic Behavior)​
✔ Exception Handling (Validation for Payment Amounts)​
✔ Mathematical Formula (Discount Calculation Based on Payment Amount)​
✔ Loop for Multiple Transactions (Users can continue making payments until they exit)

📌 Instructions
Part 1: Design the System

1.​ Create an interface named PaymentGateway with a method boolean


validatePayment(double amount).
2.​ Create an abstract class named Payment that:
○​ Implements PaymentGateway
○​ Defines an abstract method processPayment(double amount).
○​ Includes a method double calculateDiscount(double amount) that
applies a discount based on:
■​ 5% discount if amount > $500
■​ 10% discount if amount > $1000
■​ No discount otherwise.
3.​ Create three payment method classes (CreditCardPayment, PayPalPayment,
BankTransferPayment) that:
○​ Extend Payment and override processPayment(double amount).
○​ Implement validatePayment(double amount) to ensure the amount is
greater than zero.
4.​ Implement exception handling for invalid payment amounts.
5.​ Display the discounted amount before processing the payment.

📌 Example Interaction (User Input & Output)


Select a payment method:

1 - Credit Card

2 - PayPal

3 - Bank Transfer

Enter your choice: 2

Enter the amount to pay: 1200.00

Original Amount: $1200.0

Discount Applied: 10% ($120.0)

Final Amount to Pay: $1080.0

Processing payment using PayPal. Amount: $1080.0


Advanced Challenge (Bonus Points)
✔ Modify the program to allow multiple transactions in a loop until the user chooses to exit.​
✔ Add an additional payment method like CryptocurrencyPayment that offers a 15%
discount for amounts over $2000.

📌 Expected Output (With Discount)


Test Case 1: Credit Card Payment (No Discount)
yaml
CopyEdit
Select a payment method:
1 - Credit Card
2 - PayPal
3 - Bank Transfer
Enter your choice: 1
Enter the amount to pay: 300.00

Original Amount: $300.0


Discount Applied: $0.0
Final Amount to Pay: $300.0
Processing payment using Credit Card. Amount: $300.0
Payment successful!

Test Case 2: PayPal Payment (5% Discount)


yaml
CopyEdit
Select a payment method:
1 - Credit Card
2 - PayPal
3 - Bank Transfer
Enter your choice: 2
Enter the amount to pay: 800.00

Original Amount: $800.0


Discount Applied: $40.0
Final Amount to Pay: $760.0
Processing payment using PayPal. Amount: $760.0
Payment successful!

Test Case 3: Bank Transfer (10% Discount)


yaml
CopyEdit
Select a payment method:
1 - Credit Card
2 - PayPal
3 - Bank Transfer
Enter your choice: 3
Enter the amount to pay: 1500.00

Original Amount: $1500.0


Discount Applied: $150.0
Final Amount to Pay: $1350.0
Processing payment using Bank Transfer. Amount: $1350.0
Payment successful!

📌 Summary of Key Concepts Covered


✔ Interfaces (Enforcing validatePayment(double amount))​
✔ Abstract Classes & Method Overriding (processPayment(double amount))​
✔ Polymorphism (Using a Payment reference for different subclasses)​
✔ Exception Handling (Invalid amount detection)​
✔ Mathematical Formula (Applying dynamic discount rates)

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