EE-304P

Lab 1 Report
Rahul Patidar
Roll Number: B23284
February 17, 2025

1 Theory
In carrier modulation, a low-frequency message signal is combined with a
high-frequency carrier signal. The carrier signal, which does not carry infor-
mation itself, acts as an envelope to help transmit the message signal. The
carrier signal is represented by:
C(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t)
where fc is the carrier frequency. The carrier signal has three key properties:
1. Amplitude (Ac )
2. Phase
3. Frequency (fc )
In amplitude modulation (AM), the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied
according to the message signal.

1.1 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)

Let m(t) be the message signal and C(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t) be the carrier signal.
The DSBSC signal s(t) is the product of m(t) and C(t):
s(t) = m(t) · Ac cos(2πfc t)
In the frequency domain, the Fourier transform of s(t) is:
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F (s(t)) = Ac (M (f − fc ) + M (f + fc ))
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where M (f ) is the Fourier transform of m(t).

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1.2 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
The AM signal r(t) is given by:

r(t) = (Ac + m(t)) cos(2πfc t)

For AM to work, Ac must be greater than zero. If Ac = 0, the signal becomes

a DSBSC signal.

2 Expected Outcomes
2.1 Expected answer of part a
We know that in the AM signal we just add an offset Ac .

Figure 1: Amplitude modulated signal

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 Figure 2: Amplitude modulated signal when Ac < Am

2.2 Expected answer of part b

In the DSB-SC modulated signal, the offset is 0.

Figure 3: DSB-SC modulated signal

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2.3 Expected answer of part c and d
In the frequency domain (applying FT on the time domain signal) for a
sinusoidal wave, we get two impulse functions in the positive and negative
parts.

Figure 4: Amplitude modulated signal in the frequency domain

3 Results and Inferences

3.1 Answer 1
• Ac = Aµm . This shows that the amplitude of the carrier signal changes
as µ changes.

• As µ increases, the amplitude of the carrier signal decreases.

• For µ = 0.5:

– The signal does not drop to zero.

– Its positive part remains strictly greater than zero.
– Its negative part remains strictly less than zero.

• For µ = 1:

– The signal hits zero at certain points.

• For µ = 1.5:

– The signal exhibits 180-degree phase reversals.

– The positive part of the signal goes below zero.
– The negative part of the signal goes above zero.

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 • This behavior can be understood from the equation of the AM signal:

Ac (1 + µ sin(2πfm t)) · sin(2πfc t)

Figure 5: Message signal with mp = 3 Volts, Carrier signal, and the Modu-
lated signal for different modulation indices

3.2 Answer 2

Figure 6: DSB-SC modulated signal

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The figure above shows the DSB-SC signal. We can see that the carrier signal
is suppressed and that the information is transmitted through the modulated
signal only.

• The amplitude of the DSB-SC signal is equal to the product of the

message signal and the carrier signal.

• The maximum frequency of the DSB-SC signal is fc + fm and the

minimum is fc − fm .

The DSB-SC signal is given by:

DSB-SC = m(t) · (Ac sin(2πfc t))

Substituting values:

DSB-SC = (2 sin(2π · 1000 · t)) · (2 sin(2π · 108 · t))

Putting the equation of m(t):

DSB-SC = 4 sin(2π · 1000 · t) sin(2π · 108 · t)

Similarly, the AM signal is given by:

AM = Ac · (1 + µ sin(2πfm t)) sin(2πfc t)

Since Am = Ac = 2V , the maximum and minimum amplitudes vary from

+4V to −4V .
Conclusion: No, this case is not the same as in Part 1 (a). The carrier
wave is suppressed in the case of DSB-SC, which means that it is not trans-
mitted along with the modulated signal. In part 1(a), we observed amplitude
modulation (AM), where the carrier wave was present.

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3.3 Answer 3

img/mf_1c.png img/cf_1c.png

img/mod1c0.5.png img/mod1c1.png

img/mod1c1.5.png

Figure 7: Modulated signal in

frequency domain

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The figure above shows the frequency domain representations of the message
signal, the carrier signal, and the modulated signal. Based on these plots,
we can infer the following:

1. Ac = Aµm . As µ (modulation index) changes, the amplitude of the

Fourier Transform (FT) of the carrier signal also changes accordingly.

