EE-304P

Lab 1 Report
Rahul Patidar
Roll Number: B23284
February 17, 2025

1 Theory
In carrier modulation, a message signal and a carrier signal are used. The
message signal typically has a low frequency, while the carrier signal has
a very high frequency. The carrier signal acts as an envelope, helping to
transmit the message signal without carrying any information itself. The
carrier signal is expressed as:

C(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t)

where fc is very high. The carrier signal has three main components:

1. Amplitude

2. Phase

3. Frequency

In amplitude modulation, the carrier signal’s amplitude is adjusted according

to the message signal.

1.1 Double SideBand Suppressed Carrier (DSBSC)

Let m(t) be the message signal and C(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t) be the carrier signal.
The modulated signal s(t) is the product of m(t) and C(t):

s(t) = m(t) · Ac cos(2πfc t)

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 In the frequency domain, the Fourier transform of s(t) is:
Z ∞
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F (s(t)) = F (m(t)⊛c(t)) = m(τ )·c(t−τ ) dτ = Ac (M (f − fc ) + M (f + fc ))
−∞ 2
where M (f ) = F (m(t)).

1.2 Amplitude Modulation (AM)

The amplitude modulated signal r(t) is given by:
r(t) = Ac cos(2πfc t) + s(t) = (Ac + m(t)) cos(2πfc t)
For this to be an AM signal, Ac > 0. When Ac = 0, it becomes the DSBSC
signal.

2 Expected Outcomes
2.1 Expected answer of part a
In AM signals, an offset Ac is added.

Figure 1: Amplitude modulated signal

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 Figure 2: Amplitude modulated signal when Ac < Am

2.2 Expected answer of part b

In DSB-SC modulation, the offset is zero.

Figure 3: DSB-SC modulated signal

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2.3 Expected answer of part c and d
In the frequency domain, applying the Fourier transform to a sinusoidal wave
results in two impulse functions in the positive and negative parts.

Figure 4: Amplitude modulated signal in the frequency domain

3 Results and Inferences

3.1 Answer 1
• Ac = Am
µ
. This shows that the carrier signal’s amplitude changes with
µ.
• As µ increases, the carrier signal’s amplitude decreases.
• For µ = 0.5:
– The signal does not drop to zero.
– Its positive part remains above zero.
– Its negative part remains below zero.
• For µ = 1:
– The signal touches zero at certain points.
• For µ = 1.5:
– The signal shows 180-degree phase reversals.
– The positive part goes below zero.
– The negative part goes above zero.
• This behavior is explained by the AM signal equation:
Ac (1 + µ sin(2πfm t)) · sin(2πfc t)

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Figure 5: Message signal with mp = 3 Volts, Carrier signal, and Modulated
signal for different modulation indices

3.2 Answer 2

Figure 6: DSB-SC modulated signal

The figure above shows the DSB-SC signal. The carrier signal is suppressed,
and the information is transmitted only through the modulated signal.

• The DSB-SC signal’s amplitude is the product of the message and

carrier signals.

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 • The maximum frequency is fc + fm , and the minimum is fc − fm .

The DSB-SC signal is given by:

DSB-SC = m(t) · (Ac sin(2πfc t))

Substituting values:

DSB-SC = (2 sin(2π · 1000 · t)) · (2 sin(2π · 108 · t))

Simplifying:

DSB-SC = 4 sin(2π · 1000 · t) sin(2π · 108 · t)

Similarly, the AM signal is:

AM = Ac · (1 + µ sin(2πfm t)) sin(2πfc t)

Since Am = Ac = 2V , the amplitude varies between +4V and −4V .

Conclusion: This case differs from Part 1(a). In DSB-SC, the carrier
wave is suppressed, unlike in AM where the carrier wave is present.

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3.3 Answer 3

img/mf_1c.png img/cf_1c.png

img/mod1c0.5.png img/mod1c1.png

img/mod1c1.5.png

Figure 7: Modulated signal in

frequency domain

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The figure above shows the frequency domain representations of the message,
carrier, and modulated signals. Key observations:

1. Ac = Aµm . As µ changes, the carrier signal’s Fourier Transform ampli-

tude changes.

2. The AM signal equation in the time domain is:

s(t) = Ac (1 + µ sin(2πfm t)) sin(2πfc t)

Multiplication in the time domain corresponds to convolution in the

frequency domain.

3. The message and carrier signals are sinusoidal, leading to distinct fre-
quency components in their Fourier Transforms.

4. The modulated signal’s spectrum is obtained by convolving the message

and carrier FTs.

5. Impulses appear at fc ± fm , corresponding to the upper and lower

sidebands.

6. The AM signal’s bandwidth is 2fm , twice the message signal frequency.

7. The carrier frequency fc is visible, with its amplitude depending on µ.

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3.4 Answer 4

img/mf_1d.png

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img/cf_1d.png
The figure above shows the frequency domain representation of the message,
carrier, and modulated signals. Key observations:

1. The carrier signal’s amplitude in the frequency domain is 2V .

2. The message signal frequency is 1 kHz, and the carrier frequency is 100
MHz.

3. The DSB-SC signal is:

s(t) = m(t) · Ac sin(2πfc t)

Substituting values:

s(t) = (2 sin(2π1000t)) · (4 sin(2π108t))

Simplifying:
s(t) = 8 sin(2π1000t) sin(2π108t)

4. In the frequency domain, the DSB-SC signal is obtained by convolving

the message and carrier FTs.

5. Unlike AM, DSB-SC only involves convolution, resulting in different

impulse magnitudes.

4 Applications
4.1 Applications of Amplitude Modulated (AM) Sig-
nals
1. Data Transmission: Used in Wi-Fi, cellular networks, and RFID
systems.

2. Broadcasting: AM is widely used in AM radio broadcasting.

3. Air Band Radio: Used in aviation for ground-to-air communication.

4. Radar Systems: Some radar systems use AM for object detection.

5. Optical Communication: AM is used in fiber-optic communication.

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4.2 Applications of Double Sideband Suppressed Car-
rier (DSB-SC) Signals
1. Color Transmission: Used in television broadcasting for color infor-
mation.

2. FM Stereo Transmission: Used in FM radios for stereo transmis-

sion.

3. Multiplexing: Used in multiplexed communication systems.

4. Satellite Communication: Improves bandwidth efficiency in satel-

lite systems.

5. Secure Communications: Used in military and secure communica-

tions.

5 APPENDIX

Matlab Command Function

plot(x, y) Plots values of y against x.
figure() Creates a new figure.
title(x) Adds a title x to the plot.
xlabel(x) Adds a label x to the x-axis.
ylabel(x) Adds a label x to the y-axis.
grid on Adds a grid to the plot.
clc Clears the command window.
linspace(x1, x2, p) Generates p points between x1 and x2.

Table 1: Matlab commands used in this lab.

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