Introduction

When you're dealing with increasing power demands, it's usually better to connect electrical machines in
parallel. This setup makes the power distribution system more reliable and efficient. Plus, it gives you a
backup plan in case one machine needs maintenance or stops working unexpectedly. Connecting
machines this way also makes it easier to adapt to changes in power needs over time.

Objective

This laboratory activity focuses on examining the electrical characteristics of transformers when they are
connected in parallel. It aims to uncover the essential conditions necessary for paralleling transformers and
their significance within electrical power grids. The primary goal is to offer valuable understanding into how
paralleling transformers influence the efficiency and dependability of power systems.

Additionally, the study aims to provide insight into calculating the load KVA handled by individual
transformers and the total KVA supplied by multiple transformers. By addressing these aspects, this
research aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for engineers and technicians involved in electrical
power distribution, enabling them to ensure optimal system performance.

6. Data and Results

Formula Used:
FORMULAS U

Total Load Impedance VA Load

VA Load=VsIs
Zes= VsIs

Solution:
SOLUTIONS:
Solving for Total Load Impedance

Transformer 1

Zes= VsIs Zes= VsIs Zes= VsIs Zes= VsIs Zes= VsIs
Zes= 110 V0.394 Zes= 110 V0.454 Zes= 110 V0.528 Zes= 110 V0.596 Zes= 110 V0.662
A A A A A
Zes=279.188 Ω Zes= 242.291 ΩΩ Zes= 203.333 Ω Zes= 184.564 Ω Zes= 166.163 Ω
.
 Transformer 2

Zes= VsIs Zes= VsIs Zes= VsIs Zes= VsIs Zes= VsIs
Zes= 110 V0.394 Zes= 110 V0.454 Zes= 110 V0.528 Zes= 110 V0.596 Zes= 110 V0.662
A A A A A
Zes= 279.188 Ω Zes= 242.291 Ω Zes=203.333 Ω Zes=184.564 Ω Zes= 166.163Ω

Solving for VA Load

Transformer 1

VA Load=VsIs VA Load=VsIs VA Load=VsIs VA Load=VsIs VA Load=VsIs

=110 V (0.394 A) =110 V (0.454 A) =110 V (0.528 A) =110 V (0.596 A) =110 V (0.662 A)
=43.34 VA = 49.94 VA =58.08 VA = 65.56 VA = 72.82 VA

Transformer 2

VA Load=VsIs VA Load=VsIs VA Load=VsIs VA Load=VsIs VA Load=VsIs

=110 V (0.212 A) =110 V (0.244 A) =110 V (0.308 A) =110 V (0.372 A) =110 V (0.406 A)
= 23.320 VA = 26.840 VA =33.880 VA = 40.920 VA = 44.660 VA

7. Interpretation of Data and Results:

The parallel operations of the transformers required the use of two transformers in total, five bulbs acting as load
resistors, and three ammeters. Equal Primary and Secondary voltage and total current are shown in the tabular
presentation for the first and second transformers over the course of five trials, with varying numbers of load
resistors. Each trial adds a new load resistor, increasing the total number of load resistors by one, which causes the
primary current and secondary current to rise.When resistors are connected in series or parallel, the total current, or
input current, is equal to the sum of the currents going to each parallel resistor, according to the theory of series and
parallel circuits. The resistors in DC circuits are replaced by inductors in this experiment by an equivalent
representation of the real wiring connections. Additionally, by using the current divider principle, it is possible to
demonstrate the displayed current values from the ammeters:

EXAMPLE: PERFORMING A CURRENT DIVIDER CALCULATION TO PROVE THE RESULTED VALUE IN THE
AMMETER
SOLUTION:

When 3 load resistors are present, the primary current in the first transformer is calculated by:
ITX-01=IT Ze2Ze1+ Ze2

IT = 0.301 𝐴
Referred value in the tabular presentation of the Transformer No. 1 and No.2:

Referring to the value in the tabular presentation

Transformer No. 1: Ze1 = 364.238Ω
Transformer No. 2: Ze2 = 357.143Ω

Solving for the current flowing in the Transformer No. 1 when there are four load resistors present:
ITX-01=IT Ze2Ze1+ Ze2
ITX-01=0.301 A 364.238Ω364.238Ω+ 357.143Ω

ITX-01= 0.151 𝐴 ≈ 0.154 𝐴

0.151A is the calculated value

0.154 A is the displayed value of the ammeter.

Transformers operating simultaneously show that adding more load resistors in parallel reduces the circuit's overall
resistance during each experiment. In addition, increasing the circuit's number of branches causes the total current to
rise. As more parallel resistances are added, it can also be seen that the currents in the primary and secondary grow.
This happens as more load resistors are added and the overall load resistance decreases. The fifth experiment, with
five load resistors, yields the lowest overall load resistance and the highest amperage values for both the primary and
secondary of the two transformers, in accordance with Ohm's law, which exhibits the inverse relationship between
resistance and current. Ze= VI in AC circuits. As the impedance value decreases, the current value increases and
vice versa.