2. The AM signal equation in the time domain is:

s(t) = Ac (1 + µ sin(2πfm t)) sin(2πfc t)

Since multiplication in the time domain corresponds to convolution in

the frequency domain, the Fourier Transform (FT) of the modulated
signal is given by the convolution of the message and carrier signal FTs.

3. The message and carrier signals are sinusoidal, leading to distinct fre-
quency components in their Fourier Transforms. The first two figures
show these individual components.

4. The third figure in each row represents the spectrum of the modulated
signal, which is obtained by convolving the message and carrier FTs
with the original carrier FT.

5. Impulses appear in the frequency domain representation due to the

sinusoidal nature of the modulating waves. These impulses are located
at the sum and difference frequencies fc ± fm , corresponding to the
upper and lower sidebands.

6. The bandwidth of the AM signal is determined by the highest frequency

component present in the message signal. The total bandwidth is 2fm ,
which is twice the message signal frequency.

7. The carrier frequency fc is visible in the spectrum, but its amplitude

depends on the modulation index µ. For higher µ, more energy is
distributed to the sidebands.

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3.4 Answer 4

img/mf_1d.png

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img/cf_1d.png
The figure above shows the frequency domain representation of the message
signal, carrier signal, and modulated signal. Based on the observations, we
infer:

1. The amplitude in the frequency domain plot for the carrier signal is
observed to be 2V . This is due to the transformation from the time
domain to the frequency domain. The same applies to the message
signal.

2. The frequency of the modulating signal is 1 kHz, and the frequency of

the carrier signal is 100 MHz.

3. The Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) signal is given by:

s(t) = m(t) · Ac sin(2πfc t)

Substituting values:

s(t) = (2 sin(2π1000t)) · (4 sin(2π108t))

s(t) = 8 sin(2π1000t) sin(2π108t)

4. In the time domain, the DSB-SC signal results from the multiplication
of the carrier and message signals. Due to this multiplication, its fre-
quency domain representation is obtained through the convolution of
their individual Fourier Transforms (FT).

5. This scenario differs from the case in part 1(c). In Amplitude Mod-
ulation (AM), both addition and convolution occur in the frequency
domain, leading to the presence of a carrier component along with side-
bands. However, in DSB-SC, only convolution is present, which results
in a different magnitude of impulse signals in the frequency domain.

4 Applications
4.1 Applications of Amplitude Modulated (AM) Sig-
nals
1. Data Transmission: AM is used in transmitting data for applications
such as Wi-Fi, cellular telecommunications, and RFID systems.

2. Broadcasting: AM is widely used in AM radio broadcasting for long-

range audio transmission.

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 3. Air Band Radio: AM is used in ground-to-air communication, partic-
ularly in aviation. It is also used for two-way communication between
ground control and aircraft.

4. Radar Systems: Some radar systems employ AM signals for detecting

objects and measuring their distances.

5. Optical Communication: AM techniques are utilized in fiber-optic

communication systems to modulate the intensity of light.

4.2 Applications of Double Sideband Suppressed Car-

rier (DSB-SC) Signals
1. Color Transmission: DSB-SC is widely used in television broadcast-
ing for transmitting color information.

2. FM Stereo Transmission: DSB-SC is used in FM radios for the

stereo transmission part, allowing left and right audio channels to be
separated.

3. Multiplexing: DSB-SC is applied in multiplexed communication sys-

tems to efficiently transmit multiple signals over a single channel.

4. Satellite Communication: It is used in some satellite communica-

tion systems to improve bandwidth efficiency.

5. Secure Communications: DSB-SC is used in military and secure

communications as it requires synchronous demodulation, making unau-
thorized interception more difficult.

5 APPENDIX

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Matlab Command Function
plot(x, y) plots values of the simulation series y along the y-axis, with values of
figure() creates a new figure in MATLAB.
title(x) adds a title x to the plot
xlabel(x) adds a horizontal label x (along x axis) to the plot
ylabel(x) adds a vertical label x (along y axis) to the plot
grid on adds a grid to the plot.
clc clears everything from the matlab command line window.
linspace(x1, x2, p) generates p equally distant points between x1 and x2.

Table 1: Matlab commands used in this lab.

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