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Chapter 07 2

Chapter 7 of COMP255 introduces Structured Query Language (SQL) focusing on aggregate data processing, subqueries, and various SQL functions for data manipulation. Key concepts include using GROUP BY and HAVING clauses for grouping and filtering results, as well as the application of aggregate functions. The chapter also highlights the use of SQL functions, particularly in relation to different database management systems.

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Xenos Playground aka Boxman Studios
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2 views22 pages

Chapter 07 2

Chapter 7 of COMP255 introduces Structured Query Language (SQL) focusing on aggregate data processing, subqueries, and various SQL functions for data manipulation. Key concepts include using GROUP BY and HAVING clauses for grouping and filtering results, as well as the application of aggregate functions. The chapter also highlights the use of SQL functions, particularly in relation to different database management systems.

Uploaded by

Xenos Playground aka Boxman Studios
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMP255

Chapter 7
Introduction to Structured Query Language
Sections 7.7 to 7.11

1
Learning Objectives
●
Aggregate data across groups of rows
●
Create subqueries to preprocess data for inclusion in
other queries
●
Identify and use a variety of SQL functions for string,
numeric, and date manipulation
●
Explain the key principles in crafting a SELECT query

2
Aggregate Processing
●
Allows query to create summary/statistical
information
●
Basic process:
– Group rows based on certain attributes
– Use aggregate functions to produce
summary/statistical data

3
Aggregate Functions

4
Applying to the Whole Table

SELECT count(*)
FROM PRODUCT; SELECT min(p_price),
max(p_price),
avg(p_price)
SELECT count(*) FROM PRODUCT;
FROM PRODUCT
WHERE v_code = 21344;

5
COUNT: * vs. attribute

SELECT count(*)
FROM PRODUCT;

SELECT count(v_code)
FROM PRODUCT;

* works on all rows


count does not count NULLs when using an attribute
6
Two New Clauses
●
GROUP BY
– Used to define the criteria for grouping
●
HAVING
– A where clause for

7
GROUP BY
●
Used to define “groupings”
●
List “grouping” attributes without aggregate
functions
– List again in GROUP BY clause
SELECT v_code,count(*) SELECT v_code,min(p_price),
FROM PRODUCT max(p_price),avg(p_price)
GROUP BY v_code; FROM PRODUCT
GROUP BY v_code;
8
Multiple Fields
●
Can use more than one field in GROUP BY
●
Can use more than one table
SELECT cus_code,inv_number,
sum(line_units*line_price)
FROM INVOICE JOIN LINE USING (INV_NUMBER)
GROUP BY cus_code,inv_number;

9
HAVING Clause
●
A WHERE clause for the grouping results

SELECT v_code,count(*)
FROM PRODUCT
GROUP BY v_code
HAVING count(*)>1;

10
Use With Column Aliases

SELECT v_code,count(*) as prod_count


FROM PRODUCT
GROUP BY v_code
HAVING prod_count>1;

11
Subqueries
●
Can use queries within queries
– Need to know about
– Covered more in COMP325: Advanced SQL

SELECT p_code, p_descript


FROM PRODUCT
WHERE v_code in
( SELECT v_code
FROM VENDOR
WHERE v_contact = "Flushing" or v_contact = "Singh" );
12
SQL Functions
●
Functions - think Excel function
●
Many, many, many to choose from
●
Some are dependent on which DBMS you use
– Especially date and time functions

13
MySQL Date and Time

14
MySQL Date and Time

See Table 7.10

15
Mathematical

16
String

17
String

See Table 7.12

18
Conversion

19
Conversion

See Table 7.13

20
Relational Operators
●
UNION ●
Only work if queries
●
INTERSECT are compatible
– Need to have same
●
EXCEPT (MINUS) attribute data types in
same order

21
22

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