8. Conclusion:

By multiplying the primary current and secondary current to the appropriate primary voltage and secondary voltage,
one may calculate the load kVA that each transformer can carry. Additionally, the total kVA load they provide was
determined by adding the individual kVA loads of the first and second transformers. Transformator No. 1's total load
kVA is therefore 0.1771 kVA, while Transformator No. 2's total load kVA is 0.16962 kVA. The two transformers'
combined load kVA is equivalent to 0.34672 kVA. This shows how the transformers' kVA loads varied across the five
trials' various load resistor counts. Each attempt includes the installation of one bulb as a load resistor. When there
are five bulbs present, the resulting kVA load in the first transformer is 0.05643 kVA and 0.04466 kVA in the second
transformer. Every trial's computed kVA value is arranged in ascending order, with the first transformer's kVA value
always being higher. Additionally, the ratio of the kVA load between the first transformer and the second transformer
is getting less as one load resistor component is kept being added up to a maximum of five.

The prerequisites for transformers operating in parallel are satisfied in this experiment. The voltage value shown in
the table is shared by the primary and secondary sides. With a value of k = 2, the transformation ratio is also the
same for both transformers. Due to the different kVA load values of the two transformers, the polarity is subtractive,
and the percent impedance of the transformers is equal to and inversely proportional to their kVA capacity.
Transformers must satisfy two requirements in order to operate in parallel: they must be convenient and necessary.
The essential requirements must be followed in order to operate the transformers in parallel; otherwise, there will be
enormous circulating currents that could completely destroy the electrical apparatus. In this case, the convenient
conditions are not met making the transformers not optimized but still functions.

When a load increases and a transformer's capacity needs to be increased, the experiment's results are essential for
the use of parallel transformer operations. Electrical power system availability and financial benefits are achieved by
using transformers in parallel. First off, in the event that one of the transformers develops a fault, it is not required to
disconnect the entire system. Due to the fact that just one transformer can fail without affecting the entire system,
parallel operation allows the transformers to continue serving the load. Additionally, the defective transformer can be
taken out for maintenance and repair processes.

Lastly, paralleling transformers can increase power capacity, improve system reliability, allow for load sharing,
provide flexibility and scalability, improve voltage regulation, and require proper design and maintenance. Power
systems can achieve higher efficiency, availability, and robustness by carefully implementing and managing parallel
transformer configurations.

9. Question(s) and Answer(s)

9.1 What is the purpose of polarity testing in order to properly perform paralleling of transformers?

If two transformers can be connected in parallel, the polarity of the transformer must be identified for proper
connection. The polarity test ensures that all single-pole devices such as switches, circuit breakers, and fuses are
only allied in the phase conductor.

9.2 A 1500 kVA, 3% impedance transformer is to be operated in parallel with a 1250 kVA, 3.6% impedance
transformer for a total load of 2500 kVA. What is the kVA loading carried by each transformer?
 9.3 What will happen if the proper polarity is taken for granted in paralleling a transformer? Is it ok if we
parallel different kVA capacities of the transformer as long as we satisfy major requirements? Why or why
not?

When paralleling transformers, proper polarity alignment is critical, as is ensuring that transformers with different KVA
capacities meet the major requirements such as load sharing capability, voltage regulation, and harmonic
compatibility. Failure to do so may result in operational issues, decreased efficiency, and potential transformer
damage.

9.4 Two distribution transformers are in parallel operation. Unit 1 - 100 kVA, 4600V/ 230V, Ze-s=0.16Ω
while Unit 2 - 75 kVA, 4485V/ 230V, Ze-s=0.22Ω. Find the Circulating current at the secondary.

Considering that each transformer is operating at the same p.f.

9.5 Enumerate and discuss the major requisites in paralleling transformers.

1. Polarity: All paralleled transformers must have the same polarity. The direction of current flow in the primary
and secondary windings is referred to as polarity. As discussed in the previous response, connecting
transformers with different polarities in parallel can result in circulating currents and imbalanced load
sharing.
2. Voltage Ratio: The transformers' voltage ratios should be the same. This guarantees that the voltage levels
across the transformers are the same. If the voltage ratios differ, it can cause uneven power distribution,
voltage fluctuations, and system instability.
3. Impedance: The impedance of the paralleled transformers should be similar. Transformers with vastly
different impedances can result in unbalanced load sharing. The impedance of the transformers determines
the amount of voltage drop and current flow. Matching the impedance aids in proportional load sharing.
4. KVA Rating: It is preferable to connect transformers with similar KVA ratings when paralleling them.
Paralleling transformers with varying KVA ratings is possible, but proper load sharing calculations and
measures must be taken to ensure that each transformer carries its fair share of the load.
5. Voltage regulation: Parallel transformers should collectively keep the system voltage within acceptable
limits. Voltage regulation refers to a transformer's ability to maintain a constant output voltage despite
fluctuations in input voltage or load variations. When paralleling transformers, it is critical to ensure that their
voltage regulation characteristics are compatible.
6. Phase Angle and Phase Sequence: The transformers' phase angles and phase sequences should match.
This ensures that the transformers' phases are properly aligned, allowing for proper phase synchronization
and avoiding issues like phase imbalance and circulating currents.
7. Cooling and ventilation: To handle the combined heat generated by paralleled transformers, proper cooling
and ventilation arrangements should be in place. The total heat dissipation increases when transformers are
operated in parallel. To prevent overheating and ensure optimal performance, adequate cooling methods,
such as fans or cooling systems, must be used